页岩微观组构特征对复杂裂缝网络形成的影响
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摘要
为了阐明龙马溪组页岩微观组构特征对复杂裂缝网络形成的影响,采用地球化学分析、低温氮气吸附、三轴力学实验、扫描电子显微镜以及CT扫描研究了孔隙比表面积、孔隙体积和矿物含量等对裂缝网络复杂性的影响。研究结果表明页岩破裂后形成裂缝网络存在较大的差异性,微观组构特征与复杂裂缝网络的形成密切相关。以页岩破裂后裂缝孔隙度和定性观察作为判断裂缝网络复杂程度的依据,发现TOC、黏土含量越高、层理、微观孔隙结构越发育的样品,形成的裂缝网络越复杂,特别是比表面积对复杂裂缝网络的形成更为明显。而脆性矿物含量高的样品,微裂纹发育较少,裂缝网络的复杂程度较低。页岩破裂后的宏观裂缝以高角度剪切裂缝为主,微观裂纹多发育在力学性质比较薄弱的地方,以张性扩展为主。
In order to clarify the influence of microstructural features of Longmaxi formation shale on the development of complex fracture networks,the effects of pore specific surface area,pore volume and mineral content on the fracture network complexity were studied by using geochemical analysis,cryogenic nitrogen adsorption,triaxial mechanics,scanning electron microscopy and CT scanning.Results show that there is a large difference in the fractured network after shale cracking,and the microstructure features have an important influence on the formation of complex fractured networks. According to the fracture porosity and qualitative observation after shale fracturing,it is found that for the samples with high content of TOC and clay,the highly developed stratum and micropore structure normally result in very complex fracture network,especially for the specific surface area. However,for samples with high brittle mineral content,the development of microcracks is less and the complexity of fracture network is lower. The macroscopic cracks after shale fracturing are dominated by high-angle shear cracks. The microcracks are mostly developed in the areas with weak mechanical properties and are mainly extensional development.
In order to clarify the influence of microstructural features of Longmaxi formation shale on the development of complex fracture networks,the effects of pore specific surface area,pore volume and mineral content on the fracture network complexity were studied by using geochemical analysis,cryogenic nitrogen adsorption,triaxial mechanics,scanning electron microscopy and CT scanning.Results show that there is a large difference in the fractured network after shale cracking,and the microstructure features have an important influence on the formation of complex fractured networks. According to the fracture porosity and qualitative observation after shale fracturing,it is found that for the samples with high content of TOC and clay,the highly developed stratum and micropore structure normally result in very complex fracture network,especially for the specific surface area. However,for samples with high brittle mineral content,the development of microcracks is less and the complexity of fracture network is lower. The macroscopic cracks after shale fracturing are dominated by high-angle shear cracks. The microcracks are mostly developed in the areas with weak mechanical properties and are mainly extensional development.
引文
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[14]侯鹏,高峰,张志镇,等.黑色页岩力学特性及气体压裂层理效应研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(4):670-681.HOU Peng,GAO Feng,ZHANG Zhizhen,et al.Mechanical property and bedding inclination effect on gas fracturing of black shale[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(4):670-681.
[15]LIANG Lixi,JIAN Xiong,LIU Xiangjun.Experimental study on crack propagation in shale formations considering hydration and wettability[J].Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2015,23:492-499.
[16]张国凯,李海波,夏祥,等.岩石细观结构及参数对宏观力学特性及破坏演化的影响[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(7):1341-1351.ZHANG Guokai,LI Haibo,XIA Xiang,et al.Effects of microstructure and micro parameters on macro mechanical properties and failure of rock[J].Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2016,35(7):1341-1351.
[17]葛修润,任建喜,蒲毅彬,等.岩石细观损伤扩展规律的CT实时试验[J].中国科学:E辑,2000,30(2):104-111.GE Xiurun,REN Jianxi,PU Yibin,et al.Real-time CTtesting for the meso-damage propagation characteristics of rock[J].Science in China:Series E,2000,30(2):104-111.
[18]杨更社,刘慧.基于CT图像处理技术的岩石损伤特性研究[J].煤炭学报,2007,32(5):463-468.YANG Gengshe,LIU Hui.Study on the rock damage characteristics based on the technique of CT image processing[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2007,32(5):463-468.
[19]朱红光,谢和平,易成,等.岩石材料微裂隙演化的CT识别[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(6):1230-1238.ZHU Hongguang,XIE Heping,YI Cheng,et al.CTidentification of microcracks evolution for rock materials[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(6):1230-1238.
