近55年渭河流域降雨侵蚀力变化及对输沙量的影响
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摘要
气候变化和人类活动是影响河川径流、输沙变化的主要原因。笔者基于渭河流域23个气象站1961—2015年日降雨量数据和水文站年输沙量资料,采用Mann-Kendall非参数性检验、双累积曲线和克里金插值等方法,对近55年以来渭河流域的降雨侵蚀力和输沙量的动态变化进行分析。结果表明:1)渭河流域近55年的平均降雨侵蚀力为1 685. 67 MJ·mm/(hm~2·h·a),研究时段内的降雨侵蚀力增加趋势不显著。2)渭河流域降雨侵蚀力的分布范围为292. 9～4 098. 9 MJ·mm/(hm~2·h·a),降雨侵蚀力的空间差异较大。流域多年平均降雨侵蚀力自东向西,由南向北呈逐渐减小趋势。3)渭河流域输沙量受降雨侵蚀力和人类活动共同影响:张家山站和咸阳站在20世纪90年代以后,人类活动对输沙量的影响较大,贡献率均> 100%。状头站在1980—1994年期间,人类活动的贡献率达到58%,进入21世纪以来,人类活动贡献率达到67%。本研究定量评价了渭河流域输沙量变化及对降雨侵蚀力和人类活动的响应,为未来区域水土保持措施配置、流域综合治理提供基础依据。
[Background]Severe soil erosion in the Weihe River basin has attracted much attention due to its impact on land degradation,river bed siltation and sedimentation in reservoirs. Investigations on variations of sediment load and its response to climate change and human activities may provide good reference for river basin management. [Methods] The present study applied the Mann-Kendell nonparametric test,double cumulative curve method and Kriging interpolation to analyze the dynamic variations of rainfall erosivity and sediment load by using daily precipitation data from 23 climate stations and annual sediment load time series at 3 hydrological stations in Weihe River basin from 1961 to 2015.[Results]1) Average annual rainfall erosivity was 1 685. 67 MJ·mm/( hm~2·h·a) in the past 55 years in Weihe River basin. The annual rainfall erosivity showed an insignificant increasing trend of 1. 94 MJ·mm/( hm~2·h·a). The lowest value was 1 507. 23 MJ·mm/( hm~2·h·a),occurring in 1990 s,which was 10%lower than the annual average. In the 1960 s,the rainfall erosivity was 1 685. 67 MJ·mm/( hm~2·h·a),which was similar to the average rainfall erosivity in the last 55 years. The average rainfall erosivity in the1970 s was slightly lower than the average. In the 1980 s and the first 15 years of the 21 st century,the average annual rainfall erosivity was almost the same. 2) The rainfall erosivity ranged from 292. 9 to 4 098. 9 MJ·mm/( hm~2·h·a) in the Weihe River basin with high spatial heterogeneity. The average annual rainfall erosivity in the basin decreased from southeast to northwest. High values occurred in Huashan and Foping station,which were 2 980 and 4 098. 9 MJ·mm/( hm~2·h·a). 3) Sediment load exhibited significant decrease during the past 55 years in the Weihe River basin. Human activities had a greater impact on sediment load at Zhangjiashan and Xianyang stations after 1990 s and the contribution was higher than 100%,which resulted from increasing rainfall erosivity,as well as the vegetation restoration and soil and water conservation. From 1980 to 1994,human activities accounted for 58% of sediment load reduction at Zhuangtou station, and increased up to 67% during 2000—2015.[Conclusions]This study investigated the spatial and temporal changes in rainfall erosivity and sediment load,as well the causes of variation in sediment load in the study area. The results may provide scientific bases for the future soil and water conservation in the Weihe River basin.
[Background]Severe soil erosion in the Weihe River basin has attracted much attention due to its impact on land degradation,river bed siltation and sedimentation in reservoirs. Investigations on variations of sediment load and its response to climate change and human activities may provide good reference for river basin management. [Methods] The present study applied the Mann-Kendell nonparametric test,double cumulative curve method and Kriging interpolation to analyze the dynamic variations of rainfall erosivity and sediment load by using daily precipitation data from 23 climate stations and annual sediment load time series at 3 hydrological stations in Weihe River basin from 1961 to 2015.[Results]1) Average annual rainfall erosivity was 1 685. 67 MJ·mm/( hm~2·h·a) in the past 55 years in Weihe River basin. The annual rainfall erosivity showed an insignificant increasing trend of 1. 94 MJ·mm/( hm~2·h·a). The lowest value was 1 507. 23 MJ·mm/( hm~2·h·a),occurring in 1990 s,which was 10%lower than the annual average. In the 1960 s,the rainfall erosivity was 1 685. 67 MJ·mm/( hm~2·h·a),which was similar to the average rainfall erosivity in the last 55 years. The average rainfall erosivity in the1970 s was slightly lower than the average. In the 1980 s and the first 15 years of the 21 st century,the average annual rainfall erosivity was almost the same. 2) The rainfall erosivity ranged from 292. 9 to 4 098. 9 MJ·mm/( hm~2·h·a) in the Weihe River basin with high spatial heterogeneity. The average annual rainfall erosivity in the basin decreased from southeast to northwest. High values occurred in Huashan and Foping station,which were 2 980 and 4 098. 9 MJ·mm/( hm~2·h·a). 3) Sediment load exhibited significant decrease during the past 55 years in the Weihe River basin. Human activities had a greater impact on sediment load at Zhangjiashan and Xianyang stations after 1990 s and the contribution was higher than 100%,which resulted from increasing rainfall erosivity,as well as the vegetation restoration and soil and water conservation. From 1980 to 1994,human activities accounted for 58% of sediment load reduction at Zhuangtou station, and increased up to 67% during 2000—2015.[Conclusions]This study investigated the spatial and temporal changes in rainfall erosivity and sediment load,as well the causes of variation in sediment load in the study area. The results may provide scientific bases for the future soil and water conservation in the Weihe River basin.
