超临界燃料在喷嘴附近的相变和流动过程
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摘要
为了研究超临界碳氢燃料喷射特性,采用实验结合一维分析的方法,对超临界正十烷/正庚烷/正戊烷混合物喷射到静止大气环境中的相变和流动过程进行了研究,揭示了燃料在喷口附近发生相变的途径,获得了相变分界线和喷嘴内部一维流动参数分布。研究结果表明:当喷射温度接近临界温度时,超临界正十烷/正庚烷/正戊烷混合物喷射过程中,会在喷嘴内部及喷口下游发生相变而产生冷凝;相变冷凝的转化过程发生在一定的温度范围内,在超临界压力下,射流发生完全冷凝的喷射温度为510K;喷射过程的相变分界线与相态之间的界面线并不重合;超临界正十烷/正庚烷/正戊烷混合物喷射到静止大气环境中时,在喷口处达到了当地声速,此时当地静压与喷射压力的比值约为0.64,静温与喷射温度的比值在0.97以上;不同喷射工况下,喷嘴内部的一维流动参数变化规律基本一致,比热比和压缩因子是影响无量纲流动参数分布规律的重要影响因素。
To explore the supercritical hydrocarbon fuel injection characteristics, the phase transition and flow process of supercritical n-decane/n-heptane/n-pentane mixtures injected into stationary atmospheric environment were studied by experimental and one-dimensional analysis method, and fuel phase transition path near the injector exit,phase transition boundary and one-dimensional flow parameters distribution inside the injector were obtained. The results revealed that phase transition and fuel condensation phenomenon occur when supercritical n-decane/n-heptane/n-pentane mixtures injected near the critical temperature. The condensation processes of fuel mixture occur within a certain temperature range and complete condensation occurs at the injection temperature of 510 K under the supercritical injection pressure. The phase transition boundary line does not coincide with the phase boundary line. When the supercritical n-decane/n-heptane/n-pentane mixtures injected into stationary atmospheric environment, the velocity of the mixtures reaches the local sound speed at the injector exit,the ratio of local static pressure to injection pressure is about 0.64 and the ratio of local static temperature to injection temperature is above 0.97 in present test conditions. The one-dimensional flow parameter distributions are roughly coincident at different injection conditions, and the analysis results showed that the specific heat ratio and compressibility factor have significant influences on the distribution of one-dimensional flow parameters.
To explore the supercritical hydrocarbon fuel injection characteristics, the phase transition and flow process of supercritical n-decane/n-heptane/n-pentane mixtures injected into stationary atmospheric environment were studied by experimental and one-dimensional analysis method, and fuel phase transition path near the injector exit,phase transition boundary and one-dimensional flow parameters distribution inside the injector were obtained. The results revealed that phase transition and fuel condensation phenomenon occur when supercritical n-decane/n-heptane/n-pentane mixtures injected near the critical temperature. The condensation processes of fuel mixture occur within a certain temperature range and complete condensation occurs at the injection temperature of 510 K under the supercritical injection pressure. The phase transition boundary line does not coincide with the phase boundary line. When the supercritical n-decane/n-heptane/n-pentane mixtures injected into stationary atmospheric environment, the velocity of the mixtures reaches the local sound speed at the injector exit,the ratio of local static pressure to injection pressure is about 0.64 and the ratio of local static temperature to injection temperature is above 0.97 in present test conditions. The one-dimensional flow parameter distributions are roughly coincident at different injection conditions, and the analysis results showed that the specific heat ratio and compressibility factor have significant influences on the distribution of one-dimensional flow parameters.
引文
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[2]Huang H,Spadaccini L J,Sobel D R.Fuel-Cooled Thermal Management for Advanced Aeroengines[J].Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power,2004,126(2):284-293.
[3]高伟,林宇震,徐国强,等.碳氢燃料航发热管理系统及其关键技术[C].沈阳:中国航空学会第十四届燃烧与传热传质专业学术讨论会,2008.
