基于有机光电材料的太赫兹波调制器件研究进展
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摘要
有机光电材料具有制备成本低、加工难度小、易于工业化生产等特点,已经广泛应用于平板显示、照明、光伏电池等工业领域,近年来也广泛应用于太赫兹波动态调制的研究中。本研究主要综述了基于有机光电材料的太赫兹波调制器件的研究进展,分析了光调制及电调制两种调制方法的原理和优缺点,介绍了近几年来将有机光电材料应用于太赫兹波调制所取得的一系列科研成果。有机光电材料可以为实现太赫兹调制器件提供新的研究思路。
Organic optoelectronic materials exhibit various advantages, including low cost, low processing complexity, and relatively easy industrial production. Because of their excellent optoelectronic properties, such materials have been extensively used in flat panel displays, lighting, photovoltaic cells, and other industrial fields. Recently, organic optoelectronic materials have been extensively employed in terahertz wave dynamic modulation research. In this study, we introduce a series of research achievements with respect to the terahertz wave modulators of organic optoelectronic materials. Further, the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of optical modulation and electrical modulation are analyzed. Additionally, the recent scientific research achievements associated with the application of organic optoelectronic materials to terahertz wave modulation are discussed. This study indicates that organic optoelectronic materials can provide new research ideas to realize efficient terahertz wave modulators.
Organic optoelectronic materials exhibit various advantages, including low cost, low processing complexity, and relatively easy industrial production. Because of their excellent optoelectronic properties, such materials have been extensively used in flat panel displays, lighting, photovoltaic cells, and other industrial fields. Recently, organic optoelectronic materials have been extensively employed in terahertz wave dynamic modulation research. In this study, we introduce a series of research achievements with respect to the terahertz wave modulators of organic optoelectronic materials. Further, the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of optical modulation and electrical modulation are analyzed. Additionally, the recent scientific research achievements associated with the application of organic optoelectronic materials to terahertz wave modulation are discussed. This study indicates that organic optoelectronic materials can provide new research ideas to realize efficient terahertz wave modulators.
引文
[1] Lee Y S.Principles of terahertz science and technology[M].Heidelberg:Springer,2009:1-56.
[2] Saeedkia D.Handbook of terahertz technology for imaging,sensing and communications[M].Cambridge:Woodhead Publishing,2013.
[3] Federici J,Moeller L.Review of terahertz and subterahertz wireless communications[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2010,107(11):111101.
[4] Song H J,Nagatsuma T.Present and future of terahertz communications[J].IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology,2011,1(1):256-263.
[5] Kleine-Ostmann T,Nagatsuma T.A review on terahertz communications research[J].Journal of Infrared,Millimeter,and Terahertz Waves,2011,32(2):143-171.
[6] Libon I H,Baumg?rtner S,Hempel M,et al.An optically controllable terahertz filter[J].Applied Physics Letters,2000,76(20):2821-2823.
[7] Tan Z Y,Chen Z,Cao J C,et al.Wireless terahertz light transmission based on digitally-modulated terahertz quantum-cascade laser[J].Chinese Optics Letters,2013,11(3):031403.
[8] Suzuki S,Asada M,Teranishi A,et al.Fundamental oscillation of resonant tunneling diodes above 1 THz at room temperature[J].Applied Physics Letters,2010,97(24):242102.
[9] Ishigaki K,Shiraishi M,Suzuki S,et al.Direct intensity modulation and wireless data transmission characteristics of terahertz-oscillating resonant tunnelling diodes[J].Electronics Letters,2012,48(10):582-583.
[10] Gu J Q,Singh R,Liu X J,et al.Active control of electromagnetically induced transparency analogue in terahertz metamaterials[J].Nature Communications,2012,3:1151.
[11] Suzuki D,Oda S,Kawano Y.GaAs/AlGaAs field-effect transistor for tunable terahertz detection and spectroscopy with built-in signal modulation[J].Applied Physics Letters,2013,102(12):122102.
[12] Goldflam M D,Driscoll T,Chapler B,et al.Reconfigurable gradient index using VO2 memory metamaterials[J].Applied Physics Letters,2011,99(4):044103.
[13] Jonsson P,Ilkov M,Manolescu A,et al.Tunability of the terahertz space-charge modulation in a vacuum microdiode[J].Physics of Plasmas,2013,20(2):023107.
[14] Weis P,Garcia-Pomar J L,H?h M,et al.Spectrally wide-band terahertz wave modulator based on optically tuned graphene[J].ACS Nano,2012,6(10):9118-9124.
[15] Degl′Innocenti R,Jessop D S,Shah Y D,et al.Low-bias terahertz amplitude modulator based on split-ring resonators and graphene[J].ACS Nano,2014,8(3):2548-2554.
