闽江下游不同碳组分及其通量特征
|
摘要
河流连接着地表主要碳库,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用.河流水体中不同碳组分的水平输送、水-气界面通量及其比例对认识河流在区域碳循环的作用具有重要意义. 2013年11月—2014年10月在闽江下游竹岐水文站连续进行采样,分析水样中c(DIC)(dissolved inorganic carbon,溶解性无机碳)、c(DOC)(dissolved organic carbon,溶解性有机碳)和c(POC)(particulate organic carbon,颗粒性有机碳),并结合相关参数估算闽江不同碳组分的水平及垂直通量.结果表明:①c (DIC)、c(DOC)、c(POC)分别为230～892、112～209、14～183μmol/L.②调查期间闽江总碳水平通量达46×1010g/a,其中,DIC水平通量为29×1010g/a,占总碳水平通量的63%; POC水平通量为6×1010g/a,相当于DOC水平通量(11×1010g/a)的55%.③不同组分的季节变化特征不同,c(DIC)在丰水期较低、枯水期升高,表明DIC输出受流域生态系统的供应限制;各月c(DOC)变化不大,表明流域DOC输出潜力较大; c(POC)在丰水期明显升高,枯水季较低;溶解态碳是河水碳组分的主要部分;年内各月DIC水平通量分配较均匀,有机碳水平通量集中在丰水期.④闽江竹岐水体p CO_2(二氧化碳分压)为1 500～6 400μatm (1 atm=101 325 Pa),是大气CO_2的"源",闽江下游水-气界面CO_2垂直通量约为DIC水平通量的2%,闽江下游河流DIC输出以水平输出为主.建议今后进一步开展闽江中典型流域和水域的碳组分调查,加强闽江碳组分输出的控制机制研究.
Linking the largest carbon pools,rivers play an essential role in global carbon cycle. Evaluating the horizontal flux of various carbon fractions,carbon dioxide emission and their proportion in the Minjiang River is important for understanding the regional carbon cycle. The monthly water sampling was conducted at Zhuqi hydrographic station in the lower reach of the Minjiang River from November2013 to October 2014. The contents of the DIC( dissolved inorganic carbon),DOC( dissolved organic carbon) and POC( particulate organic carbon) were determined and the horizontal/vertical fluxes of carbon fractions were estimated with relevant parameters. The results indicated that the ranges of c( DIC),c( DOC) and c( POC) were 230-892,112-209 and 14-183 μmol/L,respectively. The annual carbon horizontal flux of the Minjiang River was 46 × 1010 g/a,63% of which was DIC,serving as the main component. Meanwhile,DOC horizontal flux was 11×1010 g/a and POC horizontal flux was 6×1010 g/a,equivalent to 55% that of DOC. The dissolved carbon represented the majority of all fractions. Moreover,seasonal variabilities of carbon fractions were different. The DIC concentration decreased in wet season while increased during dry season,which indicated that DIC output was restricted by the supply of watershed ecosystem. The DOC concentration was largely invariable in contrast to the runoff variation and the POC concentration correlated positively with the discharge amounts. The DIC horizontal flux was evenly distributed throughout the year while organic carbon flux peaked in the wet season. The partial pressure of CO_2 on river surface ranged from 1,500 to 6,400 μatm( 1 atm = 101,325 Pa). Thus,lower reach of the Minjiang River was CO_2 source of the atmosphere. The estimated CO_2 vertical flux amounted to only 2% of DIC horizontal flux,which was the major components of the DIC efflux for the Minjiang River.
