新形势下国境口岸鼠防工作的思考
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摘要
口岸鼠类日常监测主要针对优势种的生态习性,遵守四定(定人、定时、定点、定方法)原则,测定其种群密度,密度太高(超过历史平均水平的3倍)时要及时上报,同时增加监测频次,扩大监测范围,并查找密度增高的原因,并采取控制措施。鼠类的种类很多,但能够传播疾病的种类很少,因此准确的鉴定就十分重要。如果能准确的鉴定,就能为下一步评估工作提供强有力的依据。目前常见的鉴定方法还是形态鉴定,对一些肢体不完整或非成体的标本,利用现代分子生物学技术(DNA条形码鉴定)技术,在一定程度上起到弥补作用。口岸地区监测发现的鼠类,如果判定是外来的鼠类,就要采取措施将其消灭,不留隐患。评估鼠类,主要考虑:(1)是否外来;(2)是否是某种疾病的鼠类(媒介效能高),比如主要媒介,次要媒介,不是媒介(媒介效能为0);(3)外来鼠类的生态习性和分布区域,能否在我国生存下来。鼠类控制提倡综合管理,其概念为针对鼠类的生态习性,适时监测鼠类密度,掌握其活动规律,以环境治理和防护设施为基础,以化学防治为主,物理防治为辅的综合治理方法,把鼠类数量控制在不足为害的水平。
The routine monitoring of portrodents mainly focuses on the ecological habits of dominant species,abiding by the four-fixed principle(fixed staff,time,point and methods),to determine the population density.Once the density is too high,suchasmore than 3 times of the historical average level,itshould be reportedtimely,at the same time toincrease the monitoring frequency,expand the monitoring scope,and find the reasons for the increase in density,in order to take control measures. Although there are many species of rodents,there are few that can transmit diseases,so accurate identification can provide a strong basis for further evaluationriskof the vector-borne disease. At present,the common identification methods are morphological identification. For some specimens with incomplete limbs or non-adult stage,modern molecular biology techniques(DNA barcode identification) can be used for compensationto some extent. If rodents in the port area are judged to be exotic rodents,measures must be taken to eliminate themwithout hidden dangers. Three points should be considered when evaluated the rodents:(1) whether they are exotic;(2) whether they are hosts of a certain disease(high vectorcapacity),such as primary vector,secondary vector,not vector(vectorcapacity is 0);(3) Whether the ecological habits and distribution areas suit for exotic rodents survive in our country. Rodent control advocates integrated management. Its concept is to aim at sanitation measures and rodent-proofingfacilities,timely monitoring the density of rodents,mastering the rules of its activities. A comprehensive treatment method based ontoxic Baiting,supplemented by trapping,controllingthe number of rodents at a level of non-harmful.
The routine monitoring of portrodents mainly focuses on the ecological habits of dominant species,abiding by the four-fixed principle(fixed staff,time,point and methods),to determine the population density.Once the density is too high,suchasmore than 3 times of the historical average level,itshould be reportedtimely,at the same time toincrease the monitoring frequency,expand the monitoring scope,and find the reasons for the increase in density,in order to take control measures. Although there are many species of rodents,there are few that can transmit diseases,so accurate identification can provide a strong basis for further evaluationriskof the vector-borne disease. At present,the common identification methods are morphological identification. For some specimens with incomplete limbs or non-adult stage,modern molecular biology techniques(DNA barcode identification) can be used for compensationto some extent. If rodents in the port area are judged to be exotic rodents,measures must be taken to eliminate themwithout hidden dangers. Three points should be considered when evaluated the rodents:(1) whether they are exotic;(2) whether they are hosts of a certain disease(high vectorcapacity),such as primary vector,secondary vector,not vector(vectorcapacity is 0);(3) Whether the ecological habits and distribution areas suit for exotic rodents survive in our country. Rodent control advocates integrated management. Its concept is to aim at sanitation measures and rodent-proofingfacilities,timely monitoring the density of rodents,mastering the rules of its activities. A comprehensive treatment method based ontoxic Baiting,supplemented by trapping,controllingthe number of rodents at a level of non-harmful.
引文
[1]郭天宇,曹建中,刘永有,等.首都机场T3航站楼施工工地鼠类控制[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2006,17(3):243.
[2]郭天宇,曹建中,王正,等.首都机场T3航站楼施工工地鼠类调查研究[J].中华卫生杀虫药械,2007,13(4):287-288.
[3]车志军,郭天宇,曹建中,等.北京口岸地区鼠类种群特征初步研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2007,18(5):407.
[4]郭天宇,车志军,曹亚敬,等.首都机场航站区鼠害综合治理[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2008, 19(2):151-152.
[5]车志军,汪涛,李自强,等.美国入境航空器客舱内发现活鼠的应急处置报告[J].中国国境卫生检疫杂志, 2008,31(2):72-76.
[6]郭天宇.国境口岸与交通工具鼠类密度监测方法[J].口岸卫生控制, 2008,13(1):1-3.
[7]郭天宇.毒饵灭鼠技术的若干问题,口岸卫生控制,2008,13(5):1-3.
[8]刘永有,曹建中,耿洪善,等.首都机场T3航站楼建设工程对其周边鼠种构成及鼠密度影响的研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2009,20(3):258-259.
