经济发展模式对乡村生态系统服务价值保育和利用的影响——以鲁中山区三个村庄为例
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摘要
生态系统服务在不同空间尺度支持人类的生存发展,人类活动也影响着生态系统服务功能。行政村作为乡村地区社会经济的基本构成单位和典型的自然社会经济复合生态系统,其经济发展模式对生态系统服务具有重要影响。因此,以行政村为单位研究经济发展模式对生态系统服务价值保育和利用的影响,可为优化乡村经济结构,提升乡村生态系统服务价值提供决策支持。以鲁中山区3个地形地貌相似、经济发展模式迥异的毗邻行政村—房干村、富家庄村、安子湾村为研究对象,依据国际通用生态系统服务分类标准和评估方法,结合乡村生态系统小尺度特征,对各村9大类共15个生态系统服务功能指标进行了价值评估,并结合各村产业结构和土地利用特点,分析了经济发展模式对生态系统服务价值保育和利用的影响。结果表明:以生态旅游为主导的房干村生态系统服务功能价值总量最大,为10382.1万元/a;以养殖业为主导的富家庄村次之,为1203.1万元/a;以种植业为主导的安子湾村最低,为1191.9万元/a;单位面积(hm2)生态系统服务价值量也呈现相似的格局,房干村、富家庄村、安子湾村分别为8.8万元/a、5.9万元/a、3.7万元/a;经济发展模式通过影响土地利用影响生态系统服务价值积累和利用,进而影响人均经济收入和从生态系统服务获得的福利。因此,在乡村尺度合理布局土地利用类型,适度发展乡村旅游等低影响产业,有利于保育和提升生态系统服务价值,提高乡村经济收入,实现乡村环境和经济社会的持续发展。
Ecosystem services support the survival and development of human beings at different spatial scales,and,in turn,human activities have an impact on ecosystem services. The administrative villages of rural China,which act as the basic socio-economic units and are typical compound social-economic-natural ecosystems,are facing the challenges of urbanization and rapid development. Ecosystem services at the village scale might be critically affected by the various economic development models that change and further influence human welfare. Exploring the impacts of different economic development models on the conservation and use of ecosystem service values( ESV) at the village scale should support decision making when attempting to raise ecosystem services and human welfare. Interactions between development models and ecosystem services have frequently been highlighted at the global and regional scales,but the ways that developmentmodels drive ecosystem services,and therefore,human welfare,at such a small scale have been under-reported and are poorly understood. To reveal the impacts of development models on ecosystem services at the village scale,this study considered( 1) whether development models can increase or decrease the ESV at the village scale and( 2) how development models drive the ESV at the village scale. Three adjacent villages in the Middle Shandong area of China,which had similar natural surroundings but different development models,were considered for this case study. We used the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services( CICES) and other proven evaluation methods to assess the values of 15 classes of ecosystem service functions and / or products belonging to nine categories that were present in rural ecosystems. We also analyzed the impacts of different economic development models on the conservation and application of ESV by combining industrial structure and land use patterns in the three villages. The results showed that Fanggan Village,dominated by ecotourism,had the largest ESV at RMB 10382.1×104yuan / a; Fujiazhuang,where livestock were a feature,had the second largest ESV at 1203.1×104yuan / a; and Anziwan,characterized by crop production,had the lowest ESV at1191.9×104yuan / a. There was a similar unit area pattern for ESV among the three villages: Fanggan,Fujiazhuang,and Anziwan,with 8.8×104yuan,5. 9 × 104 yuan,and 3. 7 × 104 yuan of ESV per year per hectare,respectively. We concluded that the economic development models affected conservation and application of ESV at the village scale. This was mediated by the change in land use and marketization of ESV,which subsequently influenced average economic income and the ecological welfare provided by the ecosystem services. Thus, optimizing patterns of land use to develop low-impact industries,such as ecotourism,can stimulate conservation and increase ESV and economic income in rural areas,and so sustain the rural environment and socio-economy. In addition,turning more ESV into markets by developing sustainable industries helps balance ESV with local development. We also highlighted the importance of increasing understanding of the interactions between development models,land use,and ESV at the village scale. We noted that some technical problems,including scale transition,indicator framing,and modifications of valuation methods,should be addressed in the future. Our research has provided solid evidence and practical methods that demonstrate the potential impacts of development models on ESV at a village scale,and will help decision makers to avoid decreasing ESV during rapid urbanization and development.
