浑善达克沙地东南缘固定沙丘风蚀坑动态变化
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摘要
浑善达克沙地沙漠化主要以风蚀坑发育导致的固定沙丘活化为表现形式。利用2010、2013、2016年3期高分辨率卫星影像数据及地面调查数据,借助ArcGIS软件,采用目视解译方法,分析探讨了风蚀坑形态变化及其与气候要素和人类活动之间的关系。根据风蚀坑在固定沙丘发育部位及几何形状,可分为碟形、碗形、槽形、簸箕形和不规则形。2010—2016年,各类风蚀坑变化形式以扩展和新生为主,风蚀坑总面积及数量趋于增加,2010—2013年坑体面积增长了6.74 hm2,新生11个; 2013—2016年面积增加了4.89 hm2,新生7个。在人类活动干扰减小的背景下,风蚀坑的发展主要受气候要素变化的影响,其中风速及输沙势的减小对风蚀坑而言,只是起到了减缓作用。风蚀坑形态本身也是其主要影响因素。
Desertification of the Otindag Sandy Land is mainly manifested by the reactivation of fixed sand dunes caused by the development of blowouts. This paper uses the high-resolution satellite image data and ground survey data in 2010,2013 and 2016. The visual interpretation method,under the support of The ArcGIS software,is used to analyze the dynamic changes of blowouts and how they are related to the climatic factors and human activities.According to the development site and geometry of the fixed sand dunes,the blowouts can be divided into a saucer shape,a bowl shape,a trough shape,a dustpan shape and an irregular shape. In 2010-2016,the various forms of blowouts grow mainly through expansion and reborn,leads to an increase in the total area and number. During2010-2013,the area expanded by 6.47 hm2 and added 11 more new-born blowouts. From 2013 to 2016,the area increased by 4.89 hm2 and the number increased by 7. With little disturbance of human activity,the growth of blowouts in this area is largely affected by the change of climate factors. The reduction in sand drift potential,as the dynamic factor of blowouts,only reduces the development rate and slows down the process. The shape of the blowout itself also works as the main influencing factor.
Desertification of the Otindag Sandy Land is mainly manifested by the reactivation of fixed sand dunes caused by the development of blowouts. This paper uses the high-resolution satellite image data and ground survey data in 2010,2013 and 2016. The visual interpretation method,under the support of The ArcGIS software,is used to analyze the dynamic changes of blowouts and how they are related to the climatic factors and human activities.According to the development site and geometry of the fixed sand dunes,the blowouts can be divided into a saucer shape,a bowl shape,a trough shape,a dustpan shape and an irregular shape. In 2010-2016,the various forms of blowouts grow mainly through expansion and reborn,leads to an increase in the total area and number. During2010-2013,the area expanded by 6.47 hm2 and added 11 more new-born blowouts. From 2013 to 2016,the area increased by 4.89 hm2 and the number increased by 7. With little disturbance of human activity,the growth of blowouts in this area is largely affected by the change of climate factors. The reduction in sand drift potential,as the dynamic factor of blowouts,only reduces the development rate and slows down the process. The shape of the blowout itself also works as the main influencing factor.
引文
[1]朱震达.中国沙漠及其防治[M].北京:科学出版社,1989:1-98.
[2]朱震达,吴正,刘恕,等.中国沙漠概论[M].北京:科学出版社,1980:46-55.
[3]吴正.风沙地貌学[M].北京:科学出版社,1987:87,153.
[4] Hesp P.Foredunes and blowouts:initiation,geomorphology and dynamics[J].Geomorphology,2002,48(1):245-268.
[5] Livingstone I,Warren A.Aeolian Geomorphology:An Introduction[M].New Jersey,USA:Prentice Hall,1996.
[6]吴正.风沙地貌与治沙工程学[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[7] Barchyn T E,Hugenholtz C H. Dune field reactivation from blow outs:Sevier Desert,UT,USA[J]. Aeolian Research,2013,11:75-84.
[8] Garès P A,Pease P.Influence of topography on wind speed over a coastal dune and blow out system at Jockey's Ridge,NC,USA[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2015,40(7):853-863.