引文
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[6]穆兴民,胡春宏,高鹏,等.黄河输沙量研究的几个关键问题与思考[J].人民黄河,2017,39(8):1.MU Xingmin,HU Chunhong,GAO Peng,et al.Key issues and reflections of resarch on sediment flux of the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2017,39(8):1.
[7]胡春宏.黄河水沙变化与治理方略研究[J].水力发电学报,2016,35(10):1.HU Chunhong.Changes in runoff and sediment loads of the Yellow River and its management strategies[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2016,35(10):1.
[8]赵俊侠,王宏,马勇,等.1990-1996年渭河流域水沙变化原因初步分析[J].水土保持学报,2001(增刊2):136.ZHAO Junxia,WANG Hong,MA Yong,et al.Priliminary analysis on cause of water and sediment variation from 1960 to 1996 in Weihe watershed[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2001(S2):136.
[9]孙悦,李栋梁,朱拥军.渭河径流变化及其对气候变化与人类活动的响应研究进展[J].干旱气象,2013,31(2):396.SUN Yue,LI Dongliang,ZHU Yongjun.Advances in study about runoff variation of the Weihe River and its response to climate change and human activities[J].Arid Meteorology,2013,31(2):396.
[10]来文立,宋进喜,章杰,等.近60 a渭河流域降水特征[J].干旱区研究,2013,30(6):1106.LAI Wenli,SONG Jinxi,ZHANG Jie,et al.Precipitation in the Weihe River basin in recent 60 Years[J].Arid Zone Research,2013,30(6):1106.
[11]ZHAO Guangju,MU Xingmin,TIAN Peng,et al.Climate changes and their impacts on water resources in semiarid regions:A case study of the Weihe River basin,China[J].Hydrological Processes,2013,27(26):3852.
[12]WANG Houjie,BI Naishuang,SAITO Y,et al.Recent changes in sediment delivery by the Huanghe(Yellow River)to the sea:Causes and environmental implications in its estuary[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,391(3/4):302.
[13]章文波,付金生.不同类型雨量资料估算降雨侵蚀力[J].资源科学,2003,25(1):35.ZHANG Wenbo,FU Jinsheng,Rainfall erosivity estimation under different rainfall amount[J].Resources Science,2003,25(1):35.
[14]钟科元,郑粉莉.1960-2014年松花江流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化研究[J].自然资源学报,2017,32(2):278.ZHONG Keyuan,ZHENG Fenli.Spatial and temporal variation characteristics of rainfall erosivity in the Songhua River Basin from 1960 to 2014[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(2):278.
[15]陶望雄,马亚鑫,张杰,等.渭河流域降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(6):110.TAO Wangxiong,MA Yaxin,ZHANG Jie,et al.Spatial and temporal variations of rainfall erosivity in Weihe River basin[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,36(6):110.
[16]马岚,黄生志,黄强,等.渭河流域降雨与降雨侵蚀力变化的原因分析[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(1):174.MA Lan,HUANG Shengzhi,HUANG Qiang,et al.Causes analyzing of the change of rainfall and rainfall erosivity in Weihe River Basin[J],2018,32(1):174.
[17]章文波,谢云,刘宝元,等.利用日雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究[J].地理科学,2002,22(6):705.ZHANG Wenbo,XIE Yun,LIU Baoyuan,et al.Rainfall erosivity estimation using daily rainfall amounts[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2002,22(6):705.
[18]WU L,LIU X,MA X Y.Spatiotemporal distribution of rainfall erosivity in the Yanhe River watershed of hilly and gully region,Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(4):1.
[19]MARDEN J I,KENDALL M,GIBBONS J D.Rank correlation methods(5th ed.)[J].Journal of the American Statistical Association,1992,87(417):249.
[20]穆兴民,张秀勤,高鹏,等.双累积曲线方法理论及在水文气象领域应用中应注意的问题[J].水文,2010,30(4):47.MU Xingmin,ZHANG Xiuqin,GAO Peng,et al.Theory of double mass curves and its applications in hydrology and meteorology[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2010,30(4):47.
[21]LE N D,ZIDEK J V.Statistical analysis of environmental space-time processes[M].New York:Springer Science&Business Media,2006:101.
