硒、锌元素配施对紫花苜蓿产量、植株体内硒锌积累和氨基酸含量的影响
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摘要
在严重缺硒缺锌的石灰性土壤中,采用锌、硒两因素三水平(纯锌施用量分别0、0.10、0.40 g·kg~(-1),纯硒施用量0、0.30、1.80 mg·kg~(-1))完全设计盆栽基施的方法,以紫花苜蓿为对象,研究了硒、锌元素配施对紫花苜蓿产量、硒锌积累量和氨基酸含量与组成的影响,并采用氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)和必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)对紫花苜蓿氨基酸组成特点进行综合评价,从而探讨硒、锌复合微肥对紫花苜蓿营养价值的影响。结果表明,除单施低锌处理(0.10 g·kg~(-1))外,其他处理均显著提高苜蓿干草产量,硒是提高产量的主要因素,锌对提高苜蓿干草产量有促进作用,两者配合效果最好;单施硒或硒锌配施均极显著提高了苜蓿硒含量,硒锌间表现为协同作用;单施锌极显著提高了苜蓿锌含量,配施适量硒促进了紫花苜蓿对锌的吸收,但过量施硒不利于苜蓿对锌的吸收。各处理紫花苜蓿总氨基酸含量(T)在15.88～18.89 g·100 g~(-1)(以干重计),以低硒低锌处理(Se_1Zn_1)含量最高,高硒高锌处理(Se_2Zn_2)含量最低。各处理紫花苜蓿必需氨基酸含量(E)在5.11～6.45 g·100 g~(-1),以低硒高锌处理(Se_1Zn_2)含量最高,Se_2Zn_2处理含量最低;低硒(Se_1Zn_0)、高硒低锌(Se_2Zn_1)、高锌(Se_0Zn_2)与低硒高锌(Se_1Zn_2)等处理紫花苜蓿氨基酸E/T值接近40%。所有处理紫花苜蓿蛋白质的第一限制氨基酸均为含硫氨基酸(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)。可见,在严重缺硒和锌的石灰性土壤中,施锌量0.1～0.4 g·kg~(-1),施硒量0.3 mg·kg~(-1)不仅能提高紫花苜蓿产量,而且能改善其氨基酸组成和品质。
This experiment investigated the effect of added zinc(Zn) and selenium(Se) in calcareous soils with severe Zn and Se deficiencies, on alfalfa yield and herbage Zn, Se, and amino acid content in a pot experiment. The design was a 3×3 complete factorial with three levels of Zn(0, 0.10, 0.40 g·kg~(-1)), and three levels of Se, also(0, 0.30, 1.80 mg·kg~(-1)). A comprehensive evaluation of alfalfa herbage amino acid composition as indicated by the amino acid score(AAS), chemical score(CS) and essential amino acid index(EAAI), was also undertaken. It was found that all treatments expect for Zn alone at 0.10 g·kg~(-1) significantly increased alfalfa herbage yield. Se alone provided a greater increase in alfalfa herbage yield than Zn alone, and combined Se-Zn applications had the best effect. Similarly, alfalfa Se content was significantly increased by Se application, with combined application of Se and Zn showing a synergistic effect. Application of Zn significantly increased alfalfa Zn content, and combined application of Zn and Se at the lower rate promoted Zn absorption, whereas Se application at the higher rate was not conducive to Zn absorption. The total amino acid content of alfalfa herbage ranged from 15.88-18.89 g·100 g~(-1), with the Se_1Zn_1 treatment having the highest value, and the Se_2Zn_2 treatment having the lowest. Meanwhile essential amino acid content of alfalfa herbage ranged from 5.11-6.45 g·100 g~(-1), with the Se_1Zn_2 treatment having the highest values, and the Se_2Zn_2 treatment having the lowest value. The treatments Se_1Zn_0, Se_2Zn_1, Se_0Zn_2 and Se_1Zn_2 all had an essential∶total herbage amino acid value close to 40%. The first limiting amino acids in all treatments were the sulfur-containing amino acids(methionine+cystine). The results obtained in this study suggest that in the severely Se and Zn deficient calcareous soil tested, the optimal Zn application rate was 0.1-0.4 g·kg~(-1) soil, and the optimal Se application rate was 0.3 mg·kg~(-1) soil. These rates not only improved alfalfa herbage yield, but also improved amino acid composition and quality.