[9] Smyth T A G,Jackson D,Cooper A.Airflow and aeolian sediment transport patterns w ithin a coastal trough blow out during lateral w ind conditions[J]. Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2015,39(14):1847-1854.
[10] Smyth T A G,Jackson D W T,Cooper J A G.Three dimensional airflow patterns w ithin a coastal trough-bow l blow out during fresh breeze to hurricane force w inds[J]. Aeolian Research,2013,9:111-123.
[11] Smyth T A G,Jackson D W T,Cooper J A G.High resolution measured and modelled three-dimensional airflow over a coastal bow l blow out[J].Geomorphology,2012,177/178(12):62-73.
[12] Dech J P,Maun M A,Pazner M I.Blowout dynamics on Lake Huron sand dunes:analysis of digital multispectral data from colour air photos[J].Catena,2005,60(2):165-180.
[13] Hesp P A,Walker I J.Three-dimensional aeolian dynamics within a bow l blow out during offshore w inds:Greenw ich Dunes,Prince Edw ard Island,Canada[J]. Aeolian Research,2012,3/4:389-399.
[14]阎旭,张德平,夏显东,等.呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑形态发育模式分析[J].中国沙漠,2009,29(2):212-218.
[15]胡尔查,王晓江,张文军,等.基于ALOS数据的浑善达克沙质草地风蚀坑空间格局及特征分析[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(3):662-667.
[16]庄燕美,哈斯.沙丘风蚀坑的形态及动力过程的研究进展[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(5):632-637.
[17]李双权,哈斯,马玉凤,等.沙质草地风蚀坑动态演变特征[J].干旱区研究,2004,31(5):4-8.
[18]闫德仁,黄海广,胡小龙,等.固定沙丘风蚀坑不同部位风速特征[J].内蒙古林业科技,2017,43(3):10-13
[19] Bauer B O,Davidson Arnott R G D,Walker I J,et al.Wind direction and complex sediment transport response across a beachdune system[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2012,37(15):1661-1677.
[20] Hugenholtz C H,Wolfe S A.Morphodynamics and climate controls of tw o aeolian blow outs on the northern Great Plains,Canada[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2006,31(12):1540-1557.
[21]王帅,哈斯,张军,等.呼伦贝尔沙质草原碟形风蚀坑表面气流及其意义[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(5):745-749.
[22]王帅,哈斯.呼伦贝尔沙质草原槽形风蚀坑表面气流特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(2):80-85.
[23]李双权,哈斯,杜会石,等.沙质草地碟形风蚀坑形态-气流相互作用[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(5):1201-1209.
[24] Hugenholtz C H,Wolfe S A.Form-flow interactions of an aeolian saucer blow out[J]. Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2010,34(7):919-928.
[25] Barchyn T E,Hugenholtz C H.Reactivation of supply-limited dune fields from blow outs:a conceptual framew ork for state characterization[J].Geomorphology,2013,201(3):172-182.
[26] Hugenholtz C H,Levin N,Barchyn T E,et al. Remote sensing and spatial analysis of aeolian sand dunes:a review and outlook[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2012,111(3/4):319-334.
[27]张惜伟,汪季,海春兴,等.呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑地表风沙流结构特征[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(6):1505-1511.
[28]张惜伟,汪季,高永,等.呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑表层土壤粒度特征[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(2):293-299.
[29]周炎广,陈惠中,管超,等.呼伦贝尔沙地风蚀坑粒度特征及其环境意义[J].中国沙漠,2018,38(4):724-733.
[30]王中原,罗万银,董治宝,等.共和盆地高寒草原风蚀坑表层沉积物粒度特征及动力学意义[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(1):7-16.
[31]周亚利,鹿化煜,张家富,等.高精度光释光测年揭示的晚第四纪毛乌素和浑善达克沙地沙丘的固定与活化过程[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(3):342-350.
[32]朱芳莹,鹿化煜,弋双文,等.基于NDVI指数的浑善达克沙地植被时空变化规律分析[J].中国水土保持,2017(3):31-34.
[33]康文平,刘树林,段翰晨.基于MODIS时间序列数据的沙漠化遥感监测及沙漠化土地图谱分析——以内蒙古中西部地区为例[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(2):307-318.
