氮肥减量深施对双季稻产量和氧化亚氮排放的影响
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摘要
稻田生态系统是重要的N_2O排放源,氮肥施用是促进稻田N_2O排放的主要影响因素之一。研究合理的氮肥管理措施对减少稻田N_2O排放和维持水稻高产具有重要意义。本研究以湖南典型红壤双季稻田系统为对象,以常规施氮(CF,早、晚稻施氮量均为150kg N·hm-2)为对照,在氮肥深施条件下,设置3个减氮水平(分别减氮30%、23%和16%),研究氮肥减量深施对双季稻产量及N_2O排放的影响,连续2年的田间试验。结果表明:通过化肥点状深施到土表下约7 cm,减少30%氮肥用量可以显著提高双季稻有效穗数和实粒数,使双季稻平均增产5%;氮肥减量深施可显著降低双季稻田的N_2O排放;减氮30%处理的早、晚稻季N_2O累积排放量较CF处理降低了57%和72%;氮肥减量深施还影响双季稻田N_2O排放模式; CF处理的N_2O排放峰值出现在分蘖期,而氮肥减量深施处理除在双季稻返青期和成熟期略有N_2O排放,其余生育期间几乎无N_2O排放。通过氮肥深施,适当减少氮肥施用量可以维持双季稻产量稳定和降低双季稻田N_2O排放。
Paddy field is an important N_2O emission source. Nitrogen fertilization is one of the main influencing factors for N_2O emissions from paddy field. Therefore,it is significant to clarify reasonable nitrogen fertilization to maintain high rice yield and reduce N_2O emissions. With the conventional fertilization as control( CF,150 kg N · hm-2in the early and late season rice,respectively),three nitrogen application rates( nitrogen fertilizer reduction 30%,23%,and16%,respectively) were set up with deep placement to examine the effects of reduction and deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer on rice yield and N_2O emissions from double cropping paddy field.The results of a two-year field experiment showed that,through applying chemical fertilizers at a depth of 7 cm in soil,nitrogen fertilizer reduction 30% significantly increased the numbers of productive ear and grains and increased grain yield by 5%. Reduction and deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer obviously reduced N_2O emissions from double cropping paddy field. Compared with CF treatment,nitrogen fertilizer reduction 30% significantly diminished the accumulative emission of N_2O by 57% and 72% in the early and late growing season,respectively. In addition,reduction and deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer changed the N_2O emission pattern. The N_2O emission peak appeared at the tillering stage in the CF treatment,while there was only low N_2O emission at the seeding establishment and ripening stages in the treatments with reduction and deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer. In conclusion,rational nitrogen fertilizer reduction combined with deep placement can maintain grain yield and mitigate N_2O emissions from double cropping paddy field.
Paddy field is an important N_2O emission source. Nitrogen fertilization is one of the main influencing factors for N_2O emissions from paddy field. Therefore,it is significant to clarify reasonable nitrogen fertilization to maintain high rice yield and reduce N_2O emissions. With the conventional fertilization as control( CF,150 kg N · hm-2in the early and late season rice,respectively),three nitrogen application rates( nitrogen fertilizer reduction 30%,23%,and16%,respectively) were set up with deep placement to examine the effects of reduction and deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer on rice yield and N_2O emissions from double cropping paddy field.The results of a two-year field experiment showed that,through applying chemical fertilizers at a depth of 7 cm in soil,nitrogen fertilizer reduction 30% significantly increased the numbers of productive ear and grains and increased grain yield by 5%. Reduction and deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer obviously reduced N_2O emissions from double cropping paddy field. Compared with CF treatment,nitrogen fertilizer reduction 30% significantly diminished the accumulative emission of N_2O by 57% and 72% in the early and late growing season,respectively. In addition,reduction and deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer changed the N_2O emission pattern. The N_2O emission peak appeared at the tillering stage in the CF treatment,while there was only low N_2O emission at the seeding establishment and ripening stages in the treatments with reduction and deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer. In conclusion,rational nitrogen fertilizer reduction combined with deep placement can maintain grain yield and mitigate N_2O emissions from double cropping paddy field.
引文
白小琳,张海林,陈阜,等.2010.耕作措施对双季稻田CH4与N2O排放的影响.农业工程学报,26(1):282-289.