Ecosystem services support the survival and development of human beings at different spatial scales,and,in turn,human activities have an impact on ecosystem services. The administrative villages of rural China,which act as the basic socio-economic units and are typical compound social-economic-natural ecosystems,are facing the challenges of urbanization and rapid development. Ecosystem services at the village scale might be critically affected by the various economic development models that change and further influence human welfare. Exploring the impacts of different economic development models on the conservation and use of ecosystem service values( ESV) at the village scale should support decision making when attempting to raise ecosystem services and human welfare. Interactions between development models and ecosystem services have frequently been highlighted at the global and regional scales,but the ways that developmentmodels drive ecosystem services,and therefore,human welfare,at such a small scale have been under-reported and are poorly understood. To reveal the impacts of development models on ecosystem services at the village scale,this study considered( 1) whether development models can increase or decrease the ESV at the village scale and( 2) how development models drive the ESV at the village scale. Three adjacent villages in the Middle Shandong area of China,which had similar natural surroundings but different development models,were considered for this case study. We used the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services( CICES) and other proven evaluation methods to assess the values of 15 classes of ecosystem service functions and / or products belonging to nine categories that were present in rural ecosystems. We also analyzed the impacts of different economic development models on the conservation and application of ESV by combining industrial structure and land use patterns in the three villages. The results showed that Fanggan Village,dominated by ecotourism,had the largest ESV at RMB 10382.1×104yuan / a; Fujiazhuang,where livestock were a feature,had the second largest ESV at 1203.1×104yuan / a; and Anziwan,characterized by crop production,had the lowest ESV at1191.9×104yuan / a. There was a similar unit area pattern for ESV among the three villages: Fanggan,Fujiazhuang,and Anziwan,with 8.8×104yuan,5. 9 × 104 yuan,and 3. 7 × 104 yuan of ESV per year per hectare,respectively. We concluded that the economic development models affected conservation and application of ESV at the village scale. This was mediated by the change in land use and marketization of ESV,which subsequently influenced average economic income and the ecological welfare provided by the ecosystem services. Thus, optimizing patterns of land use to develop low-impact industries,such as ecotourism,can stimulate conservation and increase ESV and economic income in rural areas,and so sustain the rural environment and socio-economy. In addition,turning more ESV into markets by developing sustainable industries helps balance ESV with local development. We also highlighted the importance of increasing understanding of the interactions between development models,land use,and ESV at the village scale. We noted that some technical problems,including scale transition,indicator framing,and modifications of valuation methods,should be addressed in the future. Our research has provided solid evidence and practical methods that demonstrate the potential impacts of development models on ESV at a village scale,and will help decision makers to avoid decreasing ESV during rapid urbanization and development.
引文
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[6]王大尚,郑华,欧阳志云.生态系统服务供给、消费与人类福祉的关系.应用生态学报,2013,24(6):1747-1753.
[7]Zheng H,Robinson B E,Liang Y C,Polasky S,Ma D C,Wang F C,Ruckelshaus M,Ouyang Z Y,Daily G C.Benefits,costs,and livelihood implications of a regional payment for ecosystem service program.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2013,110(41):16681-16686.
[8]李屹峰,罗跃初,刘纲,欧阳志云,郑华.土地利用变化对生态系统服务功能的影响——以密云水库流域为例.生态学报,2013,33(3):726-736.
[9]张宏锋,欧阳志云,郑华,肖燚.玛纳斯河流域农田生态系统服务功能价值评估.中国生态农业学报,2009,17(6):1259-1264.
