在建建筑火灾轰燃数值仿真研究
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摘要
为研究在建建筑特殊火灾的轰燃现象,建立火灾能量守恒方程,基于燕尾突变理论确定突变势函数,计算出在建建筑火灾轰燃时上层烟气的临界温度。利用模拟软件FDS对在建建筑不同施工场景进行仿真模拟,得到火灾特征参数值。结果表明:不同施工阶段的火灾可燃物不同,发生轰燃的时间点不同;随着通风风速的增加,火灾热释放速率增长逐渐放缓,烟气可见度增长加快,一定的通风速度有助于提高排烟效率;不同火源位置火灾特征不同,狭窄空间更容易发生轰燃,未封闭楼梯间处烟囱效应明显。
In order to study flashover phenomenon of special fire in building under construction,a fire energy conservation equation was first established in this paper.Then,the critical temperature of thermal smoke during the flashover was determined by the catastrophe potential function based on the swallowtail catastrophe theory.Finally,the software FDS was adopted to simulate the fire flashover considering different construction scenarios,so that the corresponding fire characteristic parameters can be obtained.The results show that different fire combustible materials at different construction stages lead to different flashover time points.With the increase of ventilation velocity,the rate of fire heat release increases slowly,whereas the visibility of smoke increases rapidly.In addition,the fire characteristic parameters are highly related to the fire sources.Thus,flashover is more likely to occur in narrow space,leading to an obvious chimney effect,especially for the unclosed stairwell.
In order to study flashover phenomenon of special fire in building under construction,a fire energy conservation equation was first established in this paper.Then,the critical temperature of thermal smoke during the flashover was determined by the catastrophe potential function based on the swallowtail catastrophe theory.Finally,the software FDS was adopted to simulate the fire flashover considering different construction scenarios,so that the corresponding fire characteristic parameters can be obtained.The results show that different fire combustible materials at different construction stages lead to different flashover time points.With the increase of ventilation velocity,the rate of fire heat release increases slowly,whereas the visibility of smoke increases rapidly.In addition,the fire characteristic parameters are highly related to the fire sources.Thus,flashover is more likely to occur in narrow space,leading to an obvious chimney effect,especially for the unclosed stairwell.
引文
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[15]BISHOP S R,HOLBORN P G,BEARD A N,et al.Nonlinear dynamics of flashover in compartment fires[J].Fire Safety Journal,1993,21(1):11-45.
[16]GRAHAM T L,MAKHVILADZE G M,ROBERTS JP.The effects of the thermal inertia of the walls upon flashover development[J].Fire Safety Journal,1999,32(1):35-60.
[17]李乃文,王悦惠.突变理论视角下突发群体事件演化机理研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2015,25(2):159-164.LI N W,WANG Y H.Study on evolution mechanism of sudden mass incidents from perspective of catastrophe theory[J].China Safety Science Journal,2015,25(2):159-164.(in Chinese)
[18]翁文国,范维澄.建筑火灾中轰燃现象的突变分析[J].火灾科学,2003,12(2):51-57.WENG W G,FAN W C.Catastrophe analysis of flashover in building fires[J].Fire Safety Science,2003,12(2):51-57.(in Chinese)
[19]YUEN W W,CHOW W K.The role of thermal radiation on the initiation of flashover in a compartment fire[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2004,47:4265-4276.
[20]王金平.建筑火灾荷载[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2016.WANG J P.Building fire load[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2016.(in Chinese)
[2]倪天晓.高速铁路隧道列车火灾烟气蔓延规律及控制特性研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2013.NI T X.Study on spread laws and control characteristics of train fire smoke in high-speed railway tunnel[D].Changsha:Central South University,2013.(in Chinese)
[3]National Fire Protection Association.Auide for fire and explosion investigations:NFPA 921:2004[S].Quincy Massachusetts,2004.
[4]IOANNOU I,ASPINALL W,RUSH D,et al.Expert judgment-based fragility assessment of reinforced concrete buildings exposed to fire[J].Reliability Engineering&System Safety,2017,167:105-127.