[20]任建喜,葛修润.单轴压缩岩石损伤演化细观机理及其本构模型研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2001,20(10):425-431.REN Jianxi,GE Xiurun.Study of rock meso-damage evolution law its constitutive model under uniaxial compression loading[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2001,20(10):425-431.
[21]康志勤,赵阳升,孟巧荣,等.油页岩热破裂规律显微CT实验研究[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(3):842-848.KANG Zhiqin,ZHAO Yangsheng,MENG Qiaorong,et al.Micro-CT experimental research of oil shale thermal cracking laws[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(3):842-848.
[22]石秉忠,夏柏如,林永学,等.硬脆性泥页岩水化裂缝发展的CT成像与机理[J].石油学报,2012,33(1):137-142.SHI Bingzhong,XIA Bairu,LIN Yongxue,et al.CTimaging and mechanism analysis of crack development by hydration in hard-brittle shale formations[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2012,33(1):137-142.
[23]马天寿,陈平.基于CT扫描技术研究页岩水化细观损伤特性[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(2):227-233.MA Tianshou,CHEN Ping.Study of meso-damage characteristics of shale hydration based on CT scanning technology[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(2):227-233.
[24]郭印同,杨春和,贾长贵,等.页岩水力压裂物理模拟与裂缝表征方法研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(1):52-59.GUO Yintong,YANG Chunhe,JIA Changgui,et al.Research on hydraulic fracturing physical simulation of shale and fracture characterization methods[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(1):52-59.
[25]刘学峰.基于数字岩心的岩石声电特性微观数值模拟研究[D].青島:中国石油大学(华东),2010.
[26]冯西桥,余寿文.准脆性材料细观损伤力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002.
[27]MOORE D E,LOCKNER D A,The role of microcracking in shear-fracture propagation in granite[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1995,17:95-114.
[28]MYERYER L R,KEMERNY J,COOK N G W,et al.Extensile cracking in porous rock under differential compressive stress[J].Applied Mechanics Reviews,1992,45,263-280.
[2]贾长贵,陈军海,郭印同,等.层状页岩力学特性及其破坏模式研究[J].岩土力学,2013,34(2):57-61.JIA Changgui,CHEN Junhai,GUO Yintong,et al.Research on mechanical behaviors and failure modes of layer shale[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013,34(2):57-61.
[3]凌建明.压缩荷载条件下岩石细观损伤特征的研究[J].同济大学学报,1993,21(2):219-226.LING Jianming.Study on the mesoscopical characteristics of rock damage under compressive loading[J].Journal of Tongji University,1993,21(2):219-226.
[4]钟建华,刘圣鑫,马寅生,等.页岩宏观破裂模式与微观破裂机理[J].石油勘探与开发,2015,42(2):242-250.ZHONG Jianhua,LIU Shengxin,MA Yinsheng,et al.Macro-fracture mode and micro-fracture mechanism of shale[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2015,42(2):242-250.
[5]阿特金森B K.岩石断裂力学[M].尹祥础,译.北京:地震出版社,1992:180-226.
[6]谢和平,陈至达.岩石断裂的微观机理分析[J].煤炭学报,1989,26(2):57-66.XIE Heping,CHEN Zhida.Analysis of rock fracture micro-mechanism[J].Journal of China Coal Society,1989,26(2):57-66.
[7]冯文凯,黄润秋,许强.岩石的微观结构特征与其力学行为启示[J].水土保持研究,2009,16(6):26-29.FENG Wenkai,HUANG Runqiu,XU Qiang.The enlightenment of microstructure characteristic and mechanical behavior of rock[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,16(6):26-29.
[8]郑达,巨能攀.千枚岩岩石微观破裂机理与断裂特征研究[J].工程地质学报,2011,19(3):317-322.ZHENG Da,JU Nengpan.Scanning electronic microscope tests for rock micro-rupture mechanism and fracture characteristic of phyllite[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2011,19(3):317-322.
[9]衡帅,杨春和,张保平,等.页岩各向异性特征的试验研究[J].岩土力学,2015,36(3):609-616.HENG Shuai,YANG Chunhe,ZHANG Baoping,et al.Experimental research on anisotropic properties of shale[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2015,36(3):609-616.
[10]王倩,王鹏,项德贵,等.页岩力学参数各向异性研究[J].天然气工业,2012,32(12):62-65.WANG Qian,WANG Peng,XIANG Degui,et al.Anisotropic property of mechanical parameters of shales[J].Natural Gas Industry,2012,32(12):62-65.