[10]尹飞,毛任钊,傅伯杰,刘国华.农田生态系统服务功能及其形成机制.应用生态学报,2006,17(5):929-934.
[11]岳东霞,杜军,巩杰,降同昌,张佳静,郭建军,熊友才.民勤绿洲农田生态系统服务价值变化及其影响因子的回归分析.生态学报,2011,31(9):2567-2575.
[12]高虹,欧阳志云,郑华,Bluemling B.居民对文化林生态系统服务功能的认知与态度.生态学报,2013,33(3):756-763.
[13]Liebenow D K,Cohen M J,Gumbricht T,Shepherd K D,Shepherd G.Do ecosystem services influence household wealth in rural Mali?Ecological Economics,2012,82:33-44.
[14]张富刚,刘彦随.中国区域农村发展动力机制及其发展模式.地理学报,2008,63(2):115-122.
[15]崔和瑞.基于循环经济理论的区域农业可持续发展模式研究.农业现代化研究,2004,25(2):94-98.
[16]Gutman P.Ecosystem services:Foundations for a new rural-urban compact.Ecological Economics,2007,62(3/4):383-387.
[17]Salvati L,Carlucci M.The economic and environmental performances of rural districts in Italy:Are competitiveness and sustainability compatible targets?Ecological Economics,2011,70(12):2446-2453.
[18]Pfeifer C,Sonneveld M P W,Stoorvogel J J.Farmers'contribution to landscape services in the Netherlands under different rural development scenarios.Journal of Environmental Management,2012,111:96-105.
[19]Deng Y C,Yu Z,Liu S.A review on scale and siting of wind farms in China.Wind Energy,2011,14(3):463-470.
[20]Haines-Young R,Potschin M.Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services(CICES):Consultation on Version 4,August-December,2012.Nottingham:Report to the European Environmental Agency,2013.
[21]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,郑度,李双成.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估.自然资源学报,2003,18(2):189-196.
[22]侯英雨,柳钦火,延昊,田国良.我国陆地植被净初级生产力变化规律及其对气候的响应.应用生态学报,2007,18(7):1546-1553.
[23]欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究.生态学报,1999,19(5):607-613.
[24]钞振华,张培栋,王旭峰,钱金波.近10年来山东区域NPP时空变化分析.草业科学,2013,30(6):829-835.
[25]余新晓,鲁绍伟,靳芳,陈丽华,饶良懿,陆贵巧.中国森林生态系统服务功能价值评估.生态学报,2005,25(8):2096-2102.
[26]唐衡,郑渝,陈阜,杨立国,张海林,孔箐锌.北京地区不同农田类型及种植模式的生态系统服务价值评估.生态经济,2008,(7):56-59.
[27]陈鹏.厦门湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估.湿地科学,2006,4(2):101-107.
[28]李红云,杨吉华,夏江宝,吕爱霞,鲍玉海.济南市南部山区森林涵养水源功能的价值评价.水土保持学报,2004,18(1):89-92.
[29]夏江宝,杨吉华,李红云,鲍玉海,吕爱霞.山地森林保育土壤的生态功能及其经济价值研究——以山东省济南市南部山区为例.水土保持学报,2004,18(2):97-100.
[30]谢冬明,王科,王绍先,严岩,邓红兵.我国农村生活垃圾问题探析.安徽农业科学,2009,37(2):786-788.
[31]原培胜.污水处理厂处理成本分析.环境工程,2008,26(2):55-57.
[32]Fisher J A,Patenaude G,Giri K,Lewis K,Meir P,Pinho P,Rounsevell M D A,Williams M.Understanding the relationships between ecosystem services and poverty alleviation:A conceptual framework.Ecosystem Services,2014,7:34-45.
[33]Heubach K,Wittig R,Nuppenau E A,Hahn K.The economic importance of non-timber forest products(NTFPs)for livelihood maintenance of rural west African communities:A case study from northern Benin.Ecological Economics,2011,70(11):1991-2001.