[16] Wen Q Y,Tian W,Mao Q,et al.Graphene based all-optical spatial terahertz modulator[J].Scientific Reports,2015,4:7409.
[17] McGehee M D,Heeger A J.Semiconducting (conjugated) polymers as materials for solid-state lasers[J].Advanced Materials,2000,12(22):1655-1668.
[18] Keun Yoo H,Kang C,Yoon Y,et al.Organic conjugated material-based broadband terahertz wave modulators[J].Applied Physics Letters,2011,99(6):061108.
[19] Keun Yoo H,Lee S G,Kang C,et al.Terahertz modulation on angle-dependent photoexcitation in organic-inorganic hybrid structures[J].Applied Physics Letters,2013,103(15):151116.
[20] Keun Yoo H,Yoon Y,Lee K,et al.Highly efficient terahertz wave modulators by photo-excitation of organics/silicon bilayers[J].Applied Physics Letters,2014,105(1):011115.
[21] Matsui T,Takagi R,Takano K,et al.Mechanism of optical terahertz-transmission modulation in an organic/inorganic semiconductor interface and its application to active metamaterials[J].Optics Letters,2013,38(22):4632-4635.
[22] He T,Zhang B,Shen J L,et al.High-efficiency THz modulator based on phthalocyanine-compound organic films[J].Applied Physics Letters,2015,106(5):053303.
[23] Zhang B,He T,Shen J L,et al.Conjugated polymer-based broadband terahertz wave modulator[J].Optics Letters,2014,39(21):6110-6113.
[24] Calvete M,Yang G Y,Hanack M.Porphyrins and phthalocyanines as materials for optical limiting[J].Synthetic Metals,2004,141(3):231-243.
[25] Zhuang T J,Su Z S,Liu Y D,et al.Improvement of both efficiency and working lifetime in organic photovoltaic devices by using bathophenanthroline/tin(IV) phthalocyanine dichloride as bilayer exciton blocking layers[J].Applied Physics Letters,2012,100(24):243902.
[26] Torre G D,Bottari G,Hahn U,et al.Functional phthalocyanine molecular materials[M].Heidelberg:Springer,2010.
[27] Coakley K M,McGehee M D.Conjugated polymer photovoltaic cells[J].Chemistry of Materials,2004,16(23):4533-4542.
[28] Su W P,Schrieffer J R,Heeger A J.Solitons in polyacetylene[J].Physical Review Letters,1979,42(25):1698-1701.
[29] Tessler N,Denton G J,Friend R H.Lasing from conjugated-polymer microcavities[J].Nature,1996,382(6593):695-697.
[30] He T,Zhang B,Wang G C,et al.High efficiency THz-wave modulators based on conjugated polymer-based organic films[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2016,49(7):075111.
[31] Yang Z,Aravazhi S,Schneider A,et al.Synthesis and crystal growth of stilbazolium derivatives for second-order nonlinear optics[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2005,15(7):1072-1076.
[32] Li J S,Li S H,Zhang L.Terahertz modulator using 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4′-N′-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate (DAST)/Si hybrid structure[J].IEEE Photonics Journal,2018,10(2):5900306.
[33] Liu W M,Fan F,Xu S T,et al.Terahertz wave modulation enhanced by laser processed PVA film on Si substrate[J].Scientific Reports,2018,8:8304.
[34] Ponseca C S,Savenije T J,Abdellah M,et al.Organometal halide perovskite solar cell materials rationalized:ultrafast charge generation,high and microsecond-long balanced mobilities,and slow recombination[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2014,136(14):5189-5192.
[35] Wehrenfennig C,Liu M Z,Snaith H J,et al.Charge-carrier dynamics in vapour-deposited films of the organolead halide perovskite CH3NH3PbI3-xClx[J].Energy & Environmental Science,2014,7(7):2269-2275.
[36] Wehrenfennig C,Eperon G E,Johnston M B,et al.High charge carrier mobilities and lifetimes in organolead trihalide perovskites[J].Advanced Materials,2014,26(10):1584-1589.
[37] Zhang B,Lü L,He T,et al.Active terahertz device based on optically controlled organometal halide perovskite[J].Applied Physics Letters,2015,107(9):093301.
[38] Lee K S,Kang R,Son B,et al.All-optical THz wave switching based on CH3NH3PbI3 perovskites[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:37912.
[39] Yan H J,An B L,Fan Z F,et al.Ultrafast terahertz probe of photoexcited free charge carriers in organometal CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin film[J].Applied Physics A,2016,122(4):414.
[40] Cong L Q,Srivastava Y K,Solanki A,et al.Perovskite as a platform for active flexible metaphotonic devices[J].ACS Photonics,2017,4(7):1595-1601.