Linking the largest carbon pools,rivers play an essential role in global carbon cycle. Evaluating the horizontal flux of various carbon fractions,carbon dioxide emission and their proportion in the Minjiang River is important for understanding the regional carbon cycle. The monthly water sampling was conducted at Zhuqi hydrographic station in the lower reach of the Minjiang River from November2013 to October 2014. The contents of the DIC( dissolved inorganic carbon),DOC( dissolved organic carbon) and POC( particulate organic carbon) were determined and the horizontal/vertical fluxes of carbon fractions were estimated with relevant parameters. The results indicated that the ranges of c( DIC),c( DOC) and c( POC) were 230-892,112-209 and 14-183 μmol/L,respectively. The annual carbon horizontal flux of the Minjiang River was 46 × 1010 g/a,63% of which was DIC,serving as the main component. Meanwhile,DOC horizontal flux was 11×1010 g/a and POC horizontal flux was 6×1010 g/a,equivalent to 55% that of DOC. The dissolved carbon represented the majority of all fractions. Moreover,seasonal variabilities of carbon fractions were different. The DIC concentration decreased in wet season while increased during dry season,which indicated that DIC output was restricted by the supply of watershed ecosystem. The DOC concentration was largely invariable in contrast to the runoff variation and the POC concentration correlated positively with the discharge amounts. The DIC horizontal flux was evenly distributed throughout the year while organic carbon flux peaked in the wet season. The partial pressure of CO_2 on river surface ranged from 1,500 to 6,400 μatm( 1 atm = 101,325 Pa). Thus,lower reach of the Minjiang River was CO_2 source of the atmosphere. The estimated CO_2 vertical flux amounted to only 2% of DIC horizontal flux,which was the major components of the DIC efflux for the Minjiang River.
引文
[1] HEDGE J I. Global biogeochemical cycles:progress and problems[J].Marine Chemistry,1992,39:67-93.
[2] COLE J J,PRAIRIE Y T,CARACO N F,et al.Plumbing the global carbon cycle:integrating inland waters into the terrestrial carbon budget[J].Ecosystems,2007,10(1):172-185.
[3] KAO S J,LIU K K. Particulate organic carbon export from a subtropical mountainous river(Lanyang Hsi)in Taiwan[J].Limnology Oceanography,1996,41(8):1749-1757.
[4] GAO Yang,YANG Tiantian,WANG Yafeng,et al. Fate of rivertransported carbon in China:implications for carbon cycling in coastal ecosystems[J].Ecosystem Health and Sustainability,2017,3(3):e01265.
[5] WILLIAMS P M,DRUFFEL E R M. Radiocarbon in dissolved organic matter in the central North Pacific Ocean[J]. Nature,1987,330:246-248.
[6] DRUFFEL E R M,WILLIAMS P M,BAUER J E,et al.Cycling of dissolved and particulate organic matter in the open ocean[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,1992,97(10):15639-15659.
[7] FRANKIGNOULLE M,ABRIL G,BORGES A V,et al. Carbon dioxide emission from European estuaries[J]. Science,1998,282(5388):434.
[8] BORGES A V,DARCHAMBEAU F,TEODORU C R,et al.Globally significant greenhouse-gas emissions from African inland waters[J].Nature Geoscience,2015,8(8):637-642.
[9] HOTCHISS E R.Sources of and processes controlling CO2emissions change with the size of streams and rivers[J]. Nature Geoscience,2015,8:696-699.
[10] RAYMOND P A,HARTMANN J,LAUERWALD R,et al. Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters[J]. Nature,2013,503(7476):355-359.
[11] FRANKIGNOULLE M,ABRIL G,BORGES A,et al.Carbon dioxide emission from European estuaries[J]. Science,1998,282(5388):434-436.
[12] DEGENS E T,KEMPE S,RICHEY J E.Biogeochemistry of major world rivers,SCOPE report[M].New York:John Wiley,1991:169-211.
[13] ZHAI Weidong,DAI Minhan,CAI Weijun,et al. High partial pressure of CO2and its maintaining mechanism in a subtropical estuary:the Pearl River estuary,China[J]. Marine Chemistry,2005,93(1):21-32.