[34]张永民.生态系统服务研究的几个基本问题.资源科学,2012,34(4):725-733.
[35]Mendoza-González G,Martínez M L,Lithgow D,Pérez-Maqueo O,Simonin P.Land use change and its effects on the value of ecosystem services along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.Ecological Economics,2012,82:23-32.
[36]Li T H,Li W K,Qian Z H.Variations in ecosystem service value in response to land use changes in Shenzhen.Ecological Economics,2010,69(7):1427-1435.
[37]Hein L,van Koppen K,de Groot R S,van Ierland E C.Spatial scales,stakeholders and the valuation of ecosystem services.Ecological Economics,2006,57(2):209-228.
[38]Laterra P,Orúe M E,Booman G C.Spatial complexity and ecosystem services in rural landscapes.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2012,154:56-67.
[39]张宏锋,欧阳志云,郑华.生态系统服务功能的空间尺度特征.生态学杂志,2007,26(9):1432-1437.
[40]Konarska K M,Sutton P C,Castellon M.Evaluating scale dependence of ecosystem service valuation:a comparison of NOAA-AVHRR and Landsat TM datasets.Ecological Economics,2002,41(3):491-507.
[2]王玉涛,郭卫华,刘建,王淑军,王琦,王仁卿.昆嵛山自然保护区生态系统服务功能价值评估.生态学报,2009,29(1):523-531.
[3]De Groot R S,Wilson M A,Boumans R M J.A typology for the classification,description and valuation of ecosystem functions,goods and services.Ecological Economics,2002,41(3):393-408.
[4]Haines-Young R,Potschin M.Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services(CICES):2011 Update.Nottingham:Report to the European Environmental Agency,2011.
[5]赵军,杨凯.生态系统服务价值评估研究进展.生态学报,2007,29(1):346-356.
[6]王大尚,郑华,欧阳志云.生态系统服务供给、消费与人类福祉的关系.应用生态学报,2013,24(6):1747-1753.
[7]Zheng H,Robinson B E,Liang Y C,Polasky S,Ma D C,Wang F C,Ruckelshaus M,Ouyang Z Y,Daily G C.Benefits,costs,and livelihood implications of a regional payment for ecosystem service program.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2013,110(41):16681-16686.
[8]李屹峰,罗跃初,刘纲,欧阳志云,郑华.土地利用变化对生态系统服务功能的影响——以密云水库流域为例.生态学报,2013,33(3):726-736.
[9]张宏锋,欧阳志云,郑华,肖燚.玛纳斯河流域农田生态系统服务功能价值评估.中国生态农业学报,2009,17(6):1259-1264.
[10]尹飞,毛任钊,傅伯杰,刘国华.农田生态系统服务功能及其形成机制.应用生态学报,2006,17(5):929-934.
[11]岳东霞,杜军,巩杰,降同昌,张佳静,郭建军,熊友才.民勤绿洲农田生态系统服务价值变化及其影响因子的回归分析.生态学报,2011,31(9):2567-2575.
[12]高虹,欧阳志云,郑华,Bluemling B.居民对文化林生态系统服务功能的认知与态度.生态学报,2013,33(3):756-763.
[13]Liebenow D K,Cohen M J,Gumbricht T,Shepherd K D,Shepherd G.Do ecosystem services influence household wealth in rural Mali?Ecological Economics,2012,82:33-44.
[14]张富刚,刘彦随.中国区域农村发展动力机制及其发展模式.地理学报,2008,63(2):115-122.
[15]崔和瑞.基于循环经济理论的区域农业可持续发展模式研究.农业现代化研究,2004,25(2):94-98.
[16]Gutman P.Ecosystem services:Foundations for a new rural-urban compact.Ecological Economics,2007,62(3/4):383-387.
