广西大青山西南桦人工林立地指数表编制
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摘要
立地指数表是评价林木生长状况以及林分生产力的重要工具。为了编制西南桦Betula alnoides人工林立地指数表,于广西大青山林区各种立地设置49块西南桦人工林样地进行生长调查,选取平均优势木1株·样地-1进行树干解析,选用Richards, Weibull, Korf等9个常用方程拟合816对优势高-年龄数据,通过统计指标决定系数(R~2)、平均绝对误差(E_(AMR))、平均相对误差(E_(RMR))和均方根误差(E_(RMSE))的对比分析筛选导向曲线,依据49株优势木的生长过程确定基准年龄和指数级距,应用标准差调整法编制立地指数表,并对其进行落点、拟合显著性和预报精度检验。结果表明:9个模型中, Richards方程的拟合效果最优,其R2最大, E_(AMR), E_(RMR)和E_(RMSE)最小,因而作为导向曲线;西南桦优势高连年生长量和优势高变异系数在15 a后基本稳定,因此确定15 a为基准年龄;基准年龄时优势高变动范围为15.2～25.8 m,考虑到西南桦较为速生,确定2.0 m为指数级距,据此编制了西南桦人工林立地指数表。落点检验表明所编表能解释93.8%的优势木生长状况;χ~2检验表明立地指数表所反映的优势高生长过程与实际生长过程无显著差异;立地指数级和林龄2个方面的误差分析得出,此表预报精度较高。本研究编制的西南桦人工林立地指数表,可应用于广西大青山及类似地区西南桦人工林的立地质量评价、生长潜力预估。
To establish a site index table, an important tool when estimating tree growth and forest productivity,for Betula alnoides plantations, 49 sample plots of B. alnoides plantations were set at all sorts of sites in the Daqing Mountain Forest Area, Guangxi. In each plot, growth performance of all trees was noted, and one average dominate tree was sampled to conduct a stem analysis. Nine equations such as Richards, Weibull, and Korf were used to fit 816 height-diameter data sets obtained from the stem analysis mentioned above,and their statistical indexes including coefficient of determination(R~2), absolute mean residual(E_(AMR)), relative mean residual(E_(RMR)), and root mean square error(E_(RMSE))were calculated for selection of optimal guide curve. Reference age and interval for the site index class were determined by analyzing the growth process of the 49 dominant trees. Afterward a site index table was developed using the standard deviation adjustment method, and it was tested in terms of falling point, fitting significance, and prediction accuracy. Results showed that among the nine models fitted, Richards function performed best with the largest R~2 and the smallest EAMR, ERMR, and ERMSE,and was selected as the guide curve. The reference age of B. alnoides was determined as 15 years since the current growth increment and coefficient of variation for dominant heights tended to be stable after 15 years old. Also, the interval of the site index class was two meters based on its fast growth property and range of dominant height(15.2-25.8 m). The site index table developed for plantations of this species indicated that the actual growth process from the falling point test and χ~2 test were not significantly different for growth process of dominant height predicted. The estimation error analysis for different aspects of site index and stand age showed that the table had a high forecast accuracy. Thus, this site index table could be applied to site quality evaluation and growth potential prediction for B. alnoides plantations, and it could technically contribute to reasonable plantation management and to matching a site with this species in the Daqing Mountains of Guangxi and regions with similar site conditions.
To establish a site index table, an important tool when estimating tree growth and forest productivity,for Betula alnoides plantations, 49 sample plots of B. alnoides plantations were set at all sorts of sites in the Daqing Mountain Forest Area, Guangxi. In each plot, growth performance of all trees was noted, and one average dominate tree was sampled to conduct a stem analysis. Nine equations such as Richards, Weibull, and Korf were used to fit 816 height-diameter data sets obtained from the stem analysis mentioned above,and their statistical indexes including coefficient of determination(R~2), absolute mean residual(E_(AMR)), relative mean residual(E_(RMR)), and root mean square error(E_(RMSE))were calculated for selection of optimal guide curve. Reference age and interval for the site index class were determined by analyzing the growth process of the 49 dominant trees. Afterward a site index table was developed using the standard deviation adjustment method, and it was tested in terms of falling point, fitting significance, and prediction accuracy. Results showed that among the nine models fitted, Richards function performed best with the largest R~2 and the smallest EAMR, ERMR, and ERMSE,and was selected as the guide curve. The reference age of B. alnoides was determined as 15 years since the current growth increment and coefficient of variation for dominant heights tended to be stable after 15 years old. Also, the interval of the site index class was two meters based on its fast growth property and range of dominant height(15.2-25.8 m). The site index table developed for plantations of this species indicated that the actual growth process from the falling point test and χ~2 test were not significantly different for growth process of dominant height predicted. The estimation error analysis for different aspects of site index and stand age showed that the table had a high forecast accuracy. Thus, this site index table could be applied to site quality evaluation and growth potential prediction for B. alnoides plantations, and it could technically contribute to reasonable plantation management and to matching a site with this species in the Daqing Mountains of Guangxi and regions with similar site conditions.