[2]赵广举,穆兴民,田鹏,等.近60年黄河中游水沙变化趋势及其影响因素分析[J].资源科学,2012,34(6):1070.ZHAO Guangju,MU Xingmin,TIAN Peng,et al.The variation trend of streamflow and sediment flux in the middle reaches of Yellow River over the past 60 years and the Influencing factors[J].Resources Science,2012,34(6):1070.
[3]LIU Cheng,SUI Jueyi,WANG Zhaoyin.Changes in runoff and sediment yield along the Yellow River during the period from 1950 to 2006[J].Journal of Environmental Informatics,2008,12(2):129.
[4]HE Yi,WAGN Fei,MU Xingmin,et al.Human activity and climate variability impacts on sediment discharge and runoff in the Yellow River of China[J].Theoretical&Applied Climatology,2016:1.
[5]XU Jiongxin.Plausible causes of temporal variation in suspended sediment concentration in the upper Changjiang River and major tributaries during the second half of the 20th century[J].Quaternary International,2009,208(1):85.
[6]穆兴民,胡春宏,高鹏,等.黄河输沙量研究的几个关键问题与思考[J].人民黄河,2017,39(8):1.MU Xingmin,HU Chunhong,GAO Peng,et al.Key issues and reflections of resarch on sediment flux of the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2017,39(8):1.
[7]胡春宏.黄河水沙变化与治理方略研究[J].水力发电学报,2016,35(10):1.HU Chunhong.Changes in runoff and sediment loads of the Yellow River and its management strategies[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2016,35(10):1.
[8]赵俊侠,王宏,马勇,等.1990-1996年渭河流域水沙变化原因初步分析[J].水土保持学报,2001(增刊2):136.ZHAO Junxia,WANG Hong,MA Yong,et al.Priliminary analysis on cause of water and sediment variation from 1960 to 1996 in Weihe watershed[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2001(S2):136.
[9]孙悦,李栋梁,朱拥军.渭河径流变化及其对气候变化与人类活动的响应研究进展[J].干旱气象,2013,31(2):396.SUN Yue,LI Dongliang,ZHU Yongjun.Advances in study about runoff variation of the Weihe River and its response to climate change and human activities[J].Arid Meteorology,2013,31(2):396.
[10]来文立,宋进喜,章杰,等.近60 a渭河流域降水特征[J].干旱区研究,2013,30(6):1106.LAI Wenli,SONG Jinxi,ZHANG Jie,et al.Precipitation in the Weihe River basin in recent 60 Years[J].Arid Zone Research,2013,30(6):1106.
[11]ZHAO Guangju,MU Xingmin,TIAN Peng,et al.Climate changes and their impacts on water resources in semiarid regions:A case study of the Weihe River basin,China[J].Hydrological Processes,2013,27(26):3852.
[12]WANG Houjie,BI Naishuang,SAITO Y,et al.Recent changes in sediment delivery by the Huanghe(Yellow River)to the sea:Causes and environmental implications in its estuary[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,391(3/4):302.
[13]章文波,付金生.不同类型雨量资料估算降雨侵蚀力[J].资源科学,2003,25(1):35.ZHANG Wenbo,FU Jinsheng,Rainfall erosivity estimation under different rainfall amount[J].Resources Science,2003,25(1):35.
[14]钟科元,郑粉莉.1960-2014年松花江流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化研究[J].自然资源学报,2017,32(2):278.ZHONG Keyuan,ZHENG Fenli.Spatial and temporal variation characteristics of rainfall erosivity in the Songhua River Basin from 1960 to 2014[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(2):278.
[15]陶望雄,马亚鑫,张杰,等.渭河流域降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(6):110.TAO Wangxiong,MA Yaxin,ZHANG Jie,et al.Spatial and temporal variations of rainfall erosivity in Weihe River basin[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,36(6):110.
[16]马岚,黄生志,黄强,等.渭河流域降雨与降雨侵蚀力变化的原因分析[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(1):174.MA Lan,HUANG Shengzhi,HUANG Qiang,et al.Causes analyzing of the change of rainfall and rainfall erosivity in Weihe River Basin[J],2018,32(1):174.
[17]章文波,谢云,刘宝元,等.利用日雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究[J].地理科学,2002,22(6):705.ZHANG Wenbo,XIE Yun,LIU Baoyuan,et al.Rainfall erosivity estimation using daily rainfall amounts[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2002,22(6):705.
[18]WU L,LIU X,MA X Y.Spatiotemporal distribution of rainfall erosivity in the Yanhe River watershed of hilly and gully region,Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(4):1.
[19]MARDEN J I,KENDALL M,GIBBONS J D.Rank correlation methods(5th ed.)[J].Journal of the American Statistical Association,1992,87(417):249.
[20]穆兴民,张秀勤,高鹏,等.双累积曲线方法理论及在水文气象领域应用中应注意的问题[J].水文,2010,30(4):47.MU Xingmin,ZHANG Xiuqin,GAO Peng,et al.Theory of double mass curves and its applications in hydrology and meteorology[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2010,30(4):47.
[21]LE N D,ZIDEK J V.Statistical analysis of environmental space-time processes[M].New York:Springer Science&Business Media,2006:101.
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