中国城市群技术知识单中心与多中心探究
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摘要
城市空间组织的多中心、网络化特征受到区域经济研究关注。但由于发展阶段、空间尺度、研究视角的差异,城市区域多中心格局有待商榷,知识经济时代解读知识流作用下的城市空间组织应成为经济地理学重点破解的命题。基于中国知识产权局2014年申请和联合申请发明专利数据,运用社会网络分析法和基尼系数,从知识生产和知识网络层面,对京津冀、长三角、珠三角、长江中游、成渝五大城市群技术知识形态多中心和多尺度功能多中心进行测度。研究发现:①城市群技术知识创新呈现网络化模式,但在形态和功能上多呈现单中心格局,与已有研究基于城市间基础设施联系、企业联系、科学知识联系广泛认同城市群呈现多中心格局的观点不同;②城市群技术知识网络结构具有空间异质性,国家尺度技术知识流强度的空间不均衡性更加显著,强联系由少数核心城市控制;③形态和功能多中心程度存在区域差异,同城市群创新基础、经济实力、协同发展水平有关;④功能多中心程度具有尺度敏感性,区域尺度功能多中心程度高于国家尺度。研究结论有助于引发对城市空间组织理论的再思考。
Urban spatial pattern has long been recognized as a central issue of regional economic research. Recent studies have become increasingly interested in the concepts of 'polycentricity' and 'network'. However, despite multiple types of intercity linkages being explored in an analysis of polycentricity, scholars have failed to reach a consensus on the argument whether urban regions feature a morphological or functional polycentricity pattern due to the differences of development stage, spatial scale and research perspective. Exploring the urban spatial pattern under the action of knowledge flow can contribute to a better understanding of innovative space formation and collaborative innovation in a globalizing knowledge economy, which should be a key proposition of economic geography. From a technological knowledge perspective, this paper takes Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH), Yangtze River Delta(YRD), Pearl River Delta(PRD), the middle reaches of the Yangtze River(MYR)and Chengdu-Chongqing(CC) urban agglomerations as the objects. Drawing on social network analysis and Gini coefficient, this paper analyzes morphological and functional polycentricity at regional and national geographical scales based on a unique patents and co-patents dataset issued by the National Intellectual Property Administration of P. R. China(CNIPA) in 2014.The main findings of this study are drawn as follows.(1) China's urban agglomerations reach high levels of Gini coefficients of total patents and external connectivity, implying that the structure of technological knowledge production and collaboration can hardly be considered morphologically and functionally polycentric at present, although the network characteristic of technological knowledge collaboration within and beyond the urban agglomerations is found to be clear. The finding differs somewhat from much of the earlier literature which has relied upon data on intercity transportation linkages, intercity firm linkages and intercity scientific knowledge linkages.(2) The technological knowledge network structure of China's urban agglomerations reveals a significant spatial heterogeneity. Geographical proximity is no longer crucial for the formation of technological knowledge collaboration network. It is obvious that the intensity of technological knowledge flows at the national scale tend to be more imbalanced. Analytically, strong ties occur more easily between a few core cities with the strong network position and innovation capability.(3) Comparing morphological and functional polycentricity among China's urban agglomerations, one can obviously see the significant regional differences. In general, the results demonstrate that regional innovation foundation,economic development strength and synergetic development level may affect the degree of polycentricity.(4) The functional polycentricity of China's urban agglomerations has scale sensitivity, with a higher degree of functional polycentricity at the regional scale than that of functional polycentricity at the national scale. These findings of this study will be conducive to stimulating the re-thinking of urban spatial organization theory.