[14] YAO Guanrong,GAO Quanzhou,WANG Zhengang,et al.Dynamics of CO2partial pressure and CO2outgassing in the lower reaches of the Xijiang River,a subtropical monsoon river in China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2007,376:255-266.
[15] ZHAI Weidong,DAI Minhan,GUO Xianghui.Carbonate system and CO2degassing fluxes in the inner estuary of Changjiang(Yangtze)River,China[J].Marine Chemistry,2007,107(3):342-356.
[16] GUO Xianghui,DAI Minhan,ZHAI Weidong,et al. CO2flux and seasonal variability in a large subtropical estuarine system,the Pearl River estuary,China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences,2009,114:e03013.
[17] HUANG Wei,MCDOWELL W H,ZOU Xiaoming,et al. Dissolved organic carbon in headwater streams and riparian soil organic carbon along an altitudinal gradient in the Wuyi mountains,China[J].Plos One,2013,8(11):e78973.
[18]郭卫东,杨丽阳,王福利,等.水库型河流溶解有机物三维荧光光谱的平行因子分析[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2011,31(2):427-430.GUO Weidong,YANG Liyang,WANG Fuli,et al. Parallel factor analysis for excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy of dissolved organic matter from a reservoir-type river[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2011,31(2):427-420.
[19]王腾,刘广鹏,赵世烨,等.台风事件对闽江口上游营养盐和有机碳含量及通量的影响[J].应用海洋学学报,2016,35(1):38-46.WANG Teng,LIU Guangpeng,ZHAO Shiye,et al. Influence of two typhoon events on the content and flux of nutrient and organic carbon in the upper Minjiang estuary[J]. Journal of Applied Oceanography,2016,35(1):38-48.
[20] WANNINKHOF R. Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1992,97(S5):7373-7382.
[21] WEISS R F.Carbon dioxide in water and seawater:a solubility of a non-ideal gas[J].Marine Chemistry,1974(2):203-215.
[22] CAI Weijun,WANG Yongchen. The chemistry,fluxes,and sources of carbon dioxide in the estuarine waters of the Satilla and Altamaha rivers,Georgia[J]. Limnology and Oceanography,1998,43(4):657-668.
[23] WU Ying,ZHANG Jing,LIU Sumei,et al.Sources and distribution of carbon within the Yangtze River system[J]. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2007,71(1):13-25.
[24] HE Biyan,DAI Minhan,ZHAI Weidong,et al. Distribution,degradation and dynamics of dissolved organic carbon and its major compound classes in the Pearl River estuary,China[J]. Marine Chemistry,2010,119(1):52-64.
[25] DAI Minhan,YIN Zhiqiang,MENG Feifei,et al.Spatial distribution of riverine DOC inputs to the ocean:an updated global synthesis[J].Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2012,4(2):170-178.
[26]俞元春,何晟,WANG G G,等.杉木林土壤渗滤水溶解有机碳含量与迁移[J].林业科学,2006,42(1):122-125.YU Yuanchun,HE Sheng,WANG G G,et al.Concentration and flux of dissolved organic carbon in the soil percolating water of Chinese fir plantation[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2006,42(1):122-125.
[27]盛海燕,虞左明,韩轶才,等.亚热带大型河流型水库:富春江水库浮游植物群落及其与环境因子的关系[J].湖泊科学,2010,22(2):235-243.SHENG Haiyan,YU Zuoming,HAN Yicai,et al. Phytoplankton community and its relationship with environmental factors of a large riverine reservoir,Fuchunjiang Reservoir in subtropical China[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2010,22(2):235-243.
[28]陈聪聪,饶拉,黄金良,等.东南沿海河流-水库系统藻类生长营养盐限制季节变动[J].环境科学,2015,36(9):3238-3247.CHEN Congcong,RAO La,HUANG Jinliang,et al. Seasonal variation on nutrient limitation for phytoplankton growth in a coastal river-reservoir system,southeast China[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(9):3238-3247.
