南极冰盖表面微地貌研究进展与展望
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摘要
南极冰盖表面微地貌是大气与冰盖相互作用的直接产物,微地貌的形态特征、结构性质及其发展变化对南极冰盖表面的物质平衡、能量平衡以及冰盖记录大气信息的过程具有重要的影响,冰盖表面微地貌的结构性质以及空间分布的确定是计算南极冰盖物质平衡与能量平衡的重要依据,同时在南极冰芯钻探选址以及冰芯解译古气候信息时具有重要的参考价值。根据微地貌的形成方式将南极冰盖表面微地貌分为沉积型、侵蚀型、沉积间断型三类,介绍了南极冰盖表面常见的微地貌形态雪丘、雪纹、雪垄、雪窝以及光洁区的形态特征与结构性质,并对冰盖表面微地貌的分布规律特征进行了总结,文中重点对不同微地貌区域内的物质平衡与能量平衡特征进行了介绍,最后探讨了冰盖表面光洁区对南极冰芯选址的影响,并对未来南极微地貌研究进行了展望。
Microrelief on the Antarctic ice sheet surface is the result of complex interactions between the atmosphere and the ice sheet surface. The morphological characteristics,internal structure,and evolution of microrelief play an important role in the evaluation of the mass and energy balances of the surface. The relationship between microrelief and ice layer formation provides a valuable reference regarding site selection for ice core drilling and ice core interpretation. Microrelief can be classified into three categories depending on its unique formation process: deposition type,erosion type,and long-term hiatus type. According to this classification,this paper introduces some common types of relief found in the Antarctic,such as snow dunes,ripples,sastrugi,pits,and glazed surfaces. Based the research results of its predecessors,this work also provides a summary of the microrelief distribution law on the Antarctic ice sheet surface. Furthermore,the mass and energy balance characteristics of different microrelief areas are highlighted. Finally,the importance of glazed surfaces in the selection of ice core drilling locations is discussed,and the future prospects concerning the microrelief of the Antarctic ice sheet surface are summarized.
Microrelief on the Antarctic ice sheet surface is the result of complex interactions between the atmosphere and the ice sheet surface. The morphological characteristics,internal structure,and evolution of microrelief play an important role in the evaluation of the mass and energy balances of the surface. The relationship between microrelief and ice layer formation provides a valuable reference regarding site selection for ice core drilling and ice core interpretation. Microrelief can be classified into three categories depending on its unique formation process: deposition type,erosion type,and long-term hiatus type. According to this classification,this paper introduces some common types of relief found in the Antarctic,such as snow dunes,ripples,sastrugi,pits,and glazed surfaces. Based the research results of its predecessors,this work also provides a summary of the microrelief distribution law on the Antarctic ice sheet surface. Furthermore,the mass and energy balance characteristics of different microrelief areas are highlighted. Finally,the importance of glazed surfaces in the selection of ice core drilling locations is discussed,and the future prospects concerning the microrelief of the Antarctic ice sheet surface are summarized.
引文
1杨兴国,秦大河,秦翔.冰川/积雪-大气相互作用研究进展[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(2):392-402.
2丁明虎.南极冰盖物质平衡最新研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,2013,28(1):24-35.
3 Frezzotti M,Gandolfi S,Urbini S.Snow megadunes in Antarctica:sedimentary structure and genesis[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2002,107(D18):ACL 1-1-ACL 1-12.
4 Alley R B,Meese D A,Shuman C A,et al.Abrupt increase in Greenland snow accumulation at the end of the Younger Dryas event[J].Nature,1993,362(6420):527-529.
5 Bintanja R,Van Den Broeke MR.The surface energy balance of Antarctic snow and blue ice[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1995,34(4):902-926.
6 Courville Z R,Albert M R,Fahnestock M A,et al.Impacts of an accumulation hiatus on the physical properties of firn at a low-accumulation polar site[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface(2003-2012),2007,112(F2),doi:10.1029/2005JF000429.
7 Fujiwara K,Endo Y.Preliminary report of glaciological studies[J].Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition scientific Reports,1971,(S2):68-109.
8 Watanabe O.Distribution of surface features of snow cover in Mizuho Plateau[J].Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research,1978,(S7):44-62.
9 Qin D H.A study of present climatic and environmental records in the surface snow of the Antarctic ice sheet[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1998,20(4):413-424.
10 Goodwin I D.Snow accumulation and surface topography in the katabatic zone of Eastern Wilkes Land,Antarctica[J].Antarctic Science,1990,2(3):235-242.
