新手驾驶员水平注意广度对驾驶绩效及任务负荷的影响
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摘要
前人研究发现,驾驶任务负荷会影响驾驶员的注意广度,注意广度也会影响驾驶绩效。本研究采用2(水平注意广度:高组、低组)×4(车道位置变异性:四个阶段)混合实验设计,考察水平注意广度对车道位置变异性的影响;采用单因素组间实验设计,考察水平注意广度对任务负荷的影响;并通过皮尔逊相关分析,发现第三阶段的车道位置变异程度和事故率有着显著的正相关。结果发现:(1)水平注意广度高组的驾驶员在四个阶段的车道位置变异性小于水平注意广度低组的驾驶员;(2)水平注意广度高、低组之间的任务负荷差异显著;(3)第三阶段车道位置变异程度越大,驾驶员的事故率越高。研究结论认为:驾驶员的水平注意广度越大,整个驾驶过程中的车道位置变异性越小,任务负荷越小,事故率也会较小。
Previous studies have found that driving mental workload affects the attention span of the driver.Attention span also affects driving performance.In this study,2(horizontal attention span:high group,low group)×4(lane position variability:4 stages)mixed experimental design was used to examine the impact of horizontal attention span on lane location variability.Investigating the influence of horizontal attention span on mental workload through single factor experiment;and through Pierson regression analysis,we examine the influence of driving performance on task perception.We find the lane position variability degree in the third stage and accident frequency are positively related.The results showed that:(1)Drivers with high horizontal attention span in the four stages had less variability in the position of the lane than those who are in low horizontal attention span;(2)Differences in mental workload between the levels of horizontal attention span were significant;(3)The greater the degree of variation in the third stage lane position,the higher the driver's accident rate.The study concluded that if a driver have high horizontal attention span,he would have a smaller lane variability and smaller mental workload during the entire driving process.
Previous studies have found that driving mental workload affects the attention span of the driver.Attention span also affects driving performance.In this study,2(horizontal attention span:high group,low group)×4(lane position variability:4 stages)mixed experimental design was used to examine the impact of horizontal attention span on lane location variability.Investigating the influence of horizontal attention span on mental workload through single factor experiment;and through Pierson regression analysis,we examine the influence of driving performance on task perception.We find the lane position variability degree in the third stage and accident frequency are positively related.The results showed that:(1)Drivers with high horizontal attention span in the four stages had less variability in the position of the lane than those who are in low horizontal attention span;(2)Differences in mental workload between the levels of horizontal attention span were significant;(3)The greater the degree of variation in the third stage lane position,the higher the driver's accident rate.The study concluded that if a driver have high horizontal attention span,he would have a smaller lane variability and smaller mental workload during the entire driving process.
引文
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(1)LIU S X,YAO S,SPENCE A.Comparison of caffeine and music as fatigue countermeasures in simulated driving tasks[C]∥Proceeding of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 58th Annual Meeting,2014:2373.
(1)REIMER B,MEHLER B,WANG Y,et al.The impact of systematic variation of cognitive demand on drivers’visual attention across multiple age groups[C]∥Proceeding of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting,2010:2052.
(2)LAVIE N,HIRST A,De FOCKERT J W,et al.Load theory of selective attention and cognitive control[J].Journal of experimental psychology general,2004,133(3):339.
(3)LAVIE N.Distracted and confused:selective attention under load[J].Trends in cognitive sciences,2005,9(2):75.
(1)REIMER B,MEHLER B,WANG Y,et al.A field study on the impact of variations in short term memory demands on drivers’visual attention and driving performance across three age groups[J].Human factors,2012,54(3):454.
(1)陶达,张瑞,曲行达.性别、年龄和人格特质对风险驾驶行为的影响[J].深圳大学学报(理工版),2016,33(6):646.
(2)SATO N,MIYAKE S,KUME Y.Gender differences in mental workload during two computer-based tasks[C]∥RAUTERBERG M,et al.Human-computer interaction.Amsterdam:by IOS Press,2003:979-982.
(3)窦广波,宋熙,常若松.人格对驾驶员危险知觉技能的影响[J].辽宁师范大学学报(社会科学版),2016,39(4):46-50.
(2)刘贵萍.浅析道路交通安全评价[J].商场现代化,2009,583(22):125.
(3)STUTTS J,FEAGANES J,REINFURT D,et al.Driver’s exposure to distractions in their natural driving environment[J].Accident analysis&prevention,2005,37(6):1093.