[29]中华人民共和国水利部.中国河流泥沙公报2015[M].北京:中国水利电力出版社,2015.
[30]胡朝阳,王二朋,王新强.水库与河道采砂共同作用下的河道演变分析[J].水资源与水工程学报,2015,26(3):178-183.HU Chaoyang,WANG Erpeng,WANG Xinqiang. Analysis of channel evolution under combined action of reservoir and channel sand excavation[J]. Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2015,26(3):178-183.
[31]沈焕庭,贺松林,茅志昌,等.中国河口最大浑浊带刍议[J].泥沙研究,2001(1):23-29.SHEN Huanting,HE Songlin,MAO Zhichang,et al.On the turbidity maximum in the Chinese estuaries[J]. Journal of Sediment Research,2001(1):23-29.
[32] TAKAHASHI T,OLAFSSON J. Seasonal variation of CO2and nutrients in the high-latitude surface oceans:a comparative study[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycle,1993,7(4):843-878.
[33] WILLEY J D,KIEBER R J,EYMAN M S,et al. Rainwater dissolved organic carbon:concentrations and global flux[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycle,2000,14(1):139-148.
[34] ZHANG Peng,PANG Yong,PAN Hongche,et al. Factors contributing to hypoxia in the Minjiang River estuary,southeast China[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2015,12(8):9357.
[35]祁第,翟惟东,陈能汪,等.九龙江的碳酸盐体系、CO2分压及其调控[J].地球与环境,2014,42(3):286-296.QI Di,ZHAI Weidong,CHENG Nengwang,et al. Carbonate system and partial pressure of CO2in the subtropical Jiulongjiang River,China:a discussion on controlling mechanisms[J]. Earth and Environment,2014,42(3):286-296.
[36]张向上,张龙军.黄河口无机碳输运过程对pH异常增高现象的响应[J].环境科学,2007,28(6):1216-1222.ZHANG Xiangshang,ZHANG Longjun. Phenomena of pH instant increasing and its effect on dissolved inorganic carbon flux to sea in Yellow River estuary[J]. Environmental Science,2007,28(6):1216-1222.
[37] ARTHUR-CHEN C T, WANG Shulun, LU Xixi, et al.Hydrogeochemistry and greenhouse gases of the pearl rivers,its estuary and beyond[J]. Quaternary International,2008,186(1):79-90.
[38]郭劲松,蒋滔,李哲,等.三峡水库澎溪河流域高阳回水区夏季水体CO2分压日变化特性[J].湖泊科学,2012,24(2):190-196.GUO Jinsong,JIANG Tao,LI Zhe,et al. Diurnal variation characteristics of p CO2in the summer water column of Gaoyang back water area in Pengxi River,Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Journal of Lake Science,2012,24(2):190-196.
[2] COLE J J,PRAIRIE Y T,CARACO N F,et al.Plumbing the global carbon cycle:integrating inland waters into the terrestrial carbon budget[J].Ecosystems,2007,10(1):172-185.
[3] KAO S J,LIU K K. Particulate organic carbon export from a subtropical mountainous river(Lanyang Hsi)in Taiwan[J].Limnology Oceanography,1996,41(8):1749-1757.
[4] GAO Yang,YANG Tiantian,WANG Yafeng,et al. Fate of rivertransported carbon in China:implications for carbon cycling in coastal ecosystems[J].Ecosystem Health and Sustainability,2017,3(3):e01265.
[5] WILLIAMS P M,DRUFFEL E R M. Radiocarbon in dissolved organic matter in the central North Pacific Ocean[J]. Nature,1987,330:246-248.
[6] DRUFFEL E R M,WILLIAMS P M,BAUER J E,et al.Cycling of dissolved and particulate organic matter in the open ocean[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,1992,97(10):15639-15659.
[7] FRANKIGNOULLE M,ABRIL G,BORGES A V,et al. Carbon dioxide emission from European estuaries[J]. Science,1998,282(5388):434.