11 Scambos T A,Frezzotti M,Haran T,et al.Extent of low-accumulation wind glaze areas on the East Antarctic Plateau:implications for continental ice mass balance[J].Journal of Glaciology,2012,58(210):633-647.
12杨景春,李有利.地貌学原理[M].第3版.北京:北京大学出版社,2012.
13 Kobayashi S,Ishida T.Interaction between wind and snow surface[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1979,16(1):35-47.
14 Birnbaum G,Freitag J,Brauner R,et al.Strong-wind events and their influence on the formation of snow dunes:observations from Kohnen station,Dronning Maud Land,Antarctica[J].Journal of Glaciology,2010,56(199):891-902.
15 Furukawa T,Kamiyama K,Maeno H.Snow surface features along the traverse route from the coast to Dome Fuji station,Queen Maud Land,Antarctica[C]//Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Meteorology and Glaciology.National Institute of Polar Research,1996,10:13-24.
16 Fahnestock MA,Scambos TA,Shuman CA,et al.Snow megadune fields on the east Antarctic Plateau:extreme atmosphere-ice interaction[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2000,27(22):3719-3122.
17 Lenaerts J T M.Drifting snow climate of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets[D].Netherlands:Utrecht University,2013.
18 Frezzotti M,Gandolfi S,La Marca F,et al.Snow dunes and glazed surfaces in Antarctica:new field and remote-sensing data[J].Annals of Glaciology,2002,34(1):81-88.
19 Fujii Y,Kusunoki K.The role of sublimation and condensation in the formation of ice sheet surface at Mizuho Station,Antarctica[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans(1978-2012),1982,87(C6):4293-4300.
20 Albert M,Shuman C,Courville Z,et al.Extreme firn metamorphism:impact of decades of vapor transport on near-surface firn at a low-accumulation glazed site on the East Antarctic Plateau[J].Annals of Glaciology,2004,39(1):73-78.
21 Gay M,Fily M,Genthon C,et al.Snow grain-size measurements in Antarctica[J].Journal of Glaciology,2002,48(163):527-535.
22 Scarchilli C,Frezzotti M,Grigioni P,et al.Extraordinary blowing snow transport events in East Antarctica[J].Climate Dynamics,2010,34(7-8):1195-1206.
23 Das I,Bell R E,Scambos T A,et al.Influence of persistent wind scour on the surface mass balance of Antarctica[J].Nature Geoscience,2013,6(5):367-371.
24 Schlatter T W.The local surface energy balance and subsurface temperature regime in Antarctica[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1972,11(7):1048-1062.
25 van den Broeke M R,Reijmer C,Van De Wal R.Surface radiation balance in Antarctica as measured with automatic weather stations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),2004,109(D9):D09103.
26 Munneke P K,Reijmer C H,van den Broeke M R,et al.Analysis of clear-sky Antarctic snow albedo using observations and radiative transfer modeling[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),2008,113(D17),doi:10.1029/2007JD009653.
27 Frezzotti M,Pourchet M,Flora O,et al.Spatial and temporal variability of snow accumulation in East Antarctica from traverse data[J].Journal of Glaciology,2005,51(172):113-124.
28丁明虎.中山站至Dome A断面雪积累率空间变化特征[C]//第七届全国优秀青年气象科技工作者学术研讨会论文集.北京:中国气象学会,2010.
29 Masson-Delmotte V,Buiron D,Ekaykin A,et al.A comparison of the present and last interglacial periods in six Antarctic ice cores[J].Climate of the Past,2011,7(2):397-423.
30 Neumann T A,Waddington E D.Effects of firn ventilation on isotopic exchange[J].Journal of Glaciology,2004,50(169):183-194.
2丁明虎.南极冰盖物质平衡最新研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,2013,28(1):24-35.
3 Frezzotti M,Gandolfi S,Urbini S.Snow megadunes in Antarctica:sedimentary structure and genesis[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2002,107(D18):ACL 1-1-ACL 1-12.
4 Alley R B,Meese D A,Shuman C A,et al.Abrupt increase in Greenland snow accumulation at the end of the Younger Dryas event[J].Nature,1993,362(6420):527-529.
5 Bintanja R,Van Den Broeke MR.The surface energy balance of Antarctic snow and blue ice[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1995,34(4):902-926.