[11]张士诚,郭天魁,周彤,等.天然页岩压裂裂缝扩展机理试验[J].石油学报,2014,35(3):496-503.ZHANG Shicheng,GUO Tiankui,ZHOU Tong,et al.Fracture propagation mechanism experiment of hydraulic fracturing in natural shale[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2014,35(3):496-503.
[12]赵海峰,陈勉,金衍,等.页岩气藏网状裂缝系统的岩石断裂动力学[J].石油勘探与开发,2012,39(4):465-470.ZHAO Haifeng,CHEN Mian,JIN Yan,et al.Rock fracture kinetics of the fracture mesh system in shale gas reservoirs[J].Petroleum Exploration Development,2012,39(4):465-470.
[13]张晓春,杨挺青,缪协兴.岩石微裂纹演化及其力学特性的研究进展[J].力学进展,1999,29(1):96-104.ZHANG Xiaochun,YANG Tingqing,MIAO Xiexing.The new advances of cracks development and mechanical properties of rock[J].Advances in Mechanics,1999,2929(1):96-104.
[14]侯鹏,高峰,张志镇,等.黑色页岩力学特性及气体压裂层理效应研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(4):670-681.HOU Peng,GAO Feng,ZHANG Zhizhen,et al.Mechanical property and bedding inclination effect on gas fracturing of black shale[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(4):670-681.
[15]LIANG Lixi,JIAN Xiong,LIU Xiangjun.Experimental study on crack propagation in shale formations considering hydration and wettability[J].Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2015,23:492-499.
[16]张国凯,李海波,夏祥,等.岩石细观结构及参数对宏观力学特性及破坏演化的影响[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(7):1341-1351.ZHANG Guokai,LI Haibo,XIA Xiang,et al.Effects of microstructure and micro parameters on macro mechanical properties and failure of rock[J].Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2016,35(7):1341-1351.
[17]葛修润,任建喜,蒲毅彬,等.岩石细观损伤扩展规律的CT实时试验[J].中国科学:E辑,2000,30(2):104-111.GE Xiurun,REN Jianxi,PU Yibin,et al.Real-time CTtesting for the meso-damage propagation characteristics of rock[J].Science in China:Series E,2000,30(2):104-111.
[18]杨更社,刘慧.基于CT图像处理技术的岩石损伤特性研究[J].煤炭学报,2007,32(5):463-468.YANG Gengshe,LIU Hui.Study on the rock damage characteristics based on the technique of CT image processing[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2007,32(5):463-468.
[19]朱红光,谢和平,易成,等.岩石材料微裂隙演化的CT识别[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(6):1230-1238.ZHU Hongguang,XIE Heping,YI Cheng,et al.CTidentification of microcracks evolution for rock materials[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(6):1230-1238.
[20]任建喜,葛修润.单轴压缩岩石损伤演化细观机理及其本构模型研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2001,20(10):425-431.REN Jianxi,GE Xiurun.Study of rock meso-damage evolution law its constitutive model under uniaxial compression loading[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2001,20(10):425-431.
[21]康志勤,赵阳升,孟巧荣,等.油页岩热破裂规律显微CT实验研究[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(3):842-848.KANG Zhiqin,ZHAO Yangsheng,MENG Qiaorong,et al.Micro-CT experimental research of oil shale thermal cracking laws[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(3):842-848.
[22]石秉忠,夏柏如,林永学,等.硬脆性泥页岩水化裂缝发展的CT成像与机理[J].石油学报,2012,33(1):137-142.SHI Bingzhong,XIA Bairu,LIN Yongxue,et al.CTimaging and mechanism analysis of crack development by hydration in hard-brittle shale formations[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2012,33(1):137-142.
[23]马天寿,陈平.基于CT扫描技术研究页岩水化细观损伤特性[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(2):227-233.MA Tianshou,CHEN Ping.Study of meso-damage characteristics of shale hydration based on CT scanning technology[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(2):227-233.
[24]郭印同,杨春和,贾长贵,等.页岩水力压裂物理模拟与裂缝表征方法研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(1):52-59.GUO Yintong,YANG Chunhe,JIA Changgui,et al.Research on hydraulic fracturing physical simulation of shale and fracture characterization methods[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(1):52-59.
[25]刘学峰.基于数字岩心的岩石声电特性微观数值模拟研究[D].青島:中国石油大学(华东),2010.
[26]冯西桥,余寿文.准脆性材料细观损伤力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002.
[27]MOORE D E,LOCKNER D A,The role of microcracking in shear-fracture propagation in granite[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1995,17:95-114.
[28]MYERYER L R,KEMERNY J,COOK N G W,et al.Extensile cracking in porous rock under differential compressive stress[J].Applied Mechanics Reviews,1992,45,263-280.
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