高文爵士和绿衣骑士:生态观的文化生成比较研究
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摘要
长诗《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》是中世纪文学典范之作。诗歌呈现的意识形态、骑士精神、宗教观始终是东西方学界的关注焦点,而生态观研究却没有引起足够重视。研究发现诗歌本身呈现出两种截然相反的文化观与生态观:高文爵士深受骑士精神和基督教文化影响对自然持有生态偏执观,他崇尚武力,倡导使用武力统治自然;而绿衣骑士波提拉克则笃信上帝创造的世间万物都有灵魂,享有精神民主的宗教观,他对自然万物扮演着守护者角色。此外,诗歌《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》不仅引发学界热议,也为引发持续争执的林恩·怀特的"生态危机的历史根源"论提供了重要佐证。
The long poem named Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a masterpiece of medieval literature.Study in view of ideology,chivalry,and religion has always been the mainstream of academic circle in the east and west,but ecological research still does not cause enough attention.It proves that the poetry itself presents two opposite ecological view and cultural view:Sir Gawain is so deeply influenced by knight spirit and the Christian culture that he holds ecological paranoia and he advocated to use force to take rule of the natural environment;However,the green knight has his belief in everything God creates in the world is equal and has its soul,so he has the spirit democracy of the religious idea.He plays the natural guardian's role.In addition,Sir Gawain and the Green Knight not only causes hot discussion,but also provides important evidence for the historical roots of the ecological crisis put forward by Lynn White.
The long poem named Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a masterpiece of medieval literature.Study in view of ideology,chivalry,and religion has always been the mainstream of academic circle in the east and west,but ecological research still does not cause enough attention.It proves that the poetry itself presents two opposite ecological view and cultural view:Sir Gawain is so deeply influenced by knight spirit and the Christian culture that he holds ecological paranoia and he advocated to use force to take rule of the natural environment;However,the green knight has his belief in everything God creates in the world is equal and has its soul,so he has the spirit democracy of the religious idea.He plays the natural guardian's role.In addition,Sir Gawain and the Green Knight not only causes hot discussion,but also provides important evidence for the historical roots of the ecological crisis put forward by Lynn White.
引文
[1]R T Davies.Medieval English Poetry:The Non-Chaucerian Tradition by John Speirs[J].The Journal of English and Germanic Philology,1960,59(2):219.
[2]Piotr Sadowski.The Greenness of the Green Knight:A Study of Medieval Color Symbolism[J].Ethnologia Polona,1991,15-16:63.
[3]A V C Schmidt.Latent Content and The Testimony in the Text:Symbolic Meaning in Sir Gawain and the Green knight[J].The Review of English Studies,1987(150):151,167.
[4]Michael W George.Gawain's Struggle with Ecology:Attitudes toward the Natural World in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight[J].The Journal of Ecocriticism,2010,2(1):35,32,37.
[5]Willis Jenkins.After Lynn White:Religious Ethics and Environmental Problems[J].Journal of Religious Ethics,2009,37(2):285.
[6]Lewis W Moncrief.The Cultural Basis of our Environmental Crisis[J].Science,1970,170(3957):32.
[7]John Passmore.Man's Responsibility for Nature:Ecological Problems and Western Traditions(Second Edition)[M].London:Gerald Duckworth&Co.Ltd.1980:5,13.
[8]Lynn White Jr.The Historical Roots for Our Ecological Crisis[J].Science,1967,155(3767):1206
[9]Matthew T Riley.Rethinking Lynn White:Christianity,Creatures and Democracy[R].Summer Symposium:Religion and Environmental Stewardship,2012:1.
[10]William Goldhurst.The Green and the Gold:The Major Theme of Gawain and the Green knight[J].College English,1958,20(2):61.
[11]William F Woods.Nature and the Inner Man in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight[J].The Chaucer Review,2002,36(3):209.