栗丽,洪坚平,王宏庭,等.2013.水氮互作对冬小麦氮素吸收分配及土壤硝态氮积累的影响.水土保持学报,27(3):138-142.
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刘红江,郑建初,郭智,等.2016.太湖地区氮肥减量对水稻氮素吸收利用的影响.生态学杂志,35(11):2960-2965.
刘晓伟,陈小琴,王火焰,等.2017.根区一次施氮提高水稻氮肥利用效率的效果和原理.土壤,49(5):868-875.
鲁如坤.2000.土壤农业化学分析.北京:中国农业出版社.
彭少兵,黄见良,钟旭华,等.2002.提高中国稻田氮肥利用率的研究策略.中国农业科学,35(9):1095-1103.
王聪,沈健林,郑亮,等.2014.猪粪化肥配施对双季稻田CH4和N2O排放及其全球增温潜势的影响.环境科学,35(8):3120-3127.
王火焰,周健民.2013.根区施肥---提高肥料养分利用率和减少面源污染的关键和必需措施.土壤,45(5):785-790.
薛峰,颜廷梅,乔俊,等.2009.太湖地区稻田减量施肥的环境效益和经济效益分析.生态与农村环境学报,25(4):26-31.
张洪程,王秀芹,戴其根,等.2003.施氮量对杂交稻两优培九产量、品质及吸氮特性的影响.中国农业科学,36(7):800-806.
Cai ZC,Xing GX,Yan XY,et al.1997.Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddy fields as affected by nitrogen fertilisers and water management.Plant and Soil,196:7-14.
Datta SKD.1986.Improving nitrogen fertilizer efficiency in lowland rice in tropical Asia//Datta SKD,Patrick WH,eds.Nitrogen Economy of Flooded Rice Soils.Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences.Springer Dordrecht:171-186.
Eichner MJ.1990.Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized soils:Summary of available data.Journal of Environmental Quality,19:272-280.
Hou HJ,Peng SZ,Xu JZ,et al.2012.Seasonal variations of CH4,and N2O emissions in response to water management of paddy fields located in southeast china.Chemosphere,89:884-892.
Huang B,Yu K,Gambrell RP.2009.Effects of ferric iron reduction and regeneration on nitrous oxide and methane emissions in a rice soil.Chemosphere,74:481-486.
Liu B,Mrkved PT,Frostegrd,et al.2010.Denitrification gene pools,transcription and kinetics of NO,N2O and N2production as affected by soil p H.FEMS Microbiology Ecology,72:407-417.
Liu JB,Hou HJ,Sheng R,et al.2012.Denitrifying communities differentially respond to flooding drying cycles in paddy soils.Applied Soil Ecology,62:155-162.
Liu XY,Wang HY,Zhou JM,et al.2013.Effect of nitrogen root zone fertilization on rice yield,uptake and utilization of macronutrient in lower reaches of Yangtze River,China.Paddy and Water Environment,15:625-638.
Ma J,Li XL,Xu H,et al.2007.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and wheat straw application on CH4and N2O emissions from a paddy rice field.Soil Research,45:359-367.
Qiao J,Yang LZ,Yan TM,et al.2012.Nitrogen fertilizer reduction in rice production for two consecutive years in the Taihu Lake area.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,146:103-112.
Rodhe H.1990.A comparison of the contribution of various gases to the greenhouse effect.Science,248:1217-1219.
Yang SH,Peng SZ,Xu JZ,et al.2012.Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from paddy field as affected by water-saving irrigation.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,53-54:30-37.
Ye RW,Averill BA,Tiedje JM.1994.Denitrification:Production and consumption of nitric oxide.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,60:1053-1058.
Zhang XX,Yin S,Li YS,et al.2014.Comparison of greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddy fields under different nitrogen fertilization loads in Chongming Island,eastern China.Science of the Total Environment,472:381-388.
Zhu ZL,Chen DL.2002.Nitrogen fertilizer use in China:Contributions to food production,impacts on the environment and best management strategies.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,63:117-127.
Zou JW,Huang Y,Lu YY,et al.2005.Direct emission factor for NO from rice-winter wheat rotation systems in southeast china.Atmospheric Environment,39:4755-4765.