This experiment investigated the effect of added zinc(Zn) and selenium(Se) in calcareous soils with severe Zn and Se deficiencies, on alfalfa yield and herbage Zn, Se, and amino acid content in a pot experiment. The design was a 3×3 complete factorial with three levels of Zn(0, 0.10, 0.40 g·kg~(-1)), and three levels of Se, also(0, 0.30, 1.80 mg·kg~(-1)). A comprehensive evaluation of alfalfa herbage amino acid composition as indicated by the amino acid score(AAS), chemical score(CS) and essential amino acid index(EAAI), was also undertaken. It was found that all treatments expect for Zn alone at 0.10 g·kg~(-1) significantly increased alfalfa herbage yield. Se alone provided a greater increase in alfalfa herbage yield than Zn alone, and combined Se-Zn applications had the best effect. Similarly, alfalfa Se content was significantly increased by Se application, with combined application of Se and Zn showing a synergistic effect. Application of Zn significantly increased alfalfa Zn content, and combined application of Zn and Se at the lower rate promoted Zn absorption, whereas Se application at the higher rate was not conducive to Zn absorption. The total amino acid content of alfalfa herbage ranged from 15.88-18.89 g·100 g~(-1), with the Se_1Zn_1 treatment having the highest value, and the Se_2Zn_2 treatment having the lowest. Meanwhile essential amino acid content of alfalfa herbage ranged from 5.11-6.45 g·100 g~(-1), with the Se_1Zn_2 treatment having the highest values, and the Se_2Zn_2 treatment having the lowest value. The treatments Se_1Zn_0, Se_2Zn_1, Se_0Zn_2 and Se_1Zn_2 all had an essential∶total herbage amino acid value close to 40%. The first limiting amino acids in all treatments were the sulfur-containing amino acids(methionine+cystine). The results obtained in this study suggest that in the severely Se and Zn deficient calcareous soil tested, the optimal Zn application rate was 0.1-0.4 g·kg~(-1) soil, and the optimal Se application rate was 0.3 mg·kg~(-1) soil. These rates not only improved alfalfa herbage yield, but also improved amino acid composition and quality.
引文
[1]Liu Z. Agricultural chemistry of trace elements. Beijing: Agricultural Press, 1991: 202-312.刘铮. 微量元素的农业化学. 北京: 农业出版社, 1991: 202-312.
[2]Hu H F, Hu C X, Jie X L, et al. Effects of selenium on herbage yield, selenium nutrition and quality of alfalfa. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 2010, 8(2): 792-795.
[3]Weng B Q, Huang D F, Xiong D Z, et al. Effects of selenium on Chamaecrista rotundifolia growth, nutrient absorption and nitrogen fixing ability. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(6): 1056-1060. 翁伯琦, 黄东风, 熊德中, 等. 硒肥对豆科牧草圆叶决明生长和植株养分含量及其固氮能力的影响. 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(6): 1056-1060.
[4]Liu S L, Ma C, Jie X L, et al. Effect of spurting zinc sulfate on leaf surface on yield and quality of alfalfa. Grassland and Turf, 2008, 6: 10-14.刘世亮, 马闯, 介晓磊, 等. 喷施硫酸锌对紫花苜蓿草产量和品质的影响. 草原与草坪, 2008, 6: 10-14.
[5]Wang Z L, Du J C, Li Q F. Amino acid analysis of 12 alfalfa materials. Grassland of China, 2004, 26(1): 28-33.王照兰, 杜建材, 李青丰. 12份苜蓿种质材料的氨基酸分析. 中国草地, 2004, 26(1): 28-33.
[6]Liu Y H, Chen J L, Zhang H R, et al. A study on amino acid characteristics and nutritive value of forages in the desert grasslands of Alxa. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2008, 17(6): 25-33.刘永红, 陈菊兰, 张洪荣, 等. 阿拉善荒漠草地牧草氨基酸组成特点与营养价值研究. 草业学报, 2008, 17(6): 25-33.
[7]Wei X H, Wang J, Ma X L, et al. Seasonal dynamics of carbohydrate and amino acid in alpine meadow of Qinghai Tibetan plateau. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2005, 14(3): 94-99.魏小红, 王静, 马向丽, 等. 高寒地区牧草碳水化合物及氨基酸含量季节动态研究. 草业学报, 2005, 14(3): 94-99.
