岩溶断陷盆地“盆-山”耦合地形影响下的气候特征及其对石漠化生态恢复的影响探讨
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摘要
掌握石漠化山区受海拔影响的气候特征的垂直差异,能够对岩溶山地气候及其影响下的水热组合条件有更为科学的认识,对石漠化演变研究和综合治理有重要意义。本文通过在典型石漠化山区(云南蒙自断陷盆地区)沿盆地、坡地到山区设立三个小型气象观测站获取山地垂直剖面的气象数据,从月(季)、日尺度分析石漠化山区"盆-山"耦合地形的气候垂直特征及其对石漠化生态恢复的可能影响,结果表明:(1)观测剖面是当地主导风东南风的背风坡,年降雨量高原面(1 027.4 mm)>盆地(662.6 mm)>坡面(574.4 mm);且"山谷风"效应显著,白天吹谷风,降雨比例更大。地形起伏使盆地降雨年变异系数达152.36%,远大于坡面(113.81%)与高原面(99.36%),地形放大了垂直方向的"干湿"差异,区域干燥指数:盆地(1.74)>坡面(1.70)>高原面(0.88)。(2)垂直方向水汽差异使高原面年太阳辐射量(5 492 MJ·m~(-2))略小于盆地(5 817 MJ·m~(-2))。同时盆地与高原面气温垂直梯度达0.74℃·100 m~(-1),因此在光热条上存在明显的垂直差异。(3)垂直气候特征对石漠化生态恢复的影响具体表现在:①年内降雨集中,结合坡度较陡的地形易加速水土流失;②降雨量少,且集中在日间,强烈的蒸发易加剧土壤水分亏缺,不利于植被恢复。③研究区水分缺乏,因此在植被恢复治理中应选择耐旱的作物,同时要考虑垂直方向的光热条件差异,盆地选择喜光热作物,海拔高的地区选择喜温凉的作物。
Clarifying the vertical difference of climate characteristics of karst rocky desertification mountains affected by altitude can help provide a more scientific understanding on the karst mountainous climate and the combined conditions of water and heat, which is of great significance to study on evolution and comprehensive treatment on rocky desertification. In this work, three meteorological observation stations were set up along the basin to the mountainous area in a typical rocky desertification region(Mengzi graben basin area in Yunnan Province) to collect meteorological data in vertical profiles. The vertical climate characteristics and the possible influence on the evolution of rocky desertification were analyzed on monthly and diurnal scale. The results show that:(1) The observation section is the leeward slope for the wind mainly comes from southeast. As a consequence, annual rainfall is the highest on the mountain area(1 027.4 mm), followed by the basin(662.6 mm), and the lowest on the hillside(574.4 mm). The "mountain-valley wind" effect is remarkable, and the valley wind blows during the day, so the rainfall ratio is larger. The topographic fluctuation makes the annual variation coefficient of rainfall in the basin reached 152.36%, which is much larger than the hillside(113.81%) and the mountain(99.36%) and amplified the change of "dry and wet" in the vertical direction. The aridity index shows that the basin is the highest(1.74), the hillside is the second(1.70), and the mountain area is the lowest(0.88).(2) The precipitation difference in the vertical direction makes the annual solar radiation in the mountain area(5 492 MJ·m~(-2)) slightly lower than that of the basin(5 817 MJ·m~(-2)). From basin to the mountain area, the temperature drop rate is of 0.74 per 100 m. There's a big difference in light and heat conditions between the basin and the plateau.(3) The impacts of vertical climate characteristics on ecological restoration of rocky desertification are as follows: concentrated rainfall within the year combining with steep terrain was easy to accelerate soil erosion. Due to less rainfall during the daytime strong evaporation could aggravate the loss of soil moisture and harm the restoration of vegetation. Drought-tolerant crops should be selected in vegetation restoration and treatment because of water shortage in this area. In addition, photothermal crops should be selected in the basin and thermotropic crops should be selected in the mountain area due to the differences in light and heat conditions. In conclusion, selecting species according to local conditions is of great significance to ecological restoration of rocky desertification areas.
Clarifying the vertical difference of climate characteristics of karst rocky desertification mountains affected by altitude can help provide a more scientific understanding on the karst mountainous climate and the combined conditions of water and heat, which is of great significance to study on evolution and comprehensive treatment on rocky desertification. In this work, three meteorological observation stations were set up along the basin to the mountainous area in a typical rocky desertification region(Mengzi graben basin area in Yunnan Province) to collect meteorological data in vertical profiles. The vertical climate characteristics and the possible influence on the evolution of rocky desertification were analyzed on monthly and diurnal scale. The results show that:(1) The observation section is the leeward slope for the wind mainly comes from southeast. As a consequence, annual rainfall is the highest on the mountain area(1 027.4 mm), followed by the basin(662.6 mm), and the lowest on the hillside(574.4 mm). The "mountain-valley wind" effect is remarkable, and the valley wind blows during the day, so the rainfall ratio is larger. The topographic fluctuation makes the annual variation coefficient of rainfall in the basin reached 152.36%, which is much larger than the hillside(113.81%) and the mountain(99.36%) and amplified the change of "dry and wet" in the vertical direction. The aridity index shows that the basin is the highest(1.74), the hillside is the second(1.70), and the mountain area is the lowest(0.88).(2) The precipitation difference in the vertical direction makes the annual solar radiation in the mountain area(5 492 MJ·m~(-2)) slightly lower than that of the basin(5 817 MJ·m~(-2)). From basin to the mountain area, the temperature drop rate is of 0.74 per 100 m. There's a big difference in light and heat conditions between the basin and the plateau.(3) The impacts of vertical climate characteristics on ecological restoration of rocky desertification are as follows: concentrated rainfall within the year combining with steep terrain was easy to accelerate soil erosion. Due to less rainfall during the daytime strong evaporation could aggravate the loss of soil moisture and harm the restoration of vegetation. Drought-tolerant crops should be selected in vegetation restoration and treatment because of water shortage in this area. In addition, photothermal crops should be selected in the basin and thermotropic crops should be selected in the mountain area due to the differences in light and heat conditions. In conclusion, selecting species according to local conditions is of great significance to ecological restoration of rocky desertification areas.