[41] Chanana A,Zhai Y X,Baniya S,et al.Colour selective control of terahertz radiation using two-dimensional hybrid organic inorganic lead-trihalide perovskites[J].Nature Communications,2017,8:1328.
[42] Chanana A,Liu X J,Zhang C,et al.Ultrafast frequency-agile terahertz devices using methylammonium lead halide perovskites[J].Science Advances,2018,4(5):eaar7353.
[43] Zhong L,Zhang B,He T,et al.Conjugated polymer based active electric-controlled terahertz device[J].Applied Physics Letters,2016,108(10):103301.
[44] Du Y,Tian H,Cui X,et al.Electrically tunable liquid crystal terahertz phase shifter driven by transparent polymer electrodes[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry C,2016,4(19):4138-4142.
[45] Wang W,Ji H Y,Liu D D,et al.Active bidirectional electrically-controlled terahertz device based on dimethyl sulfoxide-doped PEDOT\:PSS[J].Optics Express,2018,26(20):25849-25857.
[2] Saeedkia D.Handbook of terahertz technology for imaging,sensing and communications[M].Cambridge:Woodhead Publishing,2013.
[3] Federici J,Moeller L.Review of terahertz and subterahertz wireless communications[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2010,107(11):111101.
[4] Song H J,Nagatsuma T.Present and future of terahertz communications[J].IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology,2011,1(1):256-263.
[5] Kleine-Ostmann T,Nagatsuma T.A review on terahertz communications research[J].Journal of Infrared,Millimeter,and Terahertz Waves,2011,32(2):143-171.
[6] Libon I H,Baumg?rtner S,Hempel M,et al.An optically controllable terahertz filter[J].Applied Physics Letters,2000,76(20):2821-2823.
[7] Tan Z Y,Chen Z,Cao J C,et al.Wireless terahertz light transmission based on digitally-modulated terahertz quantum-cascade laser[J].Chinese Optics Letters,2013,11(3):031403.
[8] Suzuki S,Asada M,Teranishi A,et al.Fundamental oscillation of resonant tunneling diodes above 1 THz at room temperature[J].Applied Physics Letters,2010,97(24):242102.
[9] Ishigaki K,Shiraishi M,Suzuki S,et al.Direct intensity modulation and wireless data transmission characteristics of terahertz-oscillating resonant tunnelling diodes[J].Electronics Letters,2012,48(10):582-583.
[10] Gu J Q,Singh R,Liu X J,et al.Active control of electromagnetically induced transparency analogue in terahertz metamaterials[J].Nature Communications,2012,3:1151.
[11] Suzuki D,Oda S,Kawano Y.GaAs/AlGaAs field-effect transistor for tunable terahertz detection and spectroscopy with built-in signal modulation[J].Applied Physics Letters,2013,102(12):122102.
[12] Goldflam M D,Driscoll T,Chapler B,et al.Reconfigurable gradient index using VO2 memory metamaterials[J].Applied Physics Letters,2011,99(4):044103.
[13] Jonsson P,Ilkov M,Manolescu A,et al.Tunability of the terahertz space-charge modulation in a vacuum microdiode[J].Physics of Plasmas,2013,20(2):023107.
[14] Weis P,Garcia-Pomar J L,H?h M,et al.Spectrally wide-band terahertz wave modulator based on optically tuned graphene[J].ACS Nano,2012,6(10):9118-9124.
[15] Degl′Innocenti R,Jessop D S,Shah Y D,et al.Low-bias terahertz amplitude modulator based on split-ring resonators and graphene[J].ACS Nano,2014,8(3):2548-2554.
[16] Wen Q Y,Tian W,Mao Q,et al.Graphene based all-optical spatial terahertz modulator[J].Scientific Reports,2015,4:7409.
[17] McGehee M D,Heeger A J.Semiconducting (conjugated) polymers as materials for solid-state lasers[J].Advanced Materials,2000,12(22):1655-1668.
[18] Keun Yoo H,Kang C,Yoon Y,et al.Organic conjugated material-based broadband terahertz wave modulators[J].Applied Physics Letters,2011,99(6):061108.
[19] Keun Yoo H,Lee S G,Kang C,et al.Terahertz modulation on angle-dependent photoexcitation in organic-inorganic hybrid structures[J].Applied Physics Letters,2013,103(15):151116.
[20] Keun Yoo H,Yoon Y,Lee K,et al.Highly efficient terahertz wave modulators by photo-excitation of organics/silicon bilayers[J].Applied Physics Letters,2014,105(1):011115.