[8]Bao S D. Soil agro-chemistrical analysis. Beijing: China Agricultural Press, 2007.鲍士旦. 土壤农化分析. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2007.
[9]Bano Zand Rajrathnam S. Pleurotus mushroom as a nutritious food//The tropical mushrooms biological nature and cultivation methods. Hongkong: The Chinese University Press, 1992: 363-380.
[10]FAO/WHO. Energy and protein requirement. Geneva: WHO, 1973: 62-64.
[11]Peng Z H, Gong M F. Protein nutrition evaluation and its application in nutrition evaluation of edible fungi. Acta Edulis Fungi, 1996, 3(3): 56-64.彭智华, 龚敏方. 蛋白质的营养评价及其在食用菌营养评价上的应用. 食用菌学报, 1996, 3(3): 56-64.
[12]Penaflorida. An evaluation of indigenous protein sources as potential component in the diet formulation for tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, using essential amino acid index (EAAI). Aquaculture, 1989, 83: 319-330.
[13]Li X D. Influence of alfalfa hay on performance and cholesterol and meat quality of cattle. Zhengzhou: Henan Agricultural University, 2010: 23-24.李晓东. 紫花苜蓿青干草对肉牛生产性能、胆固醇代谢及肌肉品质的影响. 郑州: 河南农业大学, 2010: 23-24.
[14]Chen J H, Wang C Z, Yan X B, et al. Effect of alfalfa meal on growth and meat amino acid content of meat rabbit. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2010, 18(3): 463-468.陈继红, 王成章, 严学兵, 等. 苜蓿草粉对肉兔生产性能和肌肉氨基酸含量的影响. 草地学报, 2010, 18(3): 463-468.
[15]Shao J L, Li Q W, Liu H C, et al. Determination of amino acids content in goat meat and its nutrition evaluation. Meat Research, 2008, 8: 60-62.邵金良, 黎其万, 刘宏程, 等. 山羊肉中氨基酸含量测定及营养分析. 肉类研究, 2008, 8: 60-62.
[16]Feng D X, Zhao B G. The essential amino acid index (EAAI) evaluation of new protein sources. China Feed, 1997, 7: 10-13.冯东勋, 赵保国. 利用必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)评价新饲料蛋白源. 中国饲料, 1997, 7: 10-13.
[17]Zhang L P, Wu J P, Wang X J, et al. Study on the amino acid content and nutrient analysis of alfalfa bud and its product. Food Science and Technology, 2006, 12: 141-144.张利平, 吴建平, 汪晓娟, 等. 紫花苜蓿芽及其产品中氨基酸含量的测定与营养分析. 食品科技, 2006, 12: 141-144.
[18]Hu H F, Jie X L, Liu F, et al. Effect of selenium (Se) on herbage yield and quality of alfalfa. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2008, 16(5): 501-505.胡华锋, 介晓磊, 刘芳, 等. 硒对紫花苜蓿产草量和品质的影响. 草地学报, 2008, 16(5): 501-505.
[19]Tang L, Lin J H, Yan G X, et al. Effects of Cu, Zn and Se on contents of total flavonlid, chlorogenic acid and Se in the flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2009, 15(6): 1475-1480.汤璐, 林江辉, 闫广轩, 等. 铜、锌、硒对药用菊花主要有效成分和花中硒含量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2009, 15(6): 1475-1480.
[20]Du Q, Wang C Q, Li B, et al. Effects of Se, Zn and their interaction on the subcellular distribution of selenium in spring tea leaves. Acta Horticulture Sinica, 2010, 37(5): 794-800.杜倩, 王昌全, 李冰, 等. 硒、锌及其交互作用对春茶亚细胞中硒分布的影响. 园艺学报, 2010, 37(5): 794-800.
[21]Jiang J, Yang B L, Wang B, et al. Analysis of amino acids compositions and contents in different parts of alfalfa. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Science, 2008, 36(29): 12643-12644, 12649.姜健, 杨宝灵, 王冰, 等. 苜蓿不同部位的氨基酸组成及含量分析. 安徽农业科学, 2008, 36(29): 12643-12644, 12649.