引文
[1] PRETZSCH H. Forest Dynamics, Growth and Yield:from Measurement to Model[M]. Berlin:Springer-Verlag, 2009:20-21.
[2] GUZMáN G, PUKKALA T, PALAHíM, et al. Predicting the growth and yield of Pinus radiata in Bolivia[J]. Ann For Sci, 2012, 69(3):335-343.
[3] MOGUéDEC G L, DH?TE J F. Fagacées:a tree-centered growth and yield model for sessile oak(Quercus petraea L.)and common beech(Fagus sylvatica L.)[J]. Ann For Sci, 2012, 69(2):257-269.
[4] KIMBERLEY M O, LEDGARD N J. Site index curves for Pinus nigra grown in the South Island high country, New Zealand[J]. New Zealand J For Sci, 1998, 28(3):389-399.
[5]张瑜,贾黎明,郑聪慧,等.秦岭地区栓皮栎天然次生林地位指数表的编制[J].林业科学, 2014, 50(4):47-54.ZHANG Yu, JIA Liming, ZHENG Conghui, et al. Establishment of a site index table for Quercus variabilis natural secondary stand in Qinling Mountains[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2014, 50(4):47-54.
[6]吴恒,党坤良,田相林,等.秦岭林区天然次生林与人工林立地质量评价[J].林业科学, 2015, 51(4):78-88.WU Heng, DANG Kunliang, TIAN Xianglin, et al. Evaluating site quality for secondary forests and plantation in Qinling Mountains[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2015, 51(4):78-88.
[7] KITIKIDOU K, MILIOS E, TSIREKIS E, et al. Site quality assessment of degraded Quercus frainetto stands in central Greece[J]. i For Biogeosci For, 2015, 8(1):53-58.
[8]曾杰.西南桦丰产栽培技术问答[M].北京:中国林业出版社, 2010:2-3.
[9] WANG Chunsheng, ZHAO Zhigang, HEIN S, et al. Effect of planting density on knot attributes and branch occlusion of Betula alnoides under natural pruning in southern China[J]. Forests, 2015, 6(4):1343-1361.
[10] SUR T K, PANDIT S, BATTACHARYYA D, et al. Studies on the antiinflammatory activity of Betula alnoides bark[J]. Phytother Res, 2002, 16(7):669-671.
[11] RAJ D A, MALARVILI T, VELAVAN S. Restorative effect of Betula alnoides bark on hepatic metabolism in high fat diet fed Wistar rats[J]. Int J Pharm Bio Sci, 2015, 6(3):B1281-B1288.
[12]曾杰,郭文福,赵志刚,等.我国西南桦研究的回顾与展望[J].林业科学研究, 2006, 19(3):379-384.ZENG Jie, GUO Wenfu, ZHAO Zhigang, et al. Domestication of Betula alnoides in China:current status and perspectives[J]. For Res, 2006, 19(3):379-384.
[13]孟宪宇.测树学[M].北京:中国林业出版社, 2006:106-107.
[14]段爱国,张建国.杉木人工林优势高生长模拟及多形地位指数方程[J].林业科学, 2004, 40(6):13-19.DUAN Aiguo, ZHANG Jianguo. Modeling of dominant height growth and building of polymorphic site index equations of Chinese fir plantation[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2004, 40(6):13-19.
