考虑多方主体利益的大规模电动汽车分布式实时协同优化
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摘要
针对大规模电动汽车(electricvehicle,EV)接入电网后的实时充电分布式优化问题,应用价格响应与激励响应手段,提出一种计及EV集群充电预测信息,兼顾电网、EV负荷聚合体与车主三方利益的多目标实时分布式优化模型,提出充电满意度模型刻画车主利益,并将全目标分解为各个设备可独立求解的子问题,并采用交替方向乘子法进行分布式求解,并利用预测信息实现算法地快速收敛。不同目标下的仿真结果表明了模型可以有效地平抑负荷波动、降低运行成本、提升用电满意度,并从优化结果、计算时间、用户隐私、信息传递量等方面分析验证了提出的分布式优化模型比集中式的优化模型更适用于大规模EV实时充电优化调度。
This paper presented a decentralized optimal dispatch model for massive EVs' real-time charging coordination considering both price based and incentive based demand response, the prediction information of EV clusters' charging behavior, thus the interests of power system, electric vehicle aggregators(EVAs) and EV owners can be met. The charging satisfaction model was proposed to depict EV owners' satisfaction, the total goal was decomposed into several sub goals that can be calculated by each device, alternative direction method of multipliers was applied to achieve decentralized computing and convergence rate was improved by using historic data. The comparison results with different objectives demonstrate model's effectiveness in valley filling,reducing operation cost and improving EV owners' satisfaction.Finally, the applicability of the decentralized model in massive EVs real time charging coordination was analyzed from the perspective of computational result, computational time, users' privacy protection and information transmission.
This paper presented a decentralized optimal dispatch model for massive EVs' real-time charging coordination considering both price based and incentive based demand response, the prediction information of EV clusters' charging behavior, thus the interests of power system, electric vehicle aggregators(EVAs) and EV owners can be met. The charging satisfaction model was proposed to depict EV owners' satisfaction, the total goal was decomposed into several sub goals that can be calculated by each device, alternative direction method of multipliers was applied to achieve decentralized computing and convergence rate was improved by using historic data. The comparison results with different objectives demonstrate model's effectiveness in valley filling,reducing operation cost and improving EV owners' satisfaction.Finally, the applicability of the decentralized model in massive EVs real time charging coordination was analyzed from the perspective of computational result, computational time, users' privacy protection and information transmission.
引文
[1]赵俊华,文福拴,杨爱民,等.电动汽车对电力系统的影响及其调度与控制问题[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(14):2-10,29.Zhao Junhua,Wen Fushuan,Yang Aimin,et al.Impacts of electric vehicles on power systems as well as the associated dispatching and control problem[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2011,35(14):2-10,29(in Chinese).
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[6]项顶,胡泽春,宋永华,等.通过电动汽车与电网互动减少弃风的商业模式与日前优化调度策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(24):6293-6303.Xiang Ding,Hu Zechun,Song Yonghua,et al.Business model and day-ahead dispatch strategy to reduce wind power curtailment through vehicle-to-grid[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(24):6293-6303(in Chinese).
[7]Xu Zhiwei,Su Wencong,Hu Zechun,et al.A hierarchical framework for coordinated charging of plug-in electric vehicles in China[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2016,7(1):428-438.
[8]Jian Linni,Zheng Yanchong,Xiao Xinping,et al.Optimal scheduling for vehicle-to-grid operation with stochastic connection of plug-in electric vehicles to smart grid[J].Applied Energy,2015,146:150-161.
[9]潘振宁,张孝顺,余涛,等.大规模电动汽车集群分层实时优化调度[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(16):96-104.Pan Zhenning,Zhang Xiaoshun,Yu Tao,et al.Hierarchical real-time optimized dispatching for large-scale clusters of electric vehicles[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(16):96-104(in Chinese).
[10]李正烁,郭庆来,孙宏斌,等.计及电动汽车充电预测的实时充电优化方法[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(9):61-68.Li Zhengshuo,Guo Qinglai,Sun Hongbin,et al.Real-time charging optimization method considering vehicle charging prediction[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(9):61-68(in Chinese).