[22]Liu L, Zhang W, Chen Y T, et al. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions for the preparation of antioxidant peptides and amino acid composition analysis from alfalfa leaf protein. Food Science, 2017, 38(14): 263-269.刘龙, 张炜, 陈元涛, 等. 紫花苜蓿叶蛋白制备抗氧化肽酶解条件优化及氨基酸组成分析. 食品科学, 2017, 38(14): 263-269.
[23]Sun Q Y. The nutritional value of alfalfa and its application in the production of meat rabbit. Chinese Journal of Rabbit Farming, 2012, 7: 19-20.孙全友. 紫花苜蓿的营养价值及其在肉兔生产中的应用进展. 中国养兔, 2012, 7: 19-20.
[24]Liu Q G, Tian L P, Jiang H, et al. The content of amino acid in the leaf protein of alfalfa and its nutritive analysis. Journal of Henan University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2005, 26(2): 36-39.刘青广, 田丽萍, 姜红, 等. 苜蓿叶蛋白中氨基酸的含量及营养分析. 河南工业大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 26(2): 36-39.
[25]He J H, Li F L. Research on the amino acid composition and evaluation of Symphytum pezegrinum L. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2010, 32(3): 117-120.何金环, 李凤玲. 聚合草的氨基酸组成及评价研究. 中国草地学报, 2010, 32(3): 117-120.
[2]Hu H F, Hu C X, Jie X L, et al. Effects of selenium on herbage yield, selenium nutrition and quality of alfalfa. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 2010, 8(2): 792-795.
[3]Weng B Q, Huang D F, Xiong D Z, et al. Effects of selenium on Chamaecrista rotundifolia growth, nutrient absorption and nitrogen fixing ability. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(6): 1056-1060. 翁伯琦, 黄东风, 熊德中, 等. 硒肥对豆科牧草圆叶决明生长和植株养分含量及其固氮能力的影响. 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(6): 1056-1060.
[4]Liu S L, Ma C, Jie X L, et al. Effect of spurting zinc sulfate on leaf surface on yield and quality of alfalfa. Grassland and Turf, 2008, 6: 10-14.刘世亮, 马闯, 介晓磊, 等. 喷施硫酸锌对紫花苜蓿草产量和品质的影响. 草原与草坪, 2008, 6: 10-14.
[5]Wang Z L, Du J C, Li Q F. Amino acid analysis of 12 alfalfa materials. Grassland of China, 2004, 26(1): 28-33.王照兰, 杜建材, 李青丰. 12份苜蓿种质材料的氨基酸分析. 中国草地, 2004, 26(1): 28-33.
[6]Liu Y H, Chen J L, Zhang H R, et al. A study on amino acid characteristics and nutritive value of forages in the desert grasslands of Alxa. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2008, 17(6): 25-33.刘永红, 陈菊兰, 张洪荣, 等. 阿拉善荒漠草地牧草氨基酸组成特点与营养价值研究. 草业学报, 2008, 17(6): 25-33.
[7]Wei X H, Wang J, Ma X L, et al. Seasonal dynamics of carbohydrate and amino acid in alpine meadow of Qinghai Tibetan plateau. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2005, 14(3): 94-99.魏小红, 王静, 马向丽, 等. 高寒地区牧草碳水化合物及氨基酸含量季节动态研究. 草业学报, 2005, 14(3): 94-99.
[8]Bao S D. Soil agro-chemistrical analysis. Beijing: China Agricultural Press, 2007.鲍士旦. 土壤农化分析. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2007.
[9]Bano Zand Rajrathnam S. Pleurotus mushroom as a nutritious food//The tropical mushrooms biological nature and cultivation methods. Hongkong: The Chinese University Press, 1992: 363-380.
[10]FAO/WHO. Energy and protein requirement. Geneva: WHO, 1973: 62-64.
[11]Peng Z H, Gong M F. Protein nutrition evaluation and its application in nutrition evaluation of edible fungi. Acta Edulis Fungi, 1996, 3(3): 56-64.彭智华, 龚敏方. 蛋白质的营养评价及其在食用菌营养评价上的应用. 食用菌学报, 1996, 3(3): 56-64.
[12]Penaflorida. An evaluation of indigenous protein sources as potential component in the diet formulation for tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, using essential amino acid index (EAAI). Aquaculture, 1989, 83: 319-330.