[34]陈佳楠,邓芳,乌恩图,等.浑善达克典型区域沙化土地十年遥感监测分析[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(29):227-234.
[35]孙禹,杜会石,哈斯额尔敦,等.固定沙丘风蚀坑风沙动力学观测研究[J].地理学报,2016,71(9):1562-1570.
[36]张德平,王效科,哈斯,等.呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑研究(1)——形态、分类、研究意义[J].中国沙漠,2006,26(6):894-902.
[37]杜会石,哈斯,杨一,等.呼伦贝尔草地风蚀坑分布区土地覆被景观变化[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(4):129-134.
[38] Abhar K C,Walker I J,Hesp P A,et al.Spatial-temporal evolution of aeolian blow out dunes at Cape Cod[J].Geomorphology,2015,236:148-162.
[39] Smith A,Gares P A,Wasklewicz T,et al.Three years of morphologic changes at a bow l blow out,Cape Cod,USA[J]. Geomorphology,2017,295:452-466.
[40]张德平,王效科,胡日乐,等.呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑研究(Ⅲ):微地貌和土层的影响[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(1):25-31.
[41]张德平,王效科,孙宏伟,等.呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑研究(Ⅳ):人类活动的影响[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(2):214-220.
[42]王帅,哈斯.呼伦贝尔沙质草原区域风况与风蚀坑形态特征[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(3):74-76.
[43]孙禹,杜会石,刘美萍,等.风蚀坑形态-动力学研究进展[J].地理科学,2015,35(7):898-904.
[44]闫德仁.浑善达克沙地风蚀坑形态特征及其影响因素[J].地理科学,2016,36(4):637-642.
[2]朱震达,吴正,刘恕,等.中国沙漠概论[M].北京:科学出版社,1980:46-55.
[3]吴正.风沙地貌学[M].北京:科学出版社,1987:87,153.
[4] Hesp P.Foredunes and blowouts:initiation,geomorphology and dynamics[J].Geomorphology,2002,48(1):245-268.
[5] Livingstone I,Warren A.Aeolian Geomorphology:An Introduction[M].New Jersey,USA:Prentice Hall,1996.
[6]吴正.风沙地貌与治沙工程学[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[7] Barchyn T E,Hugenholtz C H. Dune field reactivation from blow outs:Sevier Desert,UT,USA[J]. Aeolian Research,2013,11:75-84.
[8] Garès P A,Pease P.Influence of topography on wind speed over a coastal dune and blow out system at Jockey's Ridge,NC,USA[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2015,40(7):853-863.
[9] Smyth T A G,Jackson D,Cooper A.Airflow and aeolian sediment transport patterns w ithin a coastal trough blow out during lateral w ind conditions[J]. Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2015,39(14):1847-1854.
[10] Smyth T A G,Jackson D W T,Cooper J A G.Three dimensional airflow patterns w ithin a coastal trough-bow l blow out during fresh breeze to hurricane force w inds[J]. Aeolian Research,2013,9:111-123.
[11] Smyth T A G,Jackson D W T,Cooper J A G.High resolution measured and modelled three-dimensional airflow over a coastal bow l blow out[J].Geomorphology,2012,177/178(12):62-73.
[12] Dech J P,Maun M A,Pazner M I.Blowout dynamics on Lake Huron sand dunes:analysis of digital multispectral data from colour air photos[J].Catena,2005,60(2):165-180.
[13] Hesp P A,Walker I J.Three-dimensional aeolian dynamics within a bow l blow out during offshore w inds:Greenw ich Dunes,Prince Edw ard Island,Canada[J]. Aeolian Research,2012,3/4:389-399.
[14]阎旭,张德平,夏显东,等.呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑形态发育模式分析[J].中国沙漠,2009,29(2):212-218.
[15]胡尔查,王晓江,张文军,等.基于ALOS数据的浑善达克沙质草地风蚀坑空间格局及特征分析[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(3):662-667.
[16]庄燕美,哈斯.沙丘风蚀坑的形态及动力过程的研究进展[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(5):632-637.
[17]李双权,哈斯,马玉凤,等.沙质草地风蚀坑动态演变特征[J].干旱区研究,2004,31(5):4-8.