[11]Zhang Lei,Li Yaoyu.Optimal management for parking-lot electric vehicle charging by two-stage approximate dynamic programming[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2017,8(4):1722-1730.
[12]Tang Wanrong,Zhang Yingjun.A model predictive control approach for low-complexity electric vehicle charging scheduling:optimality and scalability[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,2017,32(2):1050-1063.
[13]Loukarakis E,Dent C J,Bialek J W.Decentralized multi-period economic dispatch for real-time flexible demand management[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2016,31(1):672-684.
[14]李佩杰,陆镛,白晓清,等.基于交替方向乘子法的动态经济调度分散式优化[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(10):2428-2435.Li Peijie,Lu Yong,Bai Xiaoqing,et al.Decentralized optimization for dynamic economic dispatch based on alternating direction method of multipliers[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(10):2428-2435(in Chinese).
[15]王程,刘念.基于交替方向乘子法的互联微电网系统分布式优化调度[J].电网技术,2016,40(9):2675-2681.Wang Cheng,Liu Nian.Distributed optimal dispatching of interconnected microgrid system based on alternating direction method of multipliers[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(9):2675-2681(in Chinese).
[16]Rivera J,Goebel C,Jacobsen H A.Distributed convex optimization for electric vehicle aggregators[J].IEEETransactions on Smart Grid,2017,8(4):1852-1863.
[17]吕仁周,白晓清,李佩杰,等.基于交替方向乘子法的电动汽车分散式充电控制[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(16):56-63.LüRenzhou,Bai Xiaoqing,Li Peijie,et al.Decentralized charging control of electric vehicles based on alternate direction method of multiplier[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(16):56-63(in Chinese).
[18]Li Jueyou,Li Chaojie,Xu Yan,et al.Noncooperative game-based distributed charging control for plug-in electric vehicles in distribution networks[J].IEEETransactions on Industrial Informatics,2018,14(1):301-310.
[19]杨晓东,张有兵,蒋杨昌,等.微电网下考虑分布式电源消纳的电动汽车互动响应控制策略[J].电工技术学报,2018,33(2):390-400.Yang Xiaodong,Zhang Youbing,Jiang Yangchang,et al.Renewable energy accommodation-based strategy for electric vehicle considering dynamic interaction in microgrid[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2018,33(2):390-400(in Chinese).
[20]Lu Zhigang,Qi Jintao,Zhang Jiangfeng,et al.Modelling dynamic demand response for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on real-time charging pricing[J].IETGeneration,Transmission&Distribution,2017,11(1):228-235.
[21]王行行,赵晋泉,王珂,等.考虑用户满意度和配网安全的电动汽车多目标双层充电优化[J].电网技术,2017,41(7):2165-2172.Wang Xingxing,Zhao Jinquan,Wang Ke,et al.Multi-objective bi-level electric vehicle charging optimization considering user satisfaction degree and distribution grid security[J].Power System Technology,2017,41(7):2165-2172(in Chinese).
[22]高亚静,王辰,吕孟扩,等.计及车主满意度的电动汽车最优峰谷分时电价模型[J].电力自动化设备,2014,34(2):8-13.Gao Yajing,Wang Chen,LüMengkuo,et al.Optimal time-of-use price model considering satisfaction degree of electric vehicle owners[J].Electric Power Automation Equipment,2014,34(2):8-13(in Chinese).
[23]孙宏斌,张伯明,吴文传,等.自律协同的智能电网能量管理系统家族:概念、体系架构和示例[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(9):1-5,14.Sun Hongbin,Zhang Boming,Wu Wenchuan,et al.Autonomous-synergetic energy management system family for smart grids:concept,architecture and cases[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(9):1-5,14(in Chinese).
[24]Xu Zhiwei,Hu Zechun,Song Yonghua,et al.Risk-averse optimal bidding strategy for demand-side resource aggregators in day-ahead electricity markets under uncertainty[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2017,8(1):96-105.