[13]Li X D. Influence of alfalfa hay on performance and cholesterol and meat quality of cattle. Zhengzhou: Henan Agricultural University, 2010: 23-24.李晓东. 紫花苜蓿青干草对肉牛生产性能、胆固醇代谢及肌肉品质的影响. 郑州: 河南农业大学, 2010: 23-24.
[14]Chen J H, Wang C Z, Yan X B, et al. Effect of alfalfa meal on growth and meat amino acid content of meat rabbit. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2010, 18(3): 463-468.陈继红, 王成章, 严学兵, 等. 苜蓿草粉对肉兔生产性能和肌肉氨基酸含量的影响. 草地学报, 2010, 18(3): 463-468.
[15]Shao J L, Li Q W, Liu H C, et al. Determination of amino acids content in goat meat and its nutrition evaluation. Meat Research, 2008, 8: 60-62.邵金良, 黎其万, 刘宏程, 等. 山羊肉中氨基酸含量测定及营养分析. 肉类研究, 2008, 8: 60-62.
[16]Feng D X, Zhao B G. The essential amino acid index (EAAI) evaluation of new protein sources. China Feed, 1997, 7: 10-13.冯东勋, 赵保国. 利用必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)评价新饲料蛋白源. 中国饲料, 1997, 7: 10-13.
[17]Zhang L P, Wu J P, Wang X J, et al. Study on the amino acid content and nutrient analysis of alfalfa bud and its product. Food Science and Technology, 2006, 12: 141-144.张利平, 吴建平, 汪晓娟, 等. 紫花苜蓿芽及其产品中氨基酸含量的测定与营养分析. 食品科技, 2006, 12: 141-144.
[18]Hu H F, Jie X L, Liu F, et al. Effect of selenium (Se) on herbage yield and quality of alfalfa. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2008, 16(5): 501-505.胡华锋, 介晓磊, 刘芳, 等. 硒对紫花苜蓿产草量和品质的影响. 草地学报, 2008, 16(5): 501-505.
[19]Tang L, Lin J H, Yan G X, et al. Effects of Cu, Zn and Se on contents of total flavonlid, chlorogenic acid and Se in the flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2009, 15(6): 1475-1480.汤璐, 林江辉, 闫广轩, 等. 铜、锌、硒对药用菊花主要有效成分和花中硒含量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2009, 15(6): 1475-1480.
[20]Du Q, Wang C Q, Li B, et al. Effects of Se, Zn and their interaction on the subcellular distribution of selenium in spring tea leaves. Acta Horticulture Sinica, 2010, 37(5): 794-800.杜倩, 王昌全, 李冰, 等. 硒、锌及其交互作用对春茶亚细胞中硒分布的影响. 园艺学报, 2010, 37(5): 794-800.
[21]Jiang J, Yang B L, Wang B, et al. Analysis of amino acids compositions and contents in different parts of alfalfa. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Science, 2008, 36(29): 12643-12644, 12649.姜健, 杨宝灵, 王冰, 等. 苜蓿不同部位的氨基酸组成及含量分析. 安徽农业科学, 2008, 36(29): 12643-12644, 12649.
[22]Liu L, Zhang W, Chen Y T, et al. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions for the preparation of antioxidant peptides and amino acid composition analysis from alfalfa leaf protein. Food Science, 2017, 38(14): 263-269.刘龙, 张炜, 陈元涛, 等. 紫花苜蓿叶蛋白制备抗氧化肽酶解条件优化及氨基酸组成分析. 食品科学, 2017, 38(14): 263-269.
[23]Sun Q Y. The nutritional value of alfalfa and its application in the production of meat rabbit. Chinese Journal of Rabbit Farming, 2012, 7: 19-20.孙全友. 紫花苜蓿的营养价值及其在肉兔生产中的应用进展. 中国养兔, 2012, 7: 19-20.
[24]Liu Q G, Tian L P, Jiang H, et al. The content of amino acid in the leaf protein of alfalfa and its nutritive analysis. Journal of Henan University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2005, 26(2): 36-39.刘青广, 田丽萍, 姜红, 等. 苜蓿叶蛋白中氨基酸的含量及营养分析. 河南工业大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 26(2): 36-39.
[25]He J H, Li F L. Research on the amino acid composition and evaluation of Symphytum pezegrinum L. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2010, 32(3): 117-120.何金环, 李凤玲. 聚合草的氨基酸组成及评价研究. 中国草地学报, 2010, 32(3): 117-120.