[18]闫德仁,黄海广,胡小龙,等.固定沙丘风蚀坑不同部位风速特征[J].内蒙古林业科技,2017,43(3):10-13
[19] Bauer B O,Davidson Arnott R G D,Walker I J,et al.Wind direction and complex sediment transport response across a beachdune system[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2012,37(15):1661-1677.
[20] Hugenholtz C H,Wolfe S A.Morphodynamics and climate controls of tw o aeolian blow outs on the northern Great Plains,Canada[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2006,31(12):1540-1557.
[21]王帅,哈斯,张军,等.呼伦贝尔沙质草原碟形风蚀坑表面气流及其意义[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(5):745-749.
[22]王帅,哈斯.呼伦贝尔沙质草原槽形风蚀坑表面气流特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(2):80-85.
[23]李双权,哈斯,杜会石,等.沙质草地碟形风蚀坑形态-气流相互作用[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(5):1201-1209.
[24] Hugenholtz C H,Wolfe S A.Form-flow interactions of an aeolian saucer blow out[J]. Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2010,34(7):919-928.
[25] Barchyn T E,Hugenholtz C H.Reactivation of supply-limited dune fields from blow outs:a conceptual framew ork for state characterization[J].Geomorphology,2013,201(3):172-182.
[26] Hugenholtz C H,Levin N,Barchyn T E,et al. Remote sensing and spatial analysis of aeolian sand dunes:a review and outlook[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2012,111(3/4):319-334.
[27]张惜伟,汪季,海春兴,等.呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑地表风沙流结构特征[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(6):1505-1511.
[28]张惜伟,汪季,高永,等.呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑表层土壤粒度特征[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(2):293-299.
[29]周炎广,陈惠中,管超,等.呼伦贝尔沙地风蚀坑粒度特征及其环境意义[J].中国沙漠,2018,38(4):724-733.
[30]王中原,罗万银,董治宝,等.共和盆地高寒草原风蚀坑表层沉积物粒度特征及动力学意义[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(1):7-16.
[31]周亚利,鹿化煜,张家富,等.高精度光释光测年揭示的晚第四纪毛乌素和浑善达克沙地沙丘的固定与活化过程[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(3):342-350.
[32]朱芳莹,鹿化煜,弋双文,等.基于NDVI指数的浑善达克沙地植被时空变化规律分析[J].中国水土保持,2017(3):31-34.
[33]康文平,刘树林,段翰晨.基于MODIS时间序列数据的沙漠化遥感监测及沙漠化土地图谱分析——以内蒙古中西部地区为例[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(2):307-318.
[34]陈佳楠,邓芳,乌恩图,等.浑善达克典型区域沙化土地十年遥感监测分析[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(29):227-234.
[35]孙禹,杜会石,哈斯额尔敦,等.固定沙丘风蚀坑风沙动力学观测研究[J].地理学报,2016,71(9):1562-1570.
[36]张德平,王效科,哈斯,等.呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑研究(1)——形态、分类、研究意义[J].中国沙漠,2006,26(6):894-902.
[37]杜会石,哈斯,杨一,等.呼伦贝尔草地风蚀坑分布区土地覆被景观变化[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(4):129-134.
[38] Abhar K C,Walker I J,Hesp P A,et al.Spatial-temporal evolution of aeolian blow out dunes at Cape Cod[J].Geomorphology,2015,236:148-162.
[39] Smith A,Gares P A,Wasklewicz T,et al.Three years of morphologic changes at a bow l blow out,Cape Cod,USA[J]. Geomorphology,2017,295:452-466.
[40]张德平,王效科,胡日乐,等.呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑研究(Ⅲ):微地貌和土层的影响[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(1):25-31.
[41]张德平,王效科,孙宏伟,等.呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑研究(Ⅳ):人类活动的影响[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(2):214-220.
[42]王帅,哈斯.呼伦贝尔沙质草原区域风况与风蚀坑形态特征[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(3):74-76.
[43]孙禹,杜会石,刘美萍,等.风蚀坑形态-动力学研究进展[J].地理科学,2015,35(7):898-904.
[44]闫德仁.浑善达克沙地风蚀坑形态特征及其影响因素[J].地理科学,2016,36(4):637-642.