Urban spatial pattern has long been recognized as a central issue of regional economic research. Recent studies have become increasingly interested in the concepts of 'polycentricity' and 'network'. However, despite multiple types of intercity linkages being explored in an analysis of polycentricity, scholars have failed to reach a consensus on the argument whether urban regions feature a morphological or functional polycentricity pattern due to the differences of development stage, spatial scale and research perspective. Exploring the urban spatial pattern under the action of knowledge flow can contribute to a better understanding of innovative space formation and collaborative innovation in a globalizing knowledge economy, which should be a key proposition of economic geography. From a technological knowledge perspective, this paper takes Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH), Yangtze River Delta(YRD), Pearl River Delta(PRD), the middle reaches of the Yangtze River(MYR)and Chengdu-Chongqing(CC) urban agglomerations as the objects. Drawing on social network analysis and Gini coefficient, this paper analyzes morphological and functional polycentricity at regional and national geographical scales based on a unique patents and co-patents dataset issued by the National Intellectual Property Administration of P. R. China(CNIPA) in 2014.The main findings of this study are drawn as follows.(1) China's urban agglomerations reach high levels of Gini coefficients of total patents and external connectivity, implying that the structure of technological knowledge production and collaboration can hardly be considered morphologically and functionally polycentric at present, although the network characteristic of technological knowledge collaboration within and beyond the urban agglomerations is found to be clear. The finding differs somewhat from much of the earlier literature which has relied upon data on intercity transportation linkages, intercity firm linkages and intercity scientific knowledge linkages.(2) The technological knowledge network structure of China's urban agglomerations reveals a significant spatial heterogeneity. Geographical proximity is no longer crucial for the formation of technological knowledge collaboration network. It is obvious that the intensity of technological knowledge flows at the national scale tend to be more imbalanced. Analytically, strong ties occur more easily between a few core cities with the strong network position and innovation capability.(3) Comparing morphological and functional polycentricity among China's urban agglomerations, one can obviously see the significant regional differences. In general, the results demonstrate that regional innovation foundation,economic development strength and synergetic development level may affect the degree of polycentricity.(4) The functional polycentricity of China's urban agglomerations has scale sensitivity, with a higher degree of functional polycentricity at the regional scale than that of functional polycentricity at the national scale. These findings of this study will be conducive to stimulating the re-thinking of urban spatial organization theory.
引文
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[2]Taylor P J.World Cities Network:A Global Urban Analysis.London:Routledge,2004.
[3]马学广,李贵才.欧洲多中心城市区域的研究进展和应用实践.地理科学,2011,31(12):1423-1429.[Ma Xueguang,Li Guicai.Progress and application practice in European polycentric city region.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(12):1423-1429.]
[4]覃成林,李红叶.西方多中心城市区域研究进展.人文地理,2012,27(1):6-10.[Qin Chenglin,Li Hongye.Progress of studies on polycentric urban region in western countries.Human Geography,2012,27(1):6-10.]
[5]Gottmann J.Megalopolitan systems around the world.In:Bourne L S,Simmons J W.Systems of Cities:Readings on Structure Growth and Policy.New York:Oxford University Press,1978:103-111.
[6]Scott A.Global City-Regions:Trends,Theory,Policy.New York:Oxford University Press,2001.
[7]Hall P,Pain K.The Polycentric Metropolis:Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe.London:Earthscan,2006.
[8]Harrison J,Hoyler M.Megaregions:Globalization's New Urban Form?.Cheltenham:Edward Elgar,2015.
[9]马学广,闫曼娇.环渤海地区空间多中心测度及时空分异特征研究.地理与地理信息科学,2017,33(1):102-109.[Ma Xueguang,Yan Manjiao.Measurements of polycentricity and spatial-temporal diferentiation characteristics in the Bohai Rim region.Geography and Geo-Information Science,2017,33(1):102-109.]
[10]张晓明.长江三角洲巨型城市区特征分析.地理学报,2006,61(10):1025-1036.[Zhang Xiaoming.Characteristics of the Yangtze River Delta mega-city region.Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,61(10):1025-1036.]
[11]罗震东,何鹤鸣,耿磊.基于客运交通流的长江三角洲功能多中心结构研究.城市规划学刊,2011,(2):20-27.[Luo Zhendong,He Heming,Geng Lei.Analysis of the polycentric structure of Yangtze River delta based on passenger traffic flow.Urban Planning Forum,2011,(2):20-27.]
[12]叶磊,段学军,欧向军.基于社会网络分析的长三角地区功能多中心研究.中国科学院大学学报,2016,33(1):75-81.[Ye Lei,Duan Xuejun,Ou Xiangjun.Functional polycentricity in Yangtze River Delta based on social network analysis.Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2016,33(1):75-81.]
[13]Liu X,Derudder B,Wu K.Measuring polycentric urban development in China:An intercity transportation network perspective.Regional Studies,2016,50(8):1302-1315.
[14]孙斌栋,丁嵩.多中心空间结构经济绩效的研究进展及启示.地理科学,2017,37(1):64-71.[Sun Bindong,Ding Song.Progress and implications for polycentric spatial structure's effect on economic performance.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(1):64-71.]