[5]WU C D,ZARRINMEHR S,ASL M R,et al.Facilitating fire and smoke simulation using building information modeling[M].Berlin,Heidelberg:Communications in Computer and Information Science,2015:366-382.
[6]GERGES M,MAYOUF M,RUMLEY P,et al.Human behaviour under fire situations in high-rise residential building[J].International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation,2017,35(1):90-106.
[7]UKANWAK U,SHARMA U,HICKS S J,et al.Behaviour of continuous concrete filled steel tubular columns loaded concentrically in fire[J].Journal of Constructional Steel Research,2017,136:101-109.
[8]郭震,袁迎曙.住宅建筑内火灾高温烟气流动规律试验研究[J].土木建筑与环境工程,2012,34(4):150-156.GUO Z,YUAN Y S.Experimental analysis of building space constructions on hot-smoke flow in residential fire[J].Journal of Civil,Architectural&Environmental Engineering,2012,34(4):150-156.(in Chinese)
[9]GRAHAMT L,MAKHVILADZE G M,ROBERTS JP.On the theory of flashover development[J].Fire Safety Journal,1995,25(3):229-259.
[10]陈爱平,宋飞.基于混沌理论的室内轰燃判据[J].爆炸与冲击,2010,30(6):622-627.CHEN A P,SONG F.An enclosure flashover criterion based on chaos theory[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,2010,30(6):622-627.(in Chinese)
[11]张磊,朱国庆,赵国祥.基于全尺寸火灾实验的单室轰燃温升模型[J].消防科学与技术,2013,32(8):821-825.ZHANG L,ZHU G Q,ZHAO G X.Study on temperature rising model of flashover in single room based on full-scale fire experiment[J].Fire Science and Technology,2013,32(8):821-825.(in Chinese)
[12]陆时正,何重斌,陈爱平.室内火灾均一温度假设实验研究[J].消防科学与技术,2012,31(3):239-242.LU S Z,HE Z B,CHEN A P.Experimental researches on the homogeneous temperature assumption in compartment fires[J].Fire Science and Technology,2012,31(3):239-242.(in Chinese)
[13]韩如适,朱国庆,张国维,等.实体建筑轰燃特性大涡模拟可靠性分析[J].消防科学与技术,2013,32(5):499-507.HAN R S,ZHU G Q,ZHANG G W,et al.Reliability study on characteristics of flashover based on large eddy simulation[J].Fire Science and Technology,2013,32(5):499-507.(in Chinese)
[14]李镇江,段海娟,赵永峰,等.窗墙面积比对高层住宅外墙外保温火灾蔓延的影响分析[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2014,34(4):479-484.LI Z J,DUAN H J,ZHAO Y F,et al.Analysis of influence of window-wall ratio on exterior insulation fire spread of highrise residence[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2014,34(4):479-484.(in Chinese)
[15]BISHOP S R,HOLBORN P G,BEARD A N,et al.Nonlinear dynamics of flashover in compartment fires[J].Fire Safety Journal,1993,21(1):11-45.
[16]GRAHAM T L,MAKHVILADZE G M,ROBERTS JP.The effects of the thermal inertia of the walls upon flashover development[J].Fire Safety Journal,1999,32(1):35-60.
[17]李乃文,王悦惠.突变理论视角下突发群体事件演化机理研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2015,25(2):159-164.LI N W,WANG Y H.Study on evolution mechanism of sudden mass incidents from perspective of catastrophe theory[J].China Safety Science Journal,2015,25(2):159-164.(in Chinese)
[18]翁文国,范维澄.建筑火灾中轰燃现象的突变分析[J].火灾科学,2003,12(2):51-57.WENG W G,FAN W C.Catastrophe analysis of flashover in building fires[J].Fire Safety Science,2003,12(2):51-57.(in Chinese)
[19]YUEN W W,CHOW W K.The role of thermal radiation on the initiation of flashover in a compartment fire[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2004,47:4265-4276.
[20]王金平.建筑火灾荷载[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2016.WANG J P.Building fire load[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2016.(in Chinese)