[9]刘永有,杨丽英,郭天宇,等.北京奥运会首都国际机场口岸鼠形动物专项监测结果分析[J].中国国境卫生检疫杂志,2009,32(1):19-21.
[10]郭天宇,刘艳华,孙继伦,等.首都机场地区鼠类监测与控制[J].中华卫生杀虫药械,2009,15(4):22-24.
[11]杨丽英,王正,周小平,等.首都国际机场局部区域一起鼠密度增高事件的应急处理[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2010,21(6):640-641.
[12]郭天宇,高博,谢庚发,等.一次性投放溴敌隆毒饵控制海港鼠害的研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2011,22(5):502-503.
[13]郭天宇,乔舜,任彤,等.二连浩特口岸地区鼠类防治结果分析,中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2011,22(6):597-598.
[14]郭天宇,谢庚发,任彤,等.一艘鼠患严重船舶的熏蒸处理[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2012,23(1):68-70.
[15]郭天宇,刘永有,曹建中,等.航空器发现鼠类处置方法的研究[J].中华卫生杀虫药谢杂志,2012,18(4):287-289.
[16]郭惠琳,田洁,洪炜,等. DNA条形码技术在口岸截获非洲蜱虫检疫鉴定中的应用[J].中国国境卫生检疫杂志,2013,36(增刊):56-59,84.
[17]刘润吉,张荣波,李明,等. DNA条形码技术在黑瞎子岛鼠类鉴定中的应用[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,2014,21(1):48-53.
[18]万道正,刘丽娟,梁中平,等.凭祥口岸鼠类监测与风险评估[J].中国国境卫生检疫杂志,2015,38(2):128-131.
[19]郭天宇,梁中平,刘丽娟,等.广西边境口岸鼠类本底调查及探讨[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志, 2015,26(3):302-303.
[20]胡双双,吴炳耀,何江,等.江苏口岸小家鼠细胞色素氧化酶亚基COI基因的多态性研究[J].中华卫生杀虫药械杂志,2017,23(1):65-69.
[21]郭惠琳,魏怀波,郭天宇,等. 2014—2015年全国口岸及边境线鼠类监测报告[J].中国国境卫生检疫杂志,2017,40(1):1-10.
[2]郭天宇,曹建中,王正,等.首都机场T3航站楼施工工地鼠类调查研究[J].中华卫生杀虫药械,2007,13(4):287-288.
[3]车志军,郭天宇,曹建中,等.北京口岸地区鼠类种群特征初步研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2007,18(5):407.
[4]郭天宇,车志军,曹亚敬,等.首都机场航站区鼠害综合治理[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2008, 19(2):151-152.
[5]车志军,汪涛,李自强,等.美国入境航空器客舱内发现活鼠的应急处置报告[J].中国国境卫生检疫杂志, 2008,31(2):72-76.
[6]郭天宇.国境口岸与交通工具鼠类密度监测方法[J].口岸卫生控制, 2008,13(1):1-3.
[7]郭天宇.毒饵灭鼠技术的若干问题,口岸卫生控制,2008,13(5):1-3.
[8]刘永有,曹建中,耿洪善,等.首都机场T3航站楼建设工程对其周边鼠种构成及鼠密度影响的研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2009,20(3):258-259.
[9]刘永有,杨丽英,郭天宇,等.北京奥运会首都国际机场口岸鼠形动物专项监测结果分析[J].中国国境卫生检疫杂志,2009,32(1):19-21.
[10]郭天宇,刘艳华,孙继伦,等.首都机场地区鼠类监测与控制[J].中华卫生杀虫药械,2009,15(4):22-24.
[11]杨丽英,王正,周小平,等.首都国际机场局部区域一起鼠密度增高事件的应急处理[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2010,21(6):640-641.
[12]郭天宇,高博,谢庚发,等.一次性投放溴敌隆毒饵控制海港鼠害的研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2011,22(5):502-503.
[13]郭天宇,乔舜,任彤,等.二连浩特口岸地区鼠类防治结果分析,中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2011,22(6):597-598.
[14]郭天宇,谢庚发,任彤,等.一艘鼠患严重船舶的熏蒸处理[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2012,23(1):68-70.
[15]郭天宇,刘永有,曹建中,等.航空器发现鼠类处置方法的研究[J].中华卫生杀虫药谢杂志,2012,18(4):287-289.
[16]郭惠琳,田洁,洪炜,等. DNA条形码技术在口岸截获非洲蜱虫检疫鉴定中的应用[J].中国国境卫生检疫杂志,2013,36(增刊):56-59,84.
[17]刘润吉,张荣波,李明,等. DNA条形码技术在黑瞎子岛鼠类鉴定中的应用[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,2014,21(1):48-53.
[18]万道正,刘丽娟,梁中平,等.凭祥口岸鼠类监测与风险评估[J].中国国境卫生检疫杂志,2015,38(2):128-131.
[19]郭天宇,梁中平,刘丽娟,等.广西边境口岸鼠类本底调查及探讨[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志, 2015,26(3):302-303.
[20]胡双双,吴炳耀,何江,等.江苏口岸小家鼠细胞色素氧化酶亚基COI基因的多态性研究[J].中华卫生杀虫药械杂志,2017,23(1):65-69.
[21]郭惠琳,魏怀波,郭天宇,等. 2014—2015年全国口岸及边境线鼠类监测报告[J].中国国境卫生检疫杂志,2017,40(1):1-10.