[15]李涛,张伊娜.企业关联网络视角下中国城市群的多中心网络比较研究.城市发展研究,2017,24(3):116-124.[Li Tao,Zhang Yina.The comparison of polycentricity of urban agglomerations in China from the perspective of firm interlocking network.Urban Development Studies,2017,24(3):116-124.]
[16]方创琳.中国城市群研究取得的重要进展与未来发展方向.地理学报,2014,69(8):1130-1144.[Fang Chuanglin.Progress and the future direction of research into urban agglomeration in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(8):1130-1144.]
[17]Reilly W J.The Law of Retail Gravitation.New York:The Knickerbocker Press,1931.
[18]蔡莉丽,马学广,陈伟劲,等.基于客运交通流的珠三角城市区域功能多中心特征研究.经济地理,2013,33(11):52-57.[Cai Lili,Ma Xueguang,Chen Weijin,et al.Characteristics of functional polycentricity of PRD urban region based on passenger traffic flow.Economic Geography,2013,33(11):52-57.]
[19]冯长春,谢旦杏,马学广,等.基于城际轨道交通流的珠三角城市区域功能多中心研究.地理科学,2014,34(6):648-655.[Feng Changchun,Xie Danxing,Ma Xueguang,et al.Functional polycentricity of the urban region in the Zhujiang River Delta based on intercity rail traffic flow.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(6):648-655.]
[20]甄峰,王波,陈映雪.基于网络社会空间的中国城市网络特征:以新浪微博为例.地理学报,2012,67(8):1031-1043.[Zhen Feng,Wang Bo,Chen Yingxue.China's city network characteristics based on social network space:An empirical analysis of Sina Micro-blog.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(8):1031-1043.]
[21]Burger M J,Meijers E.Form follows function?Linking morphological and functional polycentricity.Urban Studies,2012,49(5):1127-1149.
[22]Bayson J R.Business service firms,service space and the management of change.Entrepreneurship and Regional Development,1997,9(2):93-111.
[23]Taylor P J,Evans D M,Pain K.Application of the interlocking network model to mega-city regions:Measuring polycentricity within and beyond city-regions.Regional Studies,2008,42(8):1079-1093.
[24]Zhang X,Kloosterman R C.Connecting the'workshop of the world':Intra-and extra-service networks of the Pearl River Delta city-region.Regional Studies,2016,50(6):1-13.
[25]王聪,曹有挥,陈国伟.基于生产性服务业的长江三角洲城市网络.地理研究,2014,33(2):323-335.[Wang Cong,Cao Youhui,Chen Guowei.Study on urban network of Yangtze River Delta region based on producer services.Geographical Research,2014,33(2):323-335.]
[26]赵渺希,黎智枫,钟烨,等.中国城市群多中心网络的拓扑结构.地理科学进展,2016,35(3):376-388.[Zhao Miaoxi,Li Zhifeng,Zhong Ye,et al.Polycentric network topology of urban agglomerations in China.Progress in Geography,2016,35(3):376-388.]
[27]Romer P M.Human capital and growth:Theory and evidence.In:McCallum B T,Plosser C I,Simon W E.CarnegieRochester Conference Series on Public Policy.Amsterdam:Elsevier,1990:251-286.
[28]Matthiessen C W,Schwarz A W,Find S.World cities of scientific knowledge:Systems,networks and potential dynamics.An analysis based on bibliometric indicators.Urban Studies,2010,47(9):1879-1897.
[29]马海涛.基于知识流动的中国城市网络研究进展与展望.经济地理,2016,36(11):207-213.[Ma Haitao.Research progress and prospects of city networks based on knowledge flow in China.Economic Geography,2016,36(11):207-213.]
[30]闫小培,林彰平.近期西方城市地理研究动向分析.地理学报,2004,59(s1):77-84.[Yan Xiaopei,Lin Zhangping.Current status and development direction of urban geographic research in the West.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(s1):77-84.]
[31]李丹丹,汪涛,魏也华,等.中国城市尺度科学知识网络与技术知识网络结构的时空复杂性.地理研究,2015,34(3):525-540.[Li Dandan,Wang Tao,Wei Yehua,et al.Spatial and temporal complexity of scientific knowledge network and technological knowledge network on China's urban scale.Geographical Research,2015,34(3):525-540.]
[32]吕拉昌,李勇.基于城市创新职能的中国创新城市空间体系.地理学报,2010,65(2):177-190.[Lv Lachang,Li Yong.A research on Chinese renovation urban system based on urban renovation function.Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(2):177-190.]
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