[21] Matsui T,Takagi R,Takano K,et al.Mechanism of optical terahertz-transmission modulation in an organic/inorganic semiconductor interface and its application to active metamaterials[J].Optics Letters,2013,38(22):4632-4635.
[22] He T,Zhang B,Shen J L,et al.High-efficiency THz modulator based on phthalocyanine-compound organic films[J].Applied Physics Letters,2015,106(5):053303.
[23] Zhang B,He T,Shen J L,et al.Conjugated polymer-based broadband terahertz wave modulator[J].Optics Letters,2014,39(21):6110-6113.
[24] Calvete M,Yang G Y,Hanack M.Porphyrins and phthalocyanines as materials for optical limiting[J].Synthetic Metals,2004,141(3):231-243.
[25] Zhuang T J,Su Z S,Liu Y D,et al.Improvement of both efficiency and working lifetime in organic photovoltaic devices by using bathophenanthroline/tin(IV) phthalocyanine dichloride as bilayer exciton blocking layers[J].Applied Physics Letters,2012,100(24):243902.
[26] Torre G D,Bottari G,Hahn U,et al.Functional phthalocyanine molecular materials[M].Heidelberg:Springer,2010.
[27] Coakley K M,McGehee M D.Conjugated polymer photovoltaic cells[J].Chemistry of Materials,2004,16(23):4533-4542.
[28] Su W P,Schrieffer J R,Heeger A J.Solitons in polyacetylene[J].Physical Review Letters,1979,42(25):1698-1701.
[29] Tessler N,Denton G J,Friend R H.Lasing from conjugated-polymer microcavities[J].Nature,1996,382(6593):695-697.
[30] He T,Zhang B,Wang G C,et al.High efficiency THz-wave modulators based on conjugated polymer-based organic films[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2016,49(7):075111.
[31] Yang Z,Aravazhi S,Schneider A,et al.Synthesis and crystal growth of stilbazolium derivatives for second-order nonlinear optics[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2005,15(7):1072-1076.
[32] Li J S,Li S H,Zhang L.Terahertz modulator using 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4′-N′-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate (DAST)/Si hybrid structure[J].IEEE Photonics Journal,2018,10(2):5900306.
[33] Liu W M,Fan F,Xu S T,et al.Terahertz wave modulation enhanced by laser processed PVA film on Si substrate[J].Scientific Reports,2018,8:8304.
[34] Ponseca C S,Savenije T J,Abdellah M,et al.Organometal halide perovskite solar cell materials rationalized:ultrafast charge generation,high and microsecond-long balanced mobilities,and slow recombination[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2014,136(14):5189-5192.
[35] Wehrenfennig C,Liu M Z,Snaith H J,et al.Charge-carrier dynamics in vapour-deposited films of the organolead halide perovskite CH3NH3PbI3-xClx[J].Energy & Environmental Science,2014,7(7):2269-2275.
[36] Wehrenfennig C,Eperon G E,Johnston M B,et al.High charge carrier mobilities and lifetimes in organolead trihalide perovskites[J].Advanced Materials,2014,26(10):1584-1589.
[37] Zhang B,Lü L,He T,et al.Active terahertz device based on optically controlled organometal halide perovskite[J].Applied Physics Letters,2015,107(9):093301.
[38] Lee K S,Kang R,Son B,et al.All-optical THz wave switching based on CH3NH3PbI3 perovskites[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:37912.
[39] Yan H J,An B L,Fan Z F,et al.Ultrafast terahertz probe of photoexcited free charge carriers in organometal CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin film[J].Applied Physics A,2016,122(4):414.
[40] Cong L Q,Srivastava Y K,Solanki A,et al.Perovskite as a platform for active flexible metaphotonic devices[J].ACS Photonics,2017,4(7):1595-1601.
[41] Chanana A,Zhai Y X,Baniya S,et al.Colour selective control of terahertz radiation using two-dimensional hybrid organic inorganic lead-trihalide perovskites[J].Nature Communications,2017,8:1328.
[42] Chanana A,Liu X J,Zhang C,et al.Ultrafast frequency-agile terahertz devices using methylammonium lead halide perovskites[J].Science Advances,2018,4(5):eaar7353.
[43] Zhong L,Zhang B,He T,et al.Conjugated polymer based active electric-controlled terahertz device[J].Applied Physics Letters,2016,108(10):103301.
[44] Du Y,Tian H,Cui X,et al.Electrically tunable liquid crystal terahertz phase shifter driven by transparent polymer electrodes[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry C,2016,4(19):4138-4142.
[45] Wang W,Ji H Y,Liu D D,et al.Active bidirectional electrically-controlled terahertz device based on dimethyl sulfoxide-doped PEDOT\:PSS[J].Optics Express,2018,26(20):25849-25857.