[4]王英杰,徐国强,邓宏武,等.超临界RP-3管内换热特性实验[J].推进技术,2009,30(6):656-660.(WANG Ying-jie,XU Guo-qiang,DENG Hong-wu,et al.Experimental Investigation on Heat Transfer of Supercritical RP-3[J].Journal of Propulsion Technology,2009,30(6):656-660.)
[5]Yang V.Modeling of Supercritical Vaporization,Mixing and Combustion Processes in Liquid-Fueled Propulsion System[J].Proceeding of the Combustion Institute,2000,28(1):925-942.
[6]Bellan J.Supercritical(and Subcritical)Fluid Behavior and Modeling:Drops,Streams,Shear and Mixing Layers,Jets and Sprays[J].Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2000,26(4-6):329-366.
[7]Edwards T,Maurice L Q.Surrogate Mixtures to Represent Complex Aviation and Rocket Fuels[J].Journal of Propulsion and Power,2001,17(2):461-466.
[8]Hendricks R C,Simoneau R J,Smith R V.Survey of Heat Transfer to Neat Critical Fluids[R].NASA TN D-5886,1970.
[9]Hitch B,Karpuk M.Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer and Flow Instabilities in Supercritical Fuels[R].AIAA 97-3043.
[10]Wu P K,Chen T H,Nejad A S,et al.Injection of Supercritical Ethylene in Nitrogen[J].Journal of Propulsion and Power,1996,12(4):770-777.
[11]Wu P K,Shahnam M,Kirkendall K,et al.Expansion and Mixing Processes of Underexpanded Supercritical Fuel Jets Injected into Superheated Conditions[R].AIAA 97-2852.
[12]Lin K C,Stouffer S C,Jackson T A.Structures and Phase Transition Processes of Supercritical Methane/Ethylene Mixtures Injected into a Subcritical Environment[J].Combustion Science and Technology,2006,178(1-3):129-160.
[13]Star A M,Edwards J R,Lin K C,et al.Numerical Simulation of Injection of Supercritical Ethylene into Nitrogen[J].Journal of Propulsion and Power,2006,22(4):809-819.
[14]Chen L D.Heat Transfer,Fouling,and Combustion of Supercritical Fuels[R].AFOSR TR-94-0321.
[15]Lamanna G,Stotz L,Weigand B,et al.Supercritical Fluid Injection:An Experimental Study[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part I:Journal of Systems&Control Engineering,2011,224(29).
[16]Roy A,Joly C,Segal C.Disintegrating Supercritical Jets in a Subcritical Environment[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2013,717(2):193-202.
[17]高伟,林宇震,付镇柏,等.超临界正十烷喷射到大气环境中的喷射特性[J].航空动力学报,2010,25(9):1984-1988.
[18]XUE Xin,GAO Wei,XU Quan-hong,et al.Injection of Subcritical and Supercritical Aviation Kerosene into a High Temperature and High Pressure Crossflow[R].ASME GT 2011-45773.
[19]Deng H W,Zhang C B,Xu G Q,et al.Visualization Experiments of a Specific Fuel Flow Through QuartzGlass Tubes under both Sub-and Supercritical Conditions[J].Chinese Journal of Aeronautics,2012,25(3):372-380.
[20]WANG Ning,ZHOU Jin,PAN Yu,et al.Experimental Investigation on Flow Patterns of RP-3 Kerosene under Sub-Critical and Supercritical Pressures[J].Acta Astronautica,2014,94(2):834-842.
[21]Ely J F,Huber M L.NIST Standard Reference Database 4-NIST Thermophysical Properties of Hydrocarbon Mixtures[M].Gaithersburg:National Institute of Standards,1990.
[22]仲峰泉,范学军,王晶,等.超临界态煤油等熵流动和超声速喷注研究[C].黄山:第二届高超声速科技学术会议,2009.
[23]潘锦删,单鹏,刘火星,等.气体动力学[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2012.
[24]沈维道,童钧耕.工程热力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007.