[12]Barbara A Hanawalt,lisa J kisera.Homo et natura[M]//Richard C Hoffmann.Homo in natura:Ecohogical Perspectives on the European Middle Ages,Notre Dame:University of Notrc Dame Press,2008:12.
[13]Mark Muldoon.Environmental Decline and Christian Contemplation[J].Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment,2003(2):86.
[14]Lee Patterson.Brother Fire and St.Francis's Drawers:Human Nature and the Natural World[J].Medieval Perspective,2001(16):6.
[15]肖明翰.中世纪欧洲的骑士精神与宫廷爱情[J].外国文学研究,2005(3):63-64.
[16]赵孝谦.反抗封建禁锢的女勇士:《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》中Mrs.Bertilak的女性形象[J].文学界,2011(9):124.
[17]肖明翰.《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》中的考验主题与道德探索[J].外国文学,2006(5):35-36.
[18]Jessie L.Weston.trans.Sir Gawain and The Green Knight[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999:8.
[19]Donald H Hughes.Early Greek and Roman Enviromergtalists[J].Ecologist,1981,11(1):12.
[20]Maureen A Tilley.Martyrs,Monks,Insects and Animals[M]//Joyce E Salisbury.The Medieval World of Nature,New York:Garland,1993:97.
[2]Piotr Sadowski.The Greenness of the Green Knight:A Study of Medieval Color Symbolism[J].Ethnologia Polona,1991,15-16:63.
[3]A V C Schmidt.Latent Content and The Testimony in the Text:Symbolic Meaning in Sir Gawain and the Green knight[J].The Review of English Studies,1987(150):151,167.
[4]Michael W George.Gawain's Struggle with Ecology:Attitudes toward the Natural World in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight[J].The Journal of Ecocriticism,2010,2(1):35,32,37.
[5]Willis Jenkins.After Lynn White:Religious Ethics and Environmental Problems[J].Journal of Religious Ethics,2009,37(2):285.
[6]Lewis W Moncrief.The Cultural Basis of our Environmental Crisis[J].Science,1970,170(3957):32.
[7]John Passmore.Man's Responsibility for Nature:Ecological Problems and Western Traditions(Second Edition)[M].London:Gerald Duckworth&Co.Ltd.1980:5,13.
[8]Lynn White Jr.The Historical Roots for Our Ecological Crisis[J].Science,1967,155(3767):1206
[9]Matthew T Riley.Rethinking Lynn White:Christianity,Creatures and Democracy[R].Summer Symposium:Religion and Environmental Stewardship,2012:1.
[10]William Goldhurst.The Green and the Gold:The Major Theme of Gawain and the Green knight[J].College English,1958,20(2):61.
[11]William F Woods.Nature and the Inner Man in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight[J].The Chaucer Review,2002,36(3):209.
[12]Barbara A Hanawalt,lisa J kisera.Homo et natura[M]//Richard C Hoffmann.Homo in natura:Ecohogical Perspectives on the European Middle Ages,Notre Dame:University of Notrc Dame Press,2008:12.
[13]Mark Muldoon.Environmental Decline and Christian Contemplation[J].Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment,2003(2):86.
[14]Lee Patterson.Brother Fire and St.Francis's Drawers:Human Nature and the Natural World[J].Medieval Perspective,2001(16):6.
[15]肖明翰.中世纪欧洲的骑士精神与宫廷爱情[J].外国文学研究,2005(3):63-64.
[16]赵孝谦.反抗封建禁锢的女勇士:《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》中Mrs.Bertilak的女性形象[J].文学界,2011(9):124.
[17]肖明翰.《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》中的考验主题与道德探索[J].外国文学,2006(5):35-36.
[18]Jessie L.Weston.trans.Sir Gawain and The Green Knight[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999:8.
[19]Donald H Hughes.Early Greek and Roman Enviromergtalists[J].Ecologist,1981,11(1):12.
[20]Maureen A Tilley.Martyrs,Monks,Insects and Animals[M]//Joyce E Salisbury.The Medieval World of Nature,New York:Garland,1993:97.