[15]赵磊,倪成才, NIGH G.加拿大哥伦比亚省美国黄松广义代数差分型地位指数模型[J].林业科学, 2012, 48(3):74-81.ZHAO Lei, NI Chengcai, NIGH G. Generalized algebraic difference site index model for ponderosa pine in British Columbia, Canada[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2012, 48(3):74-81.
[16]段劼,马履一,贾黎明,等.北京低山地区油松人工林立地指数表的编制及应用[J].林业科学, 2009, 45(3):7-12.DUAN Jie, MA Lüyi, JIA Liming, et al. Establishment and application of site index table for Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in the low elevation area of Beijing[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2009, 45(3):7-12.
[17]郑聪慧,贾黎明,段劼,等.华北地区栓皮栎天然次生林地位指数表的编制[J].林业科学, 2013, 49(2):79-85.ZHENG Conghui, JIA Liming, DUAN Jie, et al. Establishment of site index table for Quercus variabilis natural secondary forest in north China[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2013, 49(2):79-85.
[18]魏晓慧,孙玉军,马炜.基于Richards方程的杉木树高生长模型[J].浙江农林大学学报, 2012, 29(5):661-666.WEI Xiaohui, SUN Yujun, MA Wei. A height growth model for Cunninghamia lanceolata based on Richards’ equation[J]. J Zhejiang A&F Univ, 2012, 29(5):661-666.
[19] ESSE C, DONOSO P J, GERDING V, et al. Modelling dominant height and site index in different edaphoclimatic zones of secondary forest in the Andes of south-central Chile[J]. South For J For Sci, 2014, 76(4):221-228.
[20]郑海水,黎明,汪炳根,等.西南桦造林密度与林木生长的关系[J].林业科学研究, 2003, 16(1):81-86.ZHENG Haishui, LI Ming, WANG Bingen, et al. Effect of initial planting spacing on the growth of Betula alnoides[J]. For Res, 2003, 16(1):81-86.
[21]王春胜,赵志刚,曾冀,等.广西凭祥西南桦中幼林林木生长过程与造林密度的关系[J].林业科学研究,2013, 26(2):257-262.WANG Chunsheng, ZHAO Zhigang, ZENG Ji, et al. Relationship between planting density and tree growth process of Betula alnoides mid-young plantations in Pingxiang, Guangxi[J]. For Res, 2013, 26(2):257-262.
[22] ALLEN II M G, BURKHART H E. A comparison of alternative data sources for modeling site index in loblolly pine plantations[J]. Can J For Res, 2015, 45(8):1026-1033.
[23] RAULIER F, LAMBERT M C, POTHIER D, et al. Impact of dominant tree dynamics on site index curves[J]. For Ecol Manage, 2003, 184(1/3):65-78.
[2] GUZMáN G, PUKKALA T, PALAHíM, et al. Predicting the growth and yield of Pinus radiata in Bolivia[J]. Ann For Sci, 2012, 69(3):335-343.
[3] MOGUéDEC G L, DH?TE J F. Fagacées:a tree-centered growth and yield model for sessile oak(Quercus petraea L.)and common beech(Fagus sylvatica L.)[J]. Ann For Sci, 2012, 69(2):257-269.
[4] KIMBERLEY M O, LEDGARD N J. Site index curves for Pinus nigra grown in the South Island high country, New Zealand[J]. New Zealand J For Sci, 1998, 28(3):389-399.
[5]张瑜,贾黎明,郑聪慧,等.秦岭地区栓皮栎天然次生林地位指数表的编制[J].林业科学, 2014, 50(4):47-54.ZHANG Yu, JIA Liming, ZHENG Conghui, et al. Establishment of a site index table for Quercus variabilis natural secondary stand in Qinling Mountains[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2014, 50(4):47-54.
[6]吴恒,党坤良,田相林,等.秦岭林区天然次生林与人工林立地质量评价[J].林业科学, 2015, 51(4):78-88.WU Heng, DANG Kunliang, TIAN Xianglin, et al. Evaluating site quality for secondary forests and plantation in Qinling Mountains[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2015, 51(4):78-88.
[7] KITIKIDOU K, MILIOS E, TSIREKIS E, et al. Site quality assessment of degraded Quercus frainetto stands in central Greece[J]. i For Biogeosci For, 2015, 8(1):53-58.
