高密度地区广场冠层小气候效应及人体热舒适度研究——以上海创智天地广场为例
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摘要
为揭示高密度地区广场不同冠层与热环境间、人体热舒适度与行为活动间的关联特征,以上海创智天地广场为研究对象,对小气候要素进行冬夏两季昼夜连续监测。研究冬夏季不同太阳方位角和高度角对场地阴影的影响,解析不同冠层在空间和时间两个维度上的组间差异、冬夏差异,并归纳其作用规律。通过对比行为注记与人体热舒适度数据,分析空间热舒适度对广场单位面积人流量的作用规律,并据此提出小气候适宜性广场的设计策略。
In order to reveal correlation between canopy of square in dense habitat and thermal environment, between human thermal comfort(HTC) and human activities, the micro-climate factors were continuously monitored during summer and winter in Shanghai Knowledge and Innovation Community Square(KIC Square). The variations of shade in the solar elevation angle and solar azimuth in summer and winter were described, and the difference experimental and control groups, difference between summer and winter in a variety of square canopy groups and their diurnal variation were analyzed. The mechanism of how HTC impacts unit area pedestrian volume was obtained on the basis of contrasting behavior mapping data with HTC data, and the influence factors of HTC was revealed. Furthermore, micro-climate adaptive design strategies were proposed for future square planning.
In order to reveal correlation between canopy of square in dense habitat and thermal environment, between human thermal comfort(HTC) and human activities, the micro-climate factors were continuously monitored during summer and winter in Shanghai Knowledge and Innovation Community Square(KIC Square). The variations of shade in the solar elevation angle and solar azimuth in summer and winter were described, and the difference experimental and control groups, difference between summer and winter in a variety of square canopy groups and their diurnal variation were analyzed. The mechanism of how HTC impacts unit area pedestrian volume was obtained on the basis of contrasting behavior mapping data with HTC data, and the influence factors of HTC was revealed. Furthermore, micro-climate adaptive design strategies were proposed for future square planning.
引文
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[16]刘加平,等.城市环境物理[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2011:23.
[17]周淑贞,郑景春.上海城市太阳辐射的日变化和季节变化[J].华东师范大学学报:自然科学版,1992(2):63-73.
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文中图片均由作者绘制。
[2]张德顺,李宾,王振,等.上海豫园夏季晴天小气候实测研究[J].中国园林,2016(1):18-22.
[3]刘滨谊,张德顺,张琳,等.上海城市开敞空间小气候适应性设计基础调查研究[J].中国园林,2014(12):17-22.
[4]董芦笛,樊亚妮,李冬至,等.西安城市街道单拱封闭型林荫空间夏季小气候测试分析[J].中国园林,2016(1):10-17.
[5]张琳,刘滨谊,林俊.城市滨水带风景园林小气候适应性设计初探[J].中国城市林业,2014,12(4):36-39.
[6]刘滨谊,林俊.城市滨水带环境小气候与空间断面关系研究:以上海苏州河滨水带为例[J].风景园林,2015(6):46-54.
[7]Benedict F G,Carpenter T M.The Metabolism And Energy Transformations Of Healthy Man During Rest(1910)[M].Whitefish:Kessinger Publishing,2010.
[8]Winslow C E A,Herrington L P,Gagge A P.Physiological reactions of the human body to varying environmental temperatures[J].The American Journal of Physiology,1937,120(1):1-22.
[9]Fanger P O.Thermal comfort:Analysis and applications in environmental engineering[M].New York:Mc Graw-Hill,1972.
[10]Brown R D,Gillespie T J.Microclimatic Landscape Design[M].New York:Wiley,1995,8:107-109.
[11]Hoppe P.The physiological equivalent temperature-a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment[J].Int J Biometeorol,1999,43(2):71-75.
[12]Gagge A P,Fobelets A P,Berglund L G.Standard predictive index of human response to the thermal environment[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1986,92(PT2B):709-731.
[13]Pickup J,Dear R D.An outdoor thermal comfort index(OUT-SET*)-Part I-The model and its assumptions[C]//Sydney,Australia:15th International Congress of Biometeorology and International Conference on Urban Climatology,1999.
[14]Givonia B,Noguchib M,Saaronic H,et al.Outdoor comfort research issues[J].Energy and Buildings.2003,35(1):77-86.
[15]扬·盖尔.交往与空间[M].第4版.何人可,译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002:13-18.
[16]刘加平,等.城市环境物理[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2011:23.
[17]周淑贞,郑景春.上海城市太阳辐射的日变化和季节变化[J].华东师范大学学报:自然科学版,1992(2):63-73.
[18]Makaremi N,Salleh E,Jaafar M Z,et al.Thermal comfort conditions of shaded outdoor spaces in hot and humid climate of Malaysia[J].Building and Environment,2012,48:7-14.
[19]蔡永洁.城市广场[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2006:5.
文中图片均由作者绘制。