(4)MININ L,BENEDETTO S,PEDROTTI M,et al.Measuring the effects of visual demand on lateral deviation:a comparison among driver’s performance indicators[J].Applied ergonomics,2012,43(3):486.
(1)SANTOSO G A,MAULINA D,ADYSTIA C,et al.The influence of number of passengers and music genre on driving speed of young adult angkot,drivers[J].Transportation research part f traffic psychology&behaviour,2013,18(4):10.
(2)郭应时.交通环境及驾驶经验对驾驶员眼动和工作负荷影响的研究[D].西安:长安大学,2009.
(3)CHAPAMN P,UNDERWOOD G,ROBERTS K.Visual search patterns in trained and untrained novice drivers[J].Transportation research part f psychology&behaviour,2002,5(2):157.
(4)PAMPEL S M,JAMSON S L,HIBBERD D,et al.The activation of eco-driving mental models:can text messages prime drivers to use their existing knowledge and skills?[J].Cognition technology&work,2017,19(4):743.
(5)WANG Y,REIMER B,DOBRES J,et al.The sensitivity of different methodologies for characterizing drivers’gaze concentration under increased cognitive demand[J].Transportation research part f psychology&behaviour,2014,26:227.
(6)马锦飞,常若松,陈晓晨,等.音乐对驾驶警觉的影响及其理论模型[J].心理科学进展,2014,22(5):782.
(7)杨萌,王剑桥,夏裕祁,等.背景音乐的节奏与歌词语言熟悉程度对驾驶行为及眼动的影响[J].心理科学,2011(5):1056.
(8)RENDON-VELEZ E,LEEUWEN P M V,HAPPEE R,et al.The effects of time pressure on driver performance and physiological activity:a driving simulator study[J].Transportation research part f traffic psychology&behaviour,2016,41:150.
(9)MININ L,BENEDETTO S,PEDROTTI M,et al.Measuring the effects of visual demand on lateral deviation:a comparison among driver’s performance indicators[J].Applied ergonomics,2012,43(3):486.
(10)NAL A B,PLATTEEL S,STEG L,et al.Blocking-out auditory distracters while driving:a cognitive strategy to reduce task-demands on the road[J].Accident analysis and prevention,2013,50(2):934.
(11)孙龙,常若松,高远,等.驾驶员视觉注意对危险识别的影响及作用机制[J].心理科学进展,2014,22(11):1733.
(12)马锦飞,常若松,高远.瞳孔直径大小检测驾驶员疲劳的实证效度分析[J].辽宁师范大学学报(社会科学版),2014,37(1):67-70.
(13)LUM H C,GREATVATCH R L,WALDFOGLE G E,et al.The relationship of eye movement,workload,and attention on learning in a computer-based training program[C]∥Proceeding of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 60th Annual Meeting,2016:1477.
(14)COOPER J M,MEDEIROS-WARD N,STRAYER D L.The impact of eye movements and cognitive workload on lateral position variability in driving[J].Human factors,2013,55(5):1001.
(1)LIU S X,YAO S,SPENCE A.Comparison of caffeine and music as fatigue countermeasures in simulated driving tasks[C]∥Proceeding of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 58th Annual Meeting,2014:2373.
(1)REIMER B,MEHLER B,WANG Y,et al.The impact of systematic variation of cognitive demand on drivers’visual attention across multiple age groups[C]∥Proceeding of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting,2010:2052.
(2)LAVIE N,HIRST A,De FOCKERT J W,et al.Load theory of selective attention and cognitive control[J].Journal of experimental psychology general,2004,133(3):339.
(3)LAVIE N.Distracted and confused:selective attention under load[J].Trends in cognitive sciences,2005,9(2):75.
(1)REIMER B,MEHLER B,WANG Y,et al.A field study on the impact of variations in short term memory demands on drivers’visual attention and driving performance across three age groups[J].Human factors,2012,54(3):454.
(1)陶达,张瑞,曲行达.性别、年龄和人格特质对风险驾驶行为的影响[J].深圳大学学报(理工版),2016,33(6):646.
(2)SATO N,MIYAKE S,KUME Y.Gender differences in mental workload during two computer-based tasks[C]∥RAUTERBERG M,et al.Human-computer interaction.Amsterdam:by IOS Press,2003:979-982.
(3)窦广波,宋熙,常若松.人格对驾驶员危险知觉技能的影响[J].辽宁师范大学学报(社会科学版),2016,39(4):46-50.
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