[8] BORGES A V,DARCHAMBEAU F,TEODORU C R,et al.Globally significant greenhouse-gas emissions from African inland waters[J].Nature Geoscience,2015,8(8):637-642.
[9] HOTCHISS E R.Sources of and processes controlling CO2emissions change with the size of streams and rivers[J]. Nature Geoscience,2015,8:696-699.
[10] RAYMOND P A,HARTMANN J,LAUERWALD R,et al. Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters[J]. Nature,2013,503(7476):355-359.
[11] FRANKIGNOULLE M,ABRIL G,BORGES A,et al.Carbon dioxide emission from European estuaries[J]. Science,1998,282(5388):434-436.
[12] DEGENS E T,KEMPE S,RICHEY J E.Biogeochemistry of major world rivers,SCOPE report[M].New York:John Wiley,1991:169-211.
[13] ZHAI Weidong,DAI Minhan,CAI Weijun,et al. High partial pressure of CO2and its maintaining mechanism in a subtropical estuary:the Pearl River estuary,China[J]. Marine Chemistry,2005,93(1):21-32.
[14] YAO Guanrong,GAO Quanzhou,WANG Zhengang,et al.Dynamics of CO2partial pressure and CO2outgassing in the lower reaches of the Xijiang River,a subtropical monsoon river in China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2007,376:255-266.
[15] ZHAI Weidong,DAI Minhan,GUO Xianghui.Carbonate system and CO2degassing fluxes in the inner estuary of Changjiang(Yangtze)River,China[J].Marine Chemistry,2007,107(3):342-356.
[16] GUO Xianghui,DAI Minhan,ZHAI Weidong,et al. CO2flux and seasonal variability in a large subtropical estuarine system,the Pearl River estuary,China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences,2009,114:e03013.
[17] HUANG Wei,MCDOWELL W H,ZOU Xiaoming,et al. Dissolved organic carbon in headwater streams and riparian soil organic carbon along an altitudinal gradient in the Wuyi mountains,China[J].Plos One,2013,8(11):e78973.
[18]郭卫东,杨丽阳,王福利,等.水库型河流溶解有机物三维荧光光谱的平行因子分析[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2011,31(2):427-430.GUO Weidong,YANG Liyang,WANG Fuli,et al. Parallel factor analysis for excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy of dissolved organic matter from a reservoir-type river[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2011,31(2):427-420.
[19]王腾,刘广鹏,赵世烨,等.台风事件对闽江口上游营养盐和有机碳含量及通量的影响[J].应用海洋学学报,2016,35(1):38-46.WANG Teng,LIU Guangpeng,ZHAO Shiye,et al. Influence of two typhoon events on the content and flux of nutrient and organic carbon in the upper Minjiang estuary[J]. Journal of Applied Oceanography,2016,35(1):38-48.
[20] WANNINKHOF R. Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1992,97(S5):7373-7382.
[21] WEISS R F.Carbon dioxide in water and seawater:a solubility of a non-ideal gas[J].Marine Chemistry,1974(2):203-215.
[22] CAI Weijun,WANG Yongchen. The chemistry,fluxes,and sources of carbon dioxide in the estuarine waters of the Satilla and Altamaha rivers,Georgia[J]. Limnology and Oceanography,1998,43(4):657-668.
[23] WU Ying,ZHANG Jing,LIU Sumei,et al.Sources and distribution of carbon within the Yangtze River system[J]. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2007,71(1):13-25.
[24] HE Biyan,DAI Minhan,ZHAI Weidong,et al. Distribution,degradation and dynamics of dissolved organic carbon and its major compound classes in the Pearl River estuary,China[J]. Marine Chemistry,2010,119(1):52-64.
[25] DAI Minhan,YIN Zhiqiang,MENG Feifei,et al.Spatial distribution of riverine DOC inputs to the ocean:an updated global synthesis[J].Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2012,4(2):170-178.