栗丽,洪坚平,王宏庭,等.2013.水氮互作对冬小麦氮素吸收分配及土壤硝态氮积累的影响.水土保持学报,27(3):138-142.
刘代欢.2011.小麦水稻氮磷肥减施途径研究(博士后出站报告).南京:中国科学院南京土壤研究所.
刘红江,郑建初,郭智,等.2016.太湖地区氮肥减量对水稻氮素吸收利用的影响.生态学杂志,35(11):2960-2965.
刘晓伟,陈小琴,王火焰,等.2017.根区一次施氮提高水稻氮肥利用效率的效果和原理.土壤,49(5):868-875.
鲁如坤.2000.土壤农业化学分析.北京:中国农业出版社.
彭少兵,黄见良,钟旭华,等.2002.提高中国稻田氮肥利用率的研究策略.中国农业科学,35(9):1095-1103.
王聪,沈健林,郑亮,等.2014.猪粪化肥配施对双季稻田CH4和N2O排放及其全球增温潜势的影响.环境科学,35(8):3120-3127.
王火焰,周健民.2013.根区施肥---提高肥料养分利用率和减少面源污染的关键和必需措施.土壤,45(5):785-790.
薛峰,颜廷梅,乔俊,等.2009.太湖地区稻田减量施肥的环境效益和经济效益分析.生态与农村环境学报,25(4):26-31.
张洪程,王秀芹,戴其根,等.2003.施氮量对杂交稻两优培九产量、品质及吸氮特性的影响.中国农业科学,36(7):800-806.
Cai ZC,Xing GX,Yan XY,et al.1997.Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddy fields as affected by nitrogen fertilisers and water management.Plant and Soil,196:7-14.
Datta SKD.1986.Improving nitrogen fertilizer efficiency in lowland rice in tropical Asia//Datta SKD,Patrick WH,eds.Nitrogen Economy of Flooded Rice Soils.Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences.Springer Dordrecht:171-186.
Eichner MJ.1990.Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized soils:Summary of available data.Journal of Environmental Quality,19:272-280.
Hou HJ,Peng SZ,Xu JZ,et al.2012.Seasonal variations of CH4,and N2O emissions in response to water management of paddy fields located in southeast china.Chemosphere,89:884-892.
Huang B,Yu K,Gambrell RP.2009.Effects of ferric iron reduction and regeneration on nitrous oxide and methane emissions in a rice soil.Chemosphere,74:481-486.
Liu B,Mrkved PT,Frostegrd,et al.2010.Denitrification gene pools,transcription and kinetics of NO,N2O and N2production as affected by soil p H.FEMS Microbiology Ecology,72:407-417.
Liu JB,Hou HJ,Sheng R,et al.2012.Denitrifying communities differentially respond to flooding drying cycles in paddy soils.Applied Soil Ecology,62:155-162.
Liu XY,Wang HY,Zhou JM,et al.2013.Effect of nitrogen root zone fertilization on rice yield,uptake and utilization of macronutrient in lower reaches of Yangtze River,China.Paddy and Water Environment,15:625-638.
Ma J,Li XL,Xu H,et al.2007.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and wheat straw application on CH4and N2O emissions from a paddy rice field.Soil Research,45:359-367.
Qiao J,Yang LZ,Yan TM,et al.2012.Nitrogen fertilizer reduction in rice production for two consecutive years in the Taihu Lake area.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,146:103-112.
Rodhe H.1990.A comparison of the contribution of various gases to the greenhouse effect.Science,248:1217-1219.
Yang SH,Peng SZ,Xu JZ,et al.2012.Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from paddy field as affected by water-saving irrigation.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,53-54:30-37.
Ye RW,Averill BA,Tiedje JM.1994.Denitrification:Production and consumption of nitric oxide.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,60:1053-1058.
Zhang XX,Yin S,Li YS,et al.2014.Comparison of greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddy fields under different nitrogen fertilization loads in Chongming Island,eastern China.Science of the Total Environment,472:381-388.
Zhu ZL,Chen DL.2002.Nitrogen fertilizer use in China:Contributions to food production,impacts on the environment and best management strategies.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,63:117-127.
Zou JW,Huang Y,Lu YY,et al.2005.Direct emission factor for NO from rice-winter wheat rotation systems in southeast china.Atmospheric Environment,39:4755-4765.