中美港湾流域生态系统服务价值变化比较——以浙江象山港与佛罗里达坦帕湾为例
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摘要
人类活动干扰下的生态系统服务价值变化的国别或区域差异与对比研究成果,可为海岸带综合管理和相关空间规划提供有效指引。以Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像为基础数据,运用GIS空间分析手段,对人类活动影响下的中美两个港湾生态系统服务价值时空变化格局进行了研究。结果表明:①近30年来象山港流域生态系统类型以农田和森林为主,而坦帕湾流域则以城市和森林为主,两港湾非自然生态系统类型面积大于自然生态系统类型,是研究区生态格局分异的主要影响原因。②随着人类活动强度增加与开发利用范围扩大,研究时段内象山港流域生态系统服务价值减少了397.64×10~6元,而坦帕湾减少了1186.73×10~6元。③两港湾流域生态系统服务价值空间分布与区域经济发展水平呈负相关,其中交通布局、农业生产、都市发展等因素对生态系统服务价值分布影响显著。④90年代以来坦帕湾海洋功能区划与滨海开发建设过程中遵循自然规律,尤其是"坦帕湾河口保护计划"的管理经验可供象山港开发利用借鉴,象山港需要细化符合其开发的管护方案与多规合一规划,加以启示国内相同级别港湾管理、增强邻里计划与合作交流。
Changes in the ecosystem service values under the disruption of human activities in national or regional differences and their comparative studies can provide an effective guideline for integrated coastal management and related spatial planning. The data used in this study consist of satellite images Landsat TM/OLI medium-resolution images with GIS analysis tools,we study the spatial and temporal changes of ecosystem service values of the Xiangshangang Bay, Zhejiang of China and Tampa Bay, Florida of USA under the influence of human activities. Results show that:(1) In the past 30 years, the Xiangshangang Bay basin mainly consisted of farmland and forests, while the Tampa Bay basin was dominated by cities and forests. The area of unnatural ecosystems of the two estuaries was larger than that of natural ecosystems, which was the main factor affecting the ecological difference of the study area.(2)As the intensity of human activities was increasing and the scope of development and utilization expanded, in the study period, the amount of ecosystem services in Xiangshangang Bay decreased by 397.64×10~6 yuan, while that of Tampa Bay decreased by 1186.73×10~6 yuan.(3) The spatial distribution of ecosystem service values of the two estuarine watersheds is negatively correlated with the level of regional economic development. Traffic distribution,agricultural production and urban development stages have a significant impact on the distribution of ecosystem service values.(4) The management experience of the "Tampa Bay Estuary Conservation Plan" since the 1990 s can be used for reference for the development and utilization of the Xiangshangang Bay. Multi-disciplinary planning, to be enlightened at the same level of domestic harbor management, should strengthen cooperation and exchange with neighbouring areas.
Changes in the ecosystem service values under the disruption of human activities in national or regional differences and their comparative studies can provide an effective guideline for integrated coastal management and related spatial planning. The data used in this study consist of satellite images Landsat TM/OLI medium-resolution images with GIS analysis tools,we study the spatial and temporal changes of ecosystem service values of the Xiangshangang Bay, Zhejiang of China and Tampa Bay, Florida of USA under the influence of human activities. Results show that:(1) In the past 30 years, the Xiangshangang Bay basin mainly consisted of farmland and forests, while the Tampa Bay basin was dominated by cities and forests. The area of unnatural ecosystems of the two estuaries was larger than that of natural ecosystems, which was the main factor affecting the ecological difference of the study area.(2)As the intensity of human activities was increasing and the scope of development and utilization expanded, in the study period, the amount of ecosystem services in Xiangshangang Bay decreased by 397.64×10~6 yuan, while that of Tampa Bay decreased by 1186.73×10~6 yuan.(3) The spatial distribution of ecosystem service values of the two estuarine watersheds is negatively correlated with the level of regional economic development. Traffic distribution,agricultural production and urban development stages have a significant impact on the distribution of ecosystem service values.(4) The management experience of the "Tampa Bay Estuary Conservation Plan" since the 1990 s can be used for reference for the development and utilization of the Xiangshangang Bay. Multi-disciplinary planning, to be enlightened at the same level of domestic harbor management, should strengthen cooperation and exchange with neighbouring areas.
引文
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[10]赵志刚,余德,韩成云,等.2008-2016年鄱阳湖生态经济区生态系统服务价值的时空变化研究.长江流域资源与环境,2017,26(2):198-208.[Zhao Zhigang,Yu De,Han Chengyun,et al.Study on the spatial and temporal changes in ecosystem services value in Poyang Lake ecological economic zone from 2008 to 2016.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2017,26(2):198-208.]
[11]欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究.生态学报,1999,19(5):607-613.[Ouyang Zhiyun,Wang Xiaoke,Miao Hong.A primary study on Chinese terrestrial ecosystem services and their ecological economic values.Acta Ecologica Sinica,1999,19(5):607-613.]
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[17]Polasky S,Nelson E,Pennington D,et al.The impact of land-use change on ecosystem services,biodiversity and returns to land owners:A case study in the state of Minnesota.Environmental and Resource Economics,2011,48(2):219-242.
[18]陈诚.南通海岸带滩涂开发类型选择与空间功能配置研究.地理科学,2017,37(1):138-147.[Chen Cheng.Coastal tidal flat development mode choice and spatial configuration of different functional areas in Nantong coastal zones.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(1):138-147.]
[19]周汝佳,张永战,何华春.基于土地利用变化的盐城海岸带生态风险评价.地理研究,2016,35(6):1017-1028.[Zhou Rujia,Zhang Yongzhan,He Huachun.Ecological risk assessment based on land use changes in the coastal area inYancheng city.Geographical Research,2016,35(6):1017-1028.]
[20]李伟芳,陈阳,马仁锋,等.发展潜力视角的海岸带土地利用模式:以杭州湾南岸为例.地理研究,2016,35(6):1061-1073.[Li Weifang,Chen Yang,Ma Renfeng,et al.Land-use pattern in coastal zone from the perspective of development potentiality:A case study of the southern bank of Hangzhou bay.Geographical Research,2016,35(6):1061-1073.]
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[22]彭建,胡晓旭,赵明月,等.生态系统服务权衡研究进展:从认知到决策.地理学报,2017,72(6):960-973.[Peng Jian,Hu Xiaoxu,Zhao Mingyue,et al.Research progress on ecosystem service trade-offs:From cognition to decision-making.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(6):960-973.]
[23]李杨帆,林静玉,孙翔.城市区域生态风险预警方法及其在景观生态安全格局调控中的应用.地理研究,2017,36(3):485-494.[Li Yangfan,Lin Jingyu,Sun Xiang.An early warning method on ecological risk and its application to improve landscape ecological security pattern regulation.Geographical Research,2017,36(3):485-494.]
[24]宁立新,马兰,周云凯,等.基于PSR模型的江苏海岸带生态系统健康时空变化研究.中国环境科学,2016,36(2):534-543.[Ning Lixin,Ma Lan,Zhou Yunkai,et al.Spatiotemporal variations of ecosystem health of the coastal zone in Jiangsu province based on the PSR model.China Environmental Science,2016,36(2):534-543.]
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