[26]俞元春,何晟,WANG G G,等.杉木林土壤渗滤水溶解有机碳含量与迁移[J].林业科学,2006,42(1):122-125.YU Yuanchun,HE Sheng,WANG G G,et al.Concentration and flux of dissolved organic carbon in the soil percolating water of Chinese fir plantation[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2006,42(1):122-125.
[27]盛海燕,虞左明,韩轶才,等.亚热带大型河流型水库:富春江水库浮游植物群落及其与环境因子的关系[J].湖泊科学,2010,22(2):235-243.SHENG Haiyan,YU Zuoming,HAN Yicai,et al. Phytoplankton community and its relationship with environmental factors of a large riverine reservoir,Fuchunjiang Reservoir in subtropical China[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2010,22(2):235-243.
[28]陈聪聪,饶拉,黄金良,等.东南沿海河流-水库系统藻类生长营养盐限制季节变动[J].环境科学,2015,36(9):3238-3247.CHEN Congcong,RAO La,HUANG Jinliang,et al. Seasonal variation on nutrient limitation for phytoplankton growth in a coastal river-reservoir system,southeast China[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(9):3238-3247.
[29]中华人民共和国水利部.中国河流泥沙公报2015[M].北京:中国水利电力出版社,2015.
[30]胡朝阳,王二朋,王新强.水库与河道采砂共同作用下的河道演变分析[J].水资源与水工程学报,2015,26(3):178-183.HU Chaoyang,WANG Erpeng,WANG Xinqiang. Analysis of channel evolution under combined action of reservoir and channel sand excavation[J]. Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2015,26(3):178-183.
[31]沈焕庭,贺松林,茅志昌,等.中国河口最大浑浊带刍议[J].泥沙研究,2001(1):23-29.SHEN Huanting,HE Songlin,MAO Zhichang,et al.On the turbidity maximum in the Chinese estuaries[J]. Journal of Sediment Research,2001(1):23-29.
[32] TAKAHASHI T,OLAFSSON J. Seasonal variation of CO2and nutrients in the high-latitude surface oceans:a comparative study[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycle,1993,7(4):843-878.
[33] WILLEY J D,KIEBER R J,EYMAN M S,et al. Rainwater dissolved organic carbon:concentrations and global flux[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycle,2000,14(1):139-148.
[34] ZHANG Peng,PANG Yong,PAN Hongche,et al. Factors contributing to hypoxia in the Minjiang River estuary,southeast China[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2015,12(8):9357.
[35]祁第,翟惟东,陈能汪,等.九龙江的碳酸盐体系、CO2分压及其调控[J].地球与环境,2014,42(3):286-296.QI Di,ZHAI Weidong,CHENG Nengwang,et al. Carbonate system and partial pressure of CO2in the subtropical Jiulongjiang River,China:a discussion on controlling mechanisms[J]. Earth and Environment,2014,42(3):286-296.
[36]张向上,张龙军.黄河口无机碳输运过程对pH异常增高现象的响应[J].环境科学,2007,28(6):1216-1222.ZHANG Xiangshang,ZHANG Longjun. Phenomena of pH instant increasing and its effect on dissolved inorganic carbon flux to sea in Yellow River estuary[J]. Environmental Science,2007,28(6):1216-1222.
[37] ARTHUR-CHEN C T, WANG Shulun, LU Xixi, et al.Hydrogeochemistry and greenhouse gases of the pearl rivers,its estuary and beyond[J]. Quaternary International,2008,186(1):79-90.
[38]郭劲松,蒋滔,李哲,等.三峡水库澎溪河流域高阳回水区夏季水体CO2分压日变化特性[J].湖泊科学,2012,24(2):190-196.GUO Jinsong,JIANG Tao,LI Zhe,et al. Diurnal variation characteristics of p CO2in the summer water column of Gaoyang back water area in Pengxi River,Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Journal of Lake Science,2012,24(2):190-196.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |