中国台商农业技术时空扩散的格局、路径与机制——以福建省漳浦县为例
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摘要
结合统计数据及实地调研、访谈数据,研究中国台湾青枣种植技术透过台商直接投资渠道在福建省漳浦县落地、发散与传播过程,分析其时空扩散路径、格局与机制,以期揭示中国台商农业技术在中国大陆地区独具特色的扩散规律与机制,为加速两岸农业合作交流、制定技术应用政策提供理论与实践依据。研究发现,在时间维度,中国台商农业技术扩散过程呈现典型的S型曲线,但其扩散迅速、周期较短,扩散阻力小且示范效应显著;在空间维度,形成多核心、多强度、梯度扩散体系(中国台湾扩散源与本地扩散节点),扩散场相互叠加,以就近扩展扩散为主、等级扩散为辅的特色扩散格局。
Based on the statistical data, field survey and interview data, this paper studies the spatio-temporal path, pattern and mechanism of Taiwan's planting technology diffusion in Zhangpu County of Fujian Province.By doing so, this article reveals the unique characteristics of Taiwanese agricultural technology in the Mainland China which provides the basis for promoting agricultural cooperation and technological exchanges across the Taiwan Straits. The main results show a typical"Stype"curve of temporal diffusion. The diffusion resistance is low and the demonstration effect is remarkable, so that the diffusion rate is fast and the cycle is short. In the spatial dimension, a diffusion pattern of multi-core, multi intensity, gradient diffusion system and diffusion field overlapped is found. Taiwan famers are the source of technological diffusion, but the diffusion intensity decays with distance. Local professional seedling cultivators serve as the local diffusion nodes who promote the technological diffusion to further regions. Furthermore, where the diffusion field overlapped shows higher diffusion intensity than other regions. The diffusion form shows both extended diffusion and rank diffusion way. Moreover, the results also show that the main motivation factors for the temporal and spatial diffusion pattern are agricultural factors input, government technical support and economic benefits. Technical support from agricultural departments gives assistance to the technological diffusion by diagnosing and treating the plant diseases and insect pests, although the Taiwan agricultural technology hasn't been yet involved into the science technology extension system. As a labor and material intensive technology, the material and labor inputs promote the technological diffusion. Besides, the fluctuation of purchase prices deeply affects the technology adoptions of local farmers. The market competition and natural conditions restrict the spatial diffusion. The rising scale and planting areas of local dominant varieties, i.e. Longan and Litchi, will hinder the spread of Zizyphus muaritiana's planting technology due to the technological maturity of local varieties. The regional climate and terrain obviously influence the technology diffusion, although the geographical proximity and economic benefit weaken the limited power of regional climate and terrain at the beginning of the study.The geographical distance and technical protection behavior of technical source are also found to affect the diffusion pattern. The key findings of the paper have important policy implications: Strengthening investment promotion to build a more diversified technology source, establishment of multiple communication channels, giving full play to the technical guidance and auxiliary role of the government as well as issuing more dynamic market and technology information will promote the diffusion of Taiwanese agricultural technology and enhance the Cross-Strait communication and cooperation in agriculture. But there are still some shortcomings:one is that the paper has not yet reveals the multi-scale diffusional pattern and rule of Taiwanese agricultural technology which may exhibit different results; the other is that the influences of geography proximity as well as the behavior and the social network embeddedness of technical subjects haven't been studied. Future study may focus at the social network embeddedness of Taiwan farmers and reconstruction of local social network to explore the diffusion network embeds in the social network.
Based on the statistical data, field survey and interview data, this paper studies the spatio-temporal path, pattern and mechanism of Taiwan's planting technology diffusion in Zhangpu County of Fujian Province.By doing so, this article reveals the unique characteristics of Taiwanese agricultural technology in the Mainland China which provides the basis for promoting agricultural cooperation and technological exchanges across the Taiwan Straits. The main results show a typical"Stype"curve of temporal diffusion. The diffusion resistance is low and the demonstration effect is remarkable, so that the diffusion rate is fast and the cycle is short. In the spatial dimension, a diffusion pattern of multi-core, multi intensity, gradient diffusion system and diffusion field overlapped is found. Taiwan famers are the source of technological diffusion, but the diffusion intensity decays with distance. Local professional seedling cultivators serve as the local diffusion nodes who promote the technological diffusion to further regions. Furthermore, where the diffusion field overlapped shows higher diffusion intensity than other regions. The diffusion form shows both extended diffusion and rank diffusion way. Moreover, the results also show that the main motivation factors for the temporal and spatial diffusion pattern are agricultural factors input, government technical support and economic benefits. Technical support from agricultural departments gives assistance to the technological diffusion by diagnosing and treating the plant diseases and insect pests, although the Taiwan agricultural technology hasn't been yet involved into the science technology extension system. As a labor and material intensive technology, the material and labor inputs promote the technological diffusion. Besides, the fluctuation of purchase prices deeply affects the technology adoptions of local farmers. The market competition and natural conditions restrict the spatial diffusion. The rising scale and planting areas of local dominant varieties, i.e. Longan and Litchi, will hinder the spread of Zizyphus muaritiana's planting technology due to the technological maturity of local varieties. The regional climate and terrain obviously influence the technology diffusion, although the geographical proximity and economic benefit weaken the limited power of regional climate and terrain at the beginning of the study.The geographical distance and technical protection behavior of technical source are also found to affect the diffusion pattern. The key findings of the paper have important policy implications: Strengthening investment promotion to build a more diversified technology source, establishment of multiple communication channels, giving full play to the technical guidance and auxiliary role of the government as well as issuing more dynamic market and technology information will promote the diffusion of Taiwanese agricultural technology and enhance the Cross-Strait communication and cooperation in agriculture. But there are still some shortcomings:one is that the paper has not yet reveals the multi-scale diffusional pattern and rule of Taiwanese agricultural technology which may exhibit different results; the other is that the influences of geography proximity as well as the behavior and the social network embeddedness of technical subjects haven't been studied. Future study may focus at the social network embeddedness of Taiwan farmers and reconstruction of local social network to explore the diffusion network embeds in the social network.
引文
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(1)漳浦县统计局,国家统计局漳浦调查队.漳浦统计年鉴(内部资料).2015.
(1)由漳浦县统计局、国家统计局漳浦调查队编印,内部资料。
[2]Mansfield E.Technical change and the rate of imitation[J].Econometrica,1961,29(4):741-766.
[3]Rogers E M.Diffusion of innovations(3rd Ed)[M].New York:The Free Press,1983.
[4]Comin D,Hobijn B.Cross-country technology adoption:Making the theories face the facts[J].Journal of Monetary Economics,2004,51(1):39-83.
[5]Comin D,Hobijn B,Rovito E.Technology usage lags[J].Journal of Economic Growth,2008,13(4):237-256.
[6]胡晓兵,陈凡.农业技术哲学概论[M].沈阳:东北大学出版社,2008.[Hu Xiaobing,Chen Fan.An introduction to the philosophy of Agricultural Technology.Shenyang:Northeastern University Press,2008.]
[7]周灿,曾刚,王丰龙,等.中国电子信息产业创新网络与创新绩效研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(5):661-671.[Zhou Can,Zeng Gang,Wang Fenglong et al.Innovation network structure and innovative performance:A study of China’s electronic information industry.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(5):661-671.]
[8]马双,曾刚,吕国庆.基于不同空间尺度的上海市装备制造业创新网络演化分析[J].地理科学,2016,36(8):1155-1164.[Ma Shuang,Zeng Gang,Lyu Guoqing.The space-time evolution of innovation network of Shanghai equipment manufacturing industry at different spatial scales.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(8):1155-1164.]
[9]王俊松,颜燕,胡曙虹.中国城市技术创新能力的空间特征及影响因素--基于空间面板数据模型的研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(1):11-18.[Wang Junsong,Yan Yan,Hu Shuhong.Spatial pattern and determinants of Chinese urban innovative capabilities base on spatial panel data model.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(1):11-18.]
[10]Hagerstrand T.The propagation of innovation waves[M].Sweden:Lund University Press,1952.
[11]冯逃.地方性玉米品种“盛玉99”技术扩散实证研究[D].成都:四川农业大学,2014.[Feng Tao.An empirical study of local corn varieties’technology diffusion:Based on“Shengyu 99”in Dazhou.Chengdu:Sichuan Agricultural University,2014.]
[12]郭霞,王龙俊,董维春.江苏省小麦品种技术扩散的差异分析[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2008(1):42-47.[Guo Xia,Wang Longjun,Dong Weichun.An analysis of the differences in wheat variety technology extension in Jiangsu Province.Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition),2008(1):42-47.]
[13]Tessema Y M,Asafu-Adjaye J,Kassie M et al.Do neighbours matter in technology adoption?The case of conservation tillage in northwest Ethiopia[J].African Journal of Agricultural&Resource Economics,2016,11(3):211-225.
[14]吴娜琳,李二玲,李小建.特色种植专业村空间扩散及影响因素分析--以河南省柘城县辣椒种植为例[J].地理研究,2013,32(7):1303-1315.[Wu Nalin,Li Erling,Li Xiaojian.Spatial distribution of specialized vegetable cultivation villages and its influencing factors:A case study of capsicum plantation in Zhecheng County,Henan Province.Geographical Research,2013,32(7):1303-1315.]
[15]李普峰,李同昇,满明俊,等.农业技术扩散的时间过程及空间特征分析--以陕西省苹果种植技术为例[J].经济地理,2010,30(4):647-651.[Li Pufeng,Li Tongsheng,Man Mingjun et al.Time-process and spatial characteristics about agricultural technology diffusion-A case study of Shannxi apple-planting technology.Economic Geography,2010,30(4):647-651.]
[16]王武科,李同升,刘笑明.农业科技园技术扩散的实证研究--以杨凌示范区为例[J].经济地理,2008,28(4):661-666.[Wang Wuke,Li Tongsheng,Liu Xiaoming.Research on technological diffusion of agriculture science and technology garden:An example of Yangling demonstration zone.Economic Geography,2008,28(4):661-666.]
[17]刘笑明,李同昇,张建忠.基于小麦良种的农业技术创新扩散研究[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2011,27(2):148-153.[Liu Xiaoming,Li Tongsheng,Zhang Jianzhong.An empirical study on the spatial diffusion of agricultural technology innovation:Acase of wheat-seed.System Sciences and Comprehensive Studies in Agriculture,2011,27(2):148-153.]
[18]龙冬平,李同昇,于正松.农业技术扩散中的农户采用行为研究:国外进展与国内趋势[J].地域研究与开发,2014,33(5):132-139.[Long Dongping,Li Tongsheng,Yu Zhengsong.Research on behavior of farmers’adoption under technology diffusion of agriculture:A broad progress and domestic trends.Areal Research and Development,2014,33(5):132-139.]
[19]石洪景.农户对台湾农业技术的采用行为研究--基于福建省漳浦县的调查数据[J].科技管理研究,2015(17):136-145.[Shi Hongjing.Study on farmers’adoption of Taiwan agricultural technology-Survey data based on Zhangpu County,Fujian Province.Science and Technology Management Research,2015(17):136-145.]
[20]陈燕煌,庄佩芬.台湾在大陆农业直接投资的技术溢出效应分析[J].台湾农业探索,2014(1):26-29.[Chen Yanhuang,Zhuang Peifen.Analysis on technology spillover effect of Taiwan agricultural FDI in Chinese Mainland.Taiwan Agricultural Research,2014(1):26-29.]
[21]漳浦县地方志编纂委员会.漳浦县志[M].北京:方志出版社,1998.[Local Chronicle Compilation Committee.Annals of Zhangpu County.Beijing:Local Chronicles Press,1998.]
[22]中国热带作物学会热带园艺专业委员会.南方优稀果树栽培技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.[Tropical Horticulture Specialized Committee of Tropical Crops Society of China.Cultivation techniques of fine and rare fruit trees in the South.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000.]
[23]漳州市统计局.漳州统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015.[Bureau of Zhangzhou Statistical.Statistical yearbook of Zhangzhou.Beijing:China Statistical Publishing House,2015.]
[24]廖卫红,王军保.MMF模型在地基沉降预测中的应用研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2011,7(4):807-811.[Liao Weihong,Wang Junbao.Study on application of MMF Model to prediction of foundation settlement.Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2011,7(4):807-811.]
[25]徐玖平,廖志高.技术创新扩散速度模型[J].管理学报,2004(3):330-340.[Xu Jiuping,Liao Zhigao.Model for innovation diffusion rate.Chinese Journal of Management,2004(3):330-340.]
[26]吴娜琳,李立,李二玲,等.特色种植的空间持续性及其影响因素研究--以河南省封丘县树莓产业为例[J].地理科学,2018,38(3):428-436.[Wu Nalin,Li Li,Li Erling et al.The spatial continuity of specialized plantation:A case study of raspberry farm in Fengqiu County,Henan Province.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2018,38(3):428-436.]
[27]杨忠娜.梨树种植新技术扩散效率影响因素的实证研究与模型估算[D].石家庄:河北农业大学,2010.[Yang Zhongna.New technology to improve pear trees planted factors affecting diffusion efficiency of empirical research and model estimation.Shijiazhuang:Agricultural University of Hebei,2010.]
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(1)漳浦县统计局,国家统计局漳浦调查队.漳浦统计年鉴(内部资料).2015.
(1)由漳浦县统计局、国家统计局漳浦调查队编印,内部资料。