[25]潘振宁,王克英,瞿凯平,等.考虑大量EV接入的电-气-热多能耦合系统协同优化调度[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(4):104-112.Pan Zhenning,Wang Keying,Qu Kaiping,et al.Coordinated optimal dispatch of electricity-gas-heat multi-energy system considering high penetration of electric vehicles[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(4):104-112(in Chinese).
[26]Wang Bin,Wang Yubo,Nazaripouya H,et al.Predictive scheduling framework for electric vehicles with uncertainties of user behaviors[J].IEEE Internet of Things Journal,2017,4(1):52-63.
[27]Kraning M,Chu E,Lavaei J,et al.Message passing for dynamic network energy management[J].Mathematics,2012.
[2]胡泽春,宋永华,徐智威,等.电动汽车接入电网的影响与利用[J].中国电机工程学报,2012,32(4):1-10.Hu Zechun,Song Yonghua,Xu Zhiwei,et al.Impacts and utilization of electric vehicles integration into power systems[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2012,32(4):1-10(in Chinese).
[3]姚伟锋,赵俊华,文福拴,等.基于双层优化的电动汽车充放电调度策略[J].电力系统自动化,2012,36(11):30-37.Yao Weifeng,Zhao Junhua,Wen Fushuan,et al.Acharging and discharging dispatching strategy for electric vehicles based on bi-level optimization[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2012,36(11):30-37(in Chinese).
[4]占恺峤,宋永华,胡泽春,等.以降损为目标的电动汽车有序充电优化[J].中国电机工程学报,2012,32(31):11-18.Zhan Kaiqiao,Song Yonghua,Hu Zechun,et al.Coordination of electric vehicle charging to minimize active power losses[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2012,32(31):11-18(in Chinese).
[5]姚伟锋,赵俊华,文福拴,等.集中充电模式下的电动汽车调频策略[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(9):69-76.Yao Weifeng,Zhao Junhua,Wen Fushuan,et al.Frequency regulation strategy for electric vehicles with centralized charging[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(9):69-76(in Chinese).
[6]项顶,胡泽春,宋永华,等.通过电动汽车与电网互动减少弃风的商业模式与日前优化调度策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(24):6293-6303.Xiang Ding,Hu Zechun,Song Yonghua,et al.Business model and day-ahead dispatch strategy to reduce wind power curtailment through vehicle-to-grid[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(24):6293-6303(in Chinese).
[7]Xu Zhiwei,Su Wencong,Hu Zechun,et al.A hierarchical framework for coordinated charging of plug-in electric vehicles in China[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2016,7(1):428-438.
[8]Jian Linni,Zheng Yanchong,Xiao Xinping,et al.Optimal scheduling for vehicle-to-grid operation with stochastic connection of plug-in electric vehicles to smart grid[J].Applied Energy,2015,146:150-161.
[9]潘振宁,张孝顺,余涛,等.大规模电动汽车集群分层实时优化调度[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(16):96-104.Pan Zhenning,Zhang Xiaoshun,Yu Tao,et al.Hierarchical real-time optimized dispatching for large-scale clusters of electric vehicles[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(16):96-104(in Chinese).
[10]李正烁,郭庆来,孙宏斌,等.计及电动汽车充电预测的实时充电优化方法[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(9):61-68.Li Zhengshuo,Guo Qinglai,Sun Hongbin,et al.Real-time charging optimization method considering vehicle charging prediction[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(9):61-68(in Chinese).
[11]Zhang Lei,Li Yaoyu.Optimal management for parking-lot electric vehicle charging by two-stage approximate dynamic programming[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2017,8(4):1722-1730.
[12]Tang Wanrong,Zhang Yingjun.A model predictive control approach for low-complexity electric vehicle charging scheduling:optimality and scalability[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,2017,32(2):1050-1063.
[13]Loukarakis E,Dent C J,Bialek J W.Decentralized multi-period economic dispatch for real-time flexible demand management[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2016,31(1):672-684.