引文
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[3] Wang S J,Liu Q M,Zhang D F.Karst rocky desertification in southwestern China:geomorphology,landuse,impact and rehabilitation[J].Land Degradation & Development,2010,15(2):115-121.
[4] 温庆忠,肖丰,罗娅妮.气候因素对云南石漠化治理的影响与对策[J].林业调查规划,2014,39(5):61-64.
[5] 朱大运,熊康宁.气候因子对我国喀斯特石漠化治理影响研究综述[J].江苏农业科学,2018,46(7):19-23.
[6] 谷晓平,于飞,刘云慧,等.降雨因子对喀斯特石漠化发生发展的影响研究[J].水土保持通报,2011,31(3):66-70.
[7] 吴良林,周世武,郑士科.GIS支持下的土地石漠化与山地气候空间相关性分析[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(23):11787-11790.
[8] 张勇荣,周忠发,马士彬.近20年贵州喀斯特山区石漠化与气候变化特征分析[J].环境科学与技术,2014,37(9):192-197.
[9] 李国平.近25年来中国山地气象研究进展[J].气象科技进展,2016,6(3):115-122.
[10] Li S,Birk S,Xue L,et al.Seasonal changes in the soil moisture distribution around bare rock outcrops within a karst rocky desertification area (Fuyuan County,Yunnan Province,China)[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(23):1482.
[11] Droogers P,Allen R G.Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration Under Inaccurate Data Conditions[J].Irrigation & Drainage Systems,2002,16(1):33-45.
[12] 曹言,王杰,黄英,等.基于干燥指数的近45年云南滇中地区干湿状况的变化特征[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(1):243-249.
[13] 李强,蒲俊兵,黄妮,等.断陷盆地生态环境地质分异及石漠化演变机理的研究途径[J].地球科学进展,2017,32(9):899-907.
[14] 王宇,张华,张贵,等.喀斯特断陷盆地环境地质分区及功能[J].中国岩溶,2017,36(3):283-295.
[15] 马祖陆.云南南洞地下河流域地貌特征及地下河发育演化的初步研究[J].中国岩溶,1993(3):92-102.
[16] 曹建华,邓艳,杨慧,等.喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化演变及治理技术与示范[J].生态学报,2016,36(22):7103-7108.
[17] 申彦波,赵宗慈,石广玉.地面太阳辐射的变化、影响因子及其可能的气候效应最新研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2008(9):915-923.
[18] 气象行业标准.太阳能资源评估方法QX/T 89-2008 [S].江西省气候中心、江西省气象局政策法规处,2008.
[19] 杨军.我国总太阳辐射特征、趋势变化和分区[A].中国气象学会.中国气象学会2006年年会“气候变化及其机理和模拟”分会场论文集[C].中国气象学会:中国气象学会,2006:10.
[20] 李矜霄,何萍,钟瑞,等.近50年云贵高原楚雄市日照时数变化特征及其成因分析[J].高原气象,2014,33(2):407-412.
[21] 郭建平,薛红喜,马兆岩,等.珠穆朗玛峰地区若干气象要素的垂直特征[J].高原气象,2013,32(6):1568-1579.
[22] 田荣湘,康玉香,张文滨,等.太阳辐射和大气环流在青藏高原气温季节变化中的作用[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2017,44(1):84-96.
[23] 孙方林,马耀明.珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区河谷局地环流特征观测分析[J].高原气象,2007(6):1187-1190.
[24] 董旭光,顾伟宗,王静,等.影响山东参考作物蒸散量变化的气象因素定量分析[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(5):810-823.
[25] 邹志刚,张浩,曾昭霞,等.云南断陷盆地喀斯特4种典型种植模式的能值分析[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(8):2641-2650.
[26] 张彩琴,张军,李静,等.基于积温因子的草地植物生长特征模拟及统计分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(12):157-163.
[27] 李家鹏,李亚萍,黄俊红.云南红河州石漠化山区苹果种植建园技术[J].现代园艺,2014(3):28-29.
[28] 普海碧,李家鹏,黄俊红.蒙自石漠化地区苹果抗旱保水种植技术[J].现代农村科技,2014(19):29.
[29] 林金红.平果县石漠化山区火龙果种植气候条件分析[J].南方农业,2014,8(12):127-128,130.
[30] 解继.石漠化地区区域气候条件与演变对土壤退化的影响[D].上海:同济大学,2008.
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