中国南方下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气高效勘探开发储层地质参数
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摘要
近年来对中国南方下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气进行了大规模勘探开发,但效果并不理想,只有四川盆地井研—犍为及湖北宜昌地区钻井见商业气流。为了明确四川盆地周缘牛蹄塘组页岩气勘探开发失利原因并为后续高效勘探开发提供储层地质参数指标,在此次研究中,采用有机碳热解分析、等效镜质体反射率测定及聚焦离子束扫描电子显微镜(FIB-SEM)等实验方法并以四川盆地周缘渝东北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩储层为例进行分析。结果表明:渝东北地区牛蹄塘组页岩样品的TOC平均含量达3.1%;等效镜质体反射率分布范围在3.0%~4.0%,热演化程度已达到过成熟—变质期阶段。由于热演化程度过高导致研究区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩样品有机质孔隙不发育,发育以粒间孔隙和粒内孔隙为主要类型的微纳米孔隙。热演化程度控制了页岩中的干酪根及滞留液态烃的持续生气,同时又控制着页岩有机质孔隙的发育。四川盆地周缘渝东北地区牛蹄塘组页岩的有机质孔隙演化和生烃演化未达到最佳匹配,在页岩有机质孔隙大量发育时期,由于地层未及时抬升,导致储层热演化程度进一步加强,有机质孔隙数量急剧减少,页岩气在生成后失去有机质孔隙这一有效赋存空间而散失。针对中国南方下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气的高效勘探开发应寻找热演化程度适中(2.0% South China has carried out large-scale exploration and development for the shale gas of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation,but the effect is not ideal.At present,only the Sichuan Basin Jingyan-Qianwei and Yichang,Hubei,see the commercial air flow.In order to clarify the failure of Niutitang Formation shale gas exploration and development and provide reservoir geological parameters for subsequent efficient exploration and development,in this study,the analysis of organic carbon pyrolysis,experimental method for determining the equivalent vitrinite reflectance and focused ion beam scanning electron microscope and the results show that the TOC content of the shale samples in the Niutitang Formation in northeastern Chongqing is 3.3%;the equivalent vitrinite reflectance distribution ranged from 3.0% to 4.0%,and the degree of thermal evolution has reached over maturity and metamorphic stage.Because of the over degree of thermal evolution,the pores of the organic matter of shale are not developed,and the interparticle pores and intraparticle pores are the main types of micro-nano pores.The degree of thermal evolution controls the persistent gas production of kerogen and trapped liquid hydrocarbons in the shale,while controlling the organic matter pores development of shale.The hydrocarbon generation evolution and organic matter pore evolution of the Niutitang shale in the northeastern Chongqing area did not achieve the best match.During the massive development of organic matter pores of shale,the thermal evolution of reservoirs is further enhanced because the strata are not uplifted in time and the number of or-ganic matter pores is drastically reduced due to excessive evolution,and the shale gas lost the effective storage space in the first time after the formation.For efficient exploration and development of Lower Cambrian Niutitang shale in South China,it is found that the moderate thermal maturity(2.0%
引文
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[2]郭旭升.南方海相页岩气“二元富集”规律——四川盆地及周缘龙马溪组页岩气勘探实践认识[J].地质学报,2014,88(7):1209-1218.GUO Xusheng.Rules of two-factor Enrichiment for marine shale gas in Southern China:understanding from the Longmaxi Formation shale gas in Sichuan Basin and its surrounding area[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2014,88(7):1209-1218.
[3]赵文智,李建忠,杨涛,等.中国南方海相页岩气成藏差异性比较与意义[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(4):499-510.ZHAO Wenzhi,LI Jianzhong,YANG Tao,et al.Geological difference and its significance of marine shale gases in South China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(4):499-510.
[4]聂海宽,金之钧,边瑞康,等.四川盆地及其周缘上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组页岩气“源-盖控藏”富集[J].石油学报,2016,37(5):557-571.NIE Haikuan,JIN Zhijun,BIAN Ruikang,et al.The“source-cap hydrocarbon-controlling”enrichment of shale gas in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation of Sichuan Basin and its periphery[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(5):557-571.
[5]LOUCKS R G,REED R M,RUPPEL S C,et al.Spectrum of pore types and networks in mudrocks and a descriptive classification for matrix-related mudrock pores[J].AAPG Bulletin,2012,96(6):1071-1098.
[6]LOUCKS R G,REED R M,RUPPEL S C,et al.Morphology,genesis,and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2009,79(12):848-861.
[7]JIAO Kun,YAO Suping,LIU Chun,et al.The characterization and quantitative analysis of nanopores in unconventional gas reservoirs utilizing FESEM-FIB and image processing:an example from the lower Silurian Longmaxi Shale,Upper Yangtze region,China[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2014,128-129:1-11.
[8]WANG Pengfei,JIANG Zhenxue,CHEN Lei,et al.Pore structure characterization for the Longmaxi and Niutitang shales in the Upper Yangtze Platform,South China:evidence from focused ion beam-He ion microscopy,Nano-computerized tomography and gas adsorption analysis[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2016,77:1323-1337.