6 Courville Z R,Albert M R,Fahnestock M A,et al.Impacts of an accumulation hiatus on the physical properties of firn at a low-accumulation polar site[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface(2003-2012),2007,112(F2),doi:10.1029/2005JF000429.
7 Fujiwara K,Endo Y.Preliminary report of glaciological studies[J].Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition scientific Reports,1971,(S2):68-109.
8 Watanabe O.Distribution of surface features of snow cover in Mizuho Plateau[J].Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research,1978,(S7):44-62.
9 Qin D H.A study of present climatic and environmental records in the surface snow of the Antarctic ice sheet[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1998,20(4):413-424.
10 Goodwin I D.Snow accumulation and surface topography in the katabatic zone of Eastern Wilkes Land,Antarctica[J].Antarctic Science,1990,2(3):235-242.
11 Scambos T A,Frezzotti M,Haran T,et al.Extent of low-accumulation wind glaze areas on the East Antarctic Plateau:implications for continental ice mass balance[J].Journal of Glaciology,2012,58(210):633-647.
12杨景春,李有利.地貌学原理[M].第3版.北京:北京大学出版社,2012.
13 Kobayashi S,Ishida T.Interaction between wind and snow surface[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1979,16(1):35-47.
14 Birnbaum G,Freitag J,Brauner R,et al.Strong-wind events and their influence on the formation of snow dunes:observations from Kohnen station,Dronning Maud Land,Antarctica[J].Journal of Glaciology,2010,56(199):891-902.
15 Furukawa T,Kamiyama K,Maeno H.Snow surface features along the traverse route from the coast to Dome Fuji station,Queen Maud Land,Antarctica[C]//Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Meteorology and Glaciology.National Institute of Polar Research,1996,10:13-24.
16 Fahnestock MA,Scambos TA,Shuman CA,et al.Snow megadune fields on the east Antarctic Plateau:extreme atmosphere-ice interaction[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2000,27(22):3719-3122.
17 Lenaerts J T M.Drifting snow climate of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets[D].Netherlands:Utrecht University,2013.
18 Frezzotti M,Gandolfi S,La Marca F,et al.Snow dunes and glazed surfaces in Antarctica:new field and remote-sensing data[J].Annals of Glaciology,2002,34(1):81-88.
19 Fujii Y,Kusunoki K.The role of sublimation and condensation in the formation of ice sheet surface at Mizuho Station,Antarctica[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans(1978-2012),1982,87(C6):4293-4300.
20 Albert M,Shuman C,Courville Z,et al.Extreme firn metamorphism:impact of decades of vapor transport on near-surface firn at a low-accumulation glazed site on the East Antarctic Plateau[J].Annals of Glaciology,2004,39(1):73-78.
21 Gay M,Fily M,Genthon C,et al.Snow grain-size measurements in Antarctica[J].Journal of Glaciology,2002,48(163):527-535.
22 Scarchilli C,Frezzotti M,Grigioni P,et al.Extraordinary blowing snow transport events in East Antarctica[J].Climate Dynamics,2010,34(7-8):1195-1206.
23 Das I,Bell R E,Scambos T A,et al.Influence of persistent wind scour on the surface mass balance of Antarctica[J].Nature Geoscience,2013,6(5):367-371.
24 Schlatter T W.The local surface energy balance and subsurface temperature regime in Antarctica[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1972,11(7):1048-1062.
25 van den Broeke M R,Reijmer C,Van De Wal R.Surface radiation balance in Antarctica as measured with automatic weather stations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),2004,109(D9):D09103.
26 Munneke P K,Reijmer C H,van den Broeke M R,et al.Analysis of clear-sky Antarctic snow albedo using observations and radiative transfer modeling[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),2008,113(D17),doi:10.1029/2007JD009653.
27 Frezzotti M,Pourchet M,Flora O,et al.Spatial and temporal variability of snow accumulation in East Antarctica from traverse data[J].Journal of Glaciology,2005,51(172):113-124.
28丁明虎.中山站至Dome A断面雪积累率空间变化特征[C]//第七届全国优秀青年气象科技工作者学术研讨会论文集.北京:中国气象学会,2010.
29 Masson-Delmotte V,Buiron D,Ekaykin A,et al.A comparison of the present and last interglacial periods in six Antarctic ice cores[J].Climate of the Past,2011,7(2):397-423.
30 Neumann T A,Waddington E D.Effects of firn ventilation on isotopic exchange[J].Journal of Glaciology,2004,50(169):183-194.