[17]Salvati L,Carlucci M.The economic and environmental performances of rural districts in Italy:Are competitiveness and sustainability compatible targets?Ecological Economics,2011,70(12):2446-2453.
[18]Pfeifer C,Sonneveld M P W,Stoorvogel J J.Farmers'contribution to landscape services in the Netherlands under different rural development scenarios.Journal of Environmental Management,2012,111:96-105.
[19]Deng Y C,Yu Z,Liu S.A review on scale and siting of wind farms in China.Wind Energy,2011,14(3):463-470.
[20]Haines-Young R,Potschin M.Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services(CICES):Consultation on Version 4,August-December,2012.Nottingham:Report to the European Environmental Agency,2013.
[21]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,郑度,李双成.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估.自然资源学报,2003,18(2):189-196.
[22]侯英雨,柳钦火,延昊,田国良.我国陆地植被净初级生产力变化规律及其对气候的响应.应用生态学报,2007,18(7):1546-1553.
[23]欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究.生态学报,1999,19(5):607-613.
[24]钞振华,张培栋,王旭峰,钱金波.近10年来山东区域NPP时空变化分析.草业科学,2013,30(6):829-835.
[25]余新晓,鲁绍伟,靳芳,陈丽华,饶良懿,陆贵巧.中国森林生态系统服务功能价值评估.生态学报,2005,25(8):2096-2102.
[26]唐衡,郑渝,陈阜,杨立国,张海林,孔箐锌.北京地区不同农田类型及种植模式的生态系统服务价值评估.生态经济,2008,(7):56-59.
[27]陈鹏.厦门湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估.湿地科学,2006,4(2):101-107.
[28]李红云,杨吉华,夏江宝,吕爱霞,鲍玉海.济南市南部山区森林涵养水源功能的价值评价.水土保持学报,2004,18(1):89-92.
[29]夏江宝,杨吉华,李红云,鲍玉海,吕爱霞.山地森林保育土壤的生态功能及其经济价值研究——以山东省济南市南部山区为例.水土保持学报,2004,18(2):97-100.
[30]谢冬明,王科,王绍先,严岩,邓红兵.我国农村生活垃圾问题探析.安徽农业科学,2009,37(2):786-788.
[31]原培胜.污水处理厂处理成本分析.环境工程,2008,26(2):55-57.
[32]Fisher J A,Patenaude G,Giri K,Lewis K,Meir P,Pinho P,Rounsevell M D A,Williams M.Understanding the relationships between ecosystem services and poverty alleviation:A conceptual framework.Ecosystem Services,2014,7:34-45.
[33]Heubach K,Wittig R,Nuppenau E A,Hahn K.The economic importance of non-timber forest products(NTFPs)for livelihood maintenance of rural west African communities:A case study from northern Benin.Ecological Economics,2011,70(11):1991-2001.
[34]张永民.生态系统服务研究的几个基本问题.资源科学,2012,34(4):725-733.
[35]Mendoza-González G,Martínez M L,Lithgow D,Pérez-Maqueo O,Simonin P.Land use change and its effects on the value of ecosystem services along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.Ecological Economics,2012,82:23-32.
[36]Li T H,Li W K,Qian Z H.Variations in ecosystem service value in response to land use changes in Shenzhen.Ecological Economics,2010,69(7):1427-1435.
[37]Hein L,van Koppen K,de Groot R S,van Ierland E C.Spatial scales,stakeholders and the valuation of ecosystem services.Ecological Economics,2006,57(2):209-228.
[38]Laterra P,Orúe M E,Booman G C.Spatial complexity and ecosystem services in rural landscapes.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2012,154:56-67.
[39]张宏锋,欧阳志云,郑华.生态系统服务功能的空间尺度特征.生态学杂志,2007,26(9):1432-1437.
[40]Konarska K M,Sutton P C,Castellon M.Evaluating scale dependence of ecosystem service valuation:a comparison of NOAA-AVHRR and Landsat TM datasets.Ecological Economics,2002,41(3):491-507.