[9]MILLIKEN K L,RUDNICKI M,AWWILLER D N,et al.Organic matter-hosted pore system,Marcellus formation(Devonian),Pennsylvania[J].AAPG Bulletin,2013,97(2):177-200.
[10]GUO Xuejing,SHEN Yinghao,HE Shunli.Quantitative pore characterization and the relationship between pore distributions and organic matter in shale based on Nano-CT image analysis:a case study for a lacustrine shale reservoir in the Triassic Chang 7member,Ordos Basin,China[J].Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2015,27:1630-1640.
[11]WAN Yi,PAN Zhejun,TANG Shuheng,et al.An experimental investigation of diffusivity and porosity anisotropy of a Chinese gas shale[J].Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2015,23:70-79.
[12]MA Yong,ZHONG Ningning,LI Dahua,et al.Organic matter/clay mineral intergranular pores in the Lower Cambrian Lujiaping Shale in the north-eastern part of the upper Yangtze area,China:apossible microscopic mechanism for gas preservation[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2015,137:38-54.
[13]TISSOT B P,PELET R,UNGERER P.Thermal history of sedimentary basins,maturation indices,and kinetics of oil and gas generation[J].AAPG Bulletin,1987,71(12):1445-1466.
[14]王濡岳,丁文龙,龚大建,等.渝东南—黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩裂缝发育特征与主控因素[J].石油学报,2016,37(7):832-845.WANG Ruyue,DING Wenlong,GONG Dajian,et al.Development characteristics and major controlling factors of shale fractures in the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation,southeastern Chongqing-northern Guizhou area[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(7):832-845.
[15]赵文智,王兆云,王红军,等.再论有机质“接力成气”的内涵与意义[J].石油勘探与开发,2011,38(2):129-135.ZHAO Wenzhi,WANG Zhaoyun,WANG Hongjun,et al.Further discussion on the connotation and significance of the naturalgas relaying generation model from organic materials[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2011,38(2):129-135.
[16]赵文智,王兆云,王东良,等.分散液态烃的成藏地位与意义[J].石油勘探与开发,2015,42(4):401-413.ZHAO Wenzhi,WANG Zhaoyun,WANG Dongliang,et al.Contribution and significance of dispersed liquid hydrocarbons to reservoir formation[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2015,42(4):401-413.
[17]冷济高,龚大建,李飞,等.黔东北地区牛蹄塘组页岩气勘探前景分析[J].地学前缘,2016,23(2):29-38.LENG Jigao,GONG Dajian,LI Fei,et al.Analyses on the shale gas exploration prospect of the Niutitang Formation in northeastern Guizhou Area[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2016,23(2):29-38.
[18]秦明阳,郭建华,黄俨然,等.四川盆地东缘湘西北地区牛蹄塘组页岩储层特征及影响因素[J].石油与天然气地质,2017,38(5):922-932.QIN Mingyang,GUO Jianhua,HUNAG Yanran,et al.Characteristics and influencing factors of shale reservoirs in the Niutitang Formation of northwestern Hunan Province,and East Margin of Sichuan Basin[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2017,38(5):922-932.
[19]吉利明,吴远东,贺聪,等.富有机质泥页岩高压生烃模拟与孔隙演化特征[J].石油学报,2016,37(2):172-181.JI Liming,WU Yuandong,HE Cong,et al.High-pressure hydrocarbon-generation simulation and pore evolution characteristics of organic-rich mudstone and shale[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(2):172-181.
[20]聂海宽,金之钧,马鑫,等.四川盆地及邻区上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组底部笔石带及沉积特征[J].石油学报,2017,38(2):160-174.NIE Haikuan,JIN Zhijun,MA Xin,et al.Graptolites zone and sedimentary characteristics of Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2017,38(2):160-174.
[21]张艺凡,于炳松,孙梦迪.渝东南牛蹄塘组页岩成岩作用及其对孔隙的影响[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2017,44(1):48-56.ZHANG Yifan,YU Bingsong,SUN Mengdi.Diagenesis and its effect on pores of the Niutitang Formation shale in southeast Chongqing,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology:Science&Technology Edition,2017,44(1):48-56.
[22]赵瞻,余谦,周小琳,等.重庆黔江地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气成藏条件[J].地质科技情报,2017,36(3):122-129.ZHAO Zhan,YU Qian,ZHOU Xiaolin,et al.Shale gas accumulation conditions of the Niutitang Formation of Lower Cambrian in Qianjiang Area,Chongqing[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2017,36(3):122-129.
[23]王玉芳,冷济高,李鹏,等.黔东北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气特征及主控因素分析[J].古地理学报,2016,18(4):605-614.WANG Yufang,LENG Jigao,LI Peng,et al.Characteristics and its main enrichment controlling factors of shale gas of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in northeastern Guizhou Province[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2016,18(4):605-614.
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