二十世纪初美国工业实验室雇佣科学家浅析——以通用电气公司研究实验室为例
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摘要
以"门罗公园"为代表的早期工业实验室研究中,工匠们通过不断地"切和试"取得技术发明.随着近现代科学的发展,"爱迪生式"的发明家面临着窘境,标志着工匠发明家时代的终结.通用电气公司成立新型的研究实验室,致力于基础科学领域的研究与应用,开创了现代工业研究实验室之先河.新型研究实验室率先探索以新模式雇佣科学家,以朗缪尔为代表的科学家所取得的巨大成功证明了科学家通向诺贝尔奖之路是双轨的.
In the research of early industrial laboratory represented by " Menlo Park Laboratory",craftsmen achieved technical inventions constantly by " cutting and testing". With the development of modern science,the inventor like Edison began to fall into a dilemma,which marked the end of an epoch of craftsmen. A new research laboratory established by the General Electric devoted itself to the basic scientific research and application and pioneered modern industrial research. The great success of the new research laboratory,which pioneered the new model of employing scientists,represented by Langmuir,proved that scientists' path to the Nobel Prize was a double track.
In the research of early industrial laboratory represented by " Menlo Park Laboratory",craftsmen achieved technical inventions constantly by " cutting and testing". With the development of modern science,the inventor like Edison began to fall into a dilemma,which marked the end of an epoch of craftsmen. A new research laboratory established by the General Electric devoted itself to the basic scientific research and application and pioneered modern industrial research. The great success of the new research laboratory,which pioneered the new model of employing scientists,represented by Langmuir,proved that scientists' path to the Nobel Prize was a double track.
引文
[1]阎康年.通向新经济之路:工业实验室研究是怎样托起美国经济的[M].北京:东方出版社,2000:127.
[2] THE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY. The general electric company annual report[R]. Schenectady:The General Electric Company,1892.
[3] WHITNEY W R. General electric and the origins of US industrial research[M]. George Wise:Columbia University press,1985.
[4] WHITNEY W R. Organization of industrial research[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,1910,32(1):74.
[5] GEORGE W. A new role for professional scientists in industry:industrial research at general electric,1900—1916[J].Technology and Culture,1980,21(3):411.
[2] THE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY. The general electric company annual report[R]. Schenectady:The General Electric Company,1892.
[3] WHITNEY W R. General electric and the origins of US industrial research[M]. George Wise:Columbia University press,1985.
[4] WHITNEY W R. Organization of industrial research[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,1910,32(1):74.
[5] GEORGE W. A new role for professional scientists in industry:industrial research at general electric,1900—1916[J].Technology and Culture,1980,21(3):411.