[8]曾杰.西南桦丰产栽培技术问答[M].北京:中国林业出版社, 2010:2-3.
[9] WANG Chunsheng, ZHAO Zhigang, HEIN S, et al. Effect of planting density on knot attributes and branch occlusion of Betula alnoides under natural pruning in southern China[J]. Forests, 2015, 6(4):1343-1361.
[10] SUR T K, PANDIT S, BATTACHARYYA D, et al. Studies on the antiinflammatory activity of Betula alnoides bark[J]. Phytother Res, 2002, 16(7):669-671.
[11] RAJ D A, MALARVILI T, VELAVAN S. Restorative effect of Betula alnoides bark on hepatic metabolism in high fat diet fed Wistar rats[J]. Int J Pharm Bio Sci, 2015, 6(3):B1281-B1288.
[12]曾杰,郭文福,赵志刚,等.我国西南桦研究的回顾与展望[J].林业科学研究, 2006, 19(3):379-384.ZENG Jie, GUO Wenfu, ZHAO Zhigang, et al. Domestication of Betula alnoides in China:current status and perspectives[J]. For Res, 2006, 19(3):379-384.
[13]孟宪宇.测树学[M].北京:中国林业出版社, 2006:106-107.
[14]段爱国,张建国.杉木人工林优势高生长模拟及多形地位指数方程[J].林业科学, 2004, 40(6):13-19.DUAN Aiguo, ZHANG Jianguo. Modeling of dominant height growth and building of polymorphic site index equations of Chinese fir plantation[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2004, 40(6):13-19.
[15]赵磊,倪成才, NIGH G.加拿大哥伦比亚省美国黄松广义代数差分型地位指数模型[J].林业科学, 2012, 48(3):74-81.ZHAO Lei, NI Chengcai, NIGH G. Generalized algebraic difference site index model for ponderosa pine in British Columbia, Canada[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2012, 48(3):74-81.
[16]段劼,马履一,贾黎明,等.北京低山地区油松人工林立地指数表的编制及应用[J].林业科学, 2009, 45(3):7-12.DUAN Jie, MA Lüyi, JIA Liming, et al. Establishment and application of site index table for Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in the low elevation area of Beijing[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2009, 45(3):7-12.
[17]郑聪慧,贾黎明,段劼,等.华北地区栓皮栎天然次生林地位指数表的编制[J].林业科学, 2013, 49(2):79-85.ZHENG Conghui, JIA Liming, DUAN Jie, et al. Establishment of site index table for Quercus variabilis natural secondary forest in north China[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2013, 49(2):79-85.
[18]魏晓慧,孙玉军,马炜.基于Richards方程的杉木树高生长模型[J].浙江农林大学学报, 2012, 29(5):661-666.WEI Xiaohui, SUN Yujun, MA Wei. A height growth model for Cunninghamia lanceolata based on Richards’ equation[J]. J Zhejiang A&F Univ, 2012, 29(5):661-666.
[19] ESSE C, DONOSO P J, GERDING V, et al. Modelling dominant height and site index in different edaphoclimatic zones of secondary forest in the Andes of south-central Chile[J]. South For J For Sci, 2014, 76(4):221-228.
[20]郑海水,黎明,汪炳根,等.西南桦造林密度与林木生长的关系[J].林业科学研究, 2003, 16(1):81-86.ZHENG Haishui, LI Ming, WANG Bingen, et al. Effect of initial planting spacing on the growth of Betula alnoides[J]. For Res, 2003, 16(1):81-86.
[21]王春胜,赵志刚,曾冀,等.广西凭祥西南桦中幼林林木生长过程与造林密度的关系[J].林业科学研究,2013, 26(2):257-262.WANG Chunsheng, ZHAO Zhigang, ZENG Ji, et al. Relationship between planting density and tree growth process of Betula alnoides mid-young plantations in Pingxiang, Guangxi[J]. For Res, 2013, 26(2):257-262.
[22] ALLEN II M G, BURKHART H E. A comparison of alternative data sources for modeling site index in loblolly pine plantations[J]. Can J For Res, 2015, 45(8):1026-1033.
[23] RAULIER F, LAMBERT M C, POTHIER D, et al. Impact of dominant tree dynamics on site index curves[J]. For Ecol Manage, 2003, 184(1/3):65-78.