[14]李佩杰,陆镛,白晓清,等.基于交替方向乘子法的动态经济调度分散式优化[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(10):2428-2435.Li Peijie,Lu Yong,Bai Xiaoqing,et al.Decentralized optimization for dynamic economic dispatch based on alternating direction method of multipliers[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(10):2428-2435(in Chinese).
[15]王程,刘念.基于交替方向乘子法的互联微电网系统分布式优化调度[J].电网技术,2016,40(9):2675-2681.Wang Cheng,Liu Nian.Distributed optimal dispatching of interconnected microgrid system based on alternating direction method of multipliers[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(9):2675-2681(in Chinese).
[16]Rivera J,Goebel C,Jacobsen H A.Distributed convex optimization for electric vehicle aggregators[J].IEEETransactions on Smart Grid,2017,8(4):1852-1863.
[17]吕仁周,白晓清,李佩杰,等.基于交替方向乘子法的电动汽车分散式充电控制[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(16):56-63.LüRenzhou,Bai Xiaoqing,Li Peijie,et al.Decentralized charging control of electric vehicles based on alternate direction method of multiplier[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(16):56-63(in Chinese).
[18]Li Jueyou,Li Chaojie,Xu Yan,et al.Noncooperative game-based distributed charging control for plug-in electric vehicles in distribution networks[J].IEEETransactions on Industrial Informatics,2018,14(1):301-310.
[19]杨晓东,张有兵,蒋杨昌,等.微电网下考虑分布式电源消纳的电动汽车互动响应控制策略[J].电工技术学报,2018,33(2):390-400.Yang Xiaodong,Zhang Youbing,Jiang Yangchang,et al.Renewable energy accommodation-based strategy for electric vehicle considering dynamic interaction in microgrid[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2018,33(2):390-400(in Chinese).
[20]Lu Zhigang,Qi Jintao,Zhang Jiangfeng,et al.Modelling dynamic demand response for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on real-time charging pricing[J].IETGeneration,Transmission&Distribution,2017,11(1):228-235.
[21]王行行,赵晋泉,王珂,等.考虑用户满意度和配网安全的电动汽车多目标双层充电优化[J].电网技术,2017,41(7):2165-2172.Wang Xingxing,Zhao Jinquan,Wang Ke,et al.Multi-objective bi-level electric vehicle charging optimization considering user satisfaction degree and distribution grid security[J].Power System Technology,2017,41(7):2165-2172(in Chinese).
[22]高亚静,王辰,吕孟扩,等.计及车主满意度的电动汽车最优峰谷分时电价模型[J].电力自动化设备,2014,34(2):8-13.Gao Yajing,Wang Chen,LüMengkuo,et al.Optimal time-of-use price model considering satisfaction degree of electric vehicle owners[J].Electric Power Automation Equipment,2014,34(2):8-13(in Chinese).
[23]孙宏斌,张伯明,吴文传,等.自律协同的智能电网能量管理系统家族:概念、体系架构和示例[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(9):1-5,14.Sun Hongbin,Zhang Boming,Wu Wenchuan,et al.Autonomous-synergetic energy management system family for smart grids:concept,architecture and cases[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(9):1-5,14(in Chinese).
[24]Xu Zhiwei,Hu Zechun,Song Yonghua,et al.Risk-averse optimal bidding strategy for demand-side resource aggregators in day-ahead electricity markets under uncertainty[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2017,8(1):96-105.
[25]潘振宁,王克英,瞿凯平,等.考虑大量EV接入的电-气-热多能耦合系统协同优化调度[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(4):104-112.Pan Zhenning,Wang Keying,Qu Kaiping,et al.Coordinated optimal dispatch of electricity-gas-heat multi-energy system considering high penetration of electric vehicles[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(4):104-112(in Chinese).
[26]Wang Bin,Wang Yubo,Nazaripouya H,et al.Predictive scheduling framework for electric vehicles with uncertainties of user behaviors[J].IEEE Internet of Things Journal,2017,4(1):52-63.
[27]Kraning M,Chu E,Lavaei J,et al.Message passing for dynamic network energy management[J].Mathematics,2012.