中国耕地土壤相对湿度时空分异
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摘要
以全国653个农业气象站1993-2013年耕地的土壤相对湿度数据为基础,运用地统计方法,分析中国耕地土壤相对湿度时空分异特征与规律。结果表明:自1993年以来全国耕地的土壤相对湿度呈现波动上升趋势。全国耕地的土壤相对湿度普遍大于60%,分布区域自4月中旬开始随夏季风推移不断向北向西扩大,自10月下旬开始向东、南方向缩小。耕地土壤相对湿度值随土壤深度的增加而增加。年际尺度上,耕地的土壤相对湿度在夏秋季上升速度最快,变化幅度随土层深度增加而变小。土壤相对湿度与降水量存在较强的正相关关系,与潜在蒸发量、气温普遍存在较强的负相关关系。土壤相对湿度与各气象要素的相关性随深度加深而减弱。春、夏、秋季气象因素对旱地土壤相对湿度影响较大,冬季气象因素对水田影响更大。
Based on the data of relative soil moisture obtained from 653 agricultural meteorological stations in China during the period of 1993-2013, the spatial and temporal differentiations of relative soil moisture in China's farmland were analyzed and discussed by using geostatistical methods. The results show that the relative soil moisture of China's farmland has fluctuated and increased since 1993, exceeding 60% in general. The distribution area has been expanding to the north and west with the summer monsoon since mid-April, and in late October, the region began to shrink to the east and south. The value of relative soil moisture increases with the increase of soil depth, and the distribution of farmland in highvalue area increases with the increase of soil depth. The relative soil moisture of farmland increases fastest in summer and autumn, and the range of change decreases with the increase of soil depth. There is a strong positive correlation between relative soil moisture and precipitation. Relative soil moisture has a strong negative correlation with potential evaporation and temperature. The annual mean value of relative soil moisture in paddy field is higher than that in dry land, and the difference between the annual mean values of relative soil moisture of two types of farmland increases with the increase of soil depth.
Based on the data of relative soil moisture obtained from 653 agricultural meteorological stations in China during the period of 1993-2013, the spatial and temporal differentiations of relative soil moisture in China's farmland were analyzed and discussed by using geostatistical methods. The results show that the relative soil moisture of China's farmland has fluctuated and increased since 1993, exceeding 60% in general. The distribution area has been expanding to the north and west with the summer monsoon since mid-April, and in late October, the region began to shrink to the east and south. The value of relative soil moisture increases with the increase of soil depth, and the distribution of farmland in highvalue area increases with the increase of soil depth. The relative soil moisture of farmland increases fastest in summer and autumn, and the range of change decreases with the increase of soil depth. There is a strong positive correlation between relative soil moisture and precipitation. Relative soil moisture has a strong negative correlation with potential evaporation and temperature. The annual mean value of relative soil moisture in paddy field is higher than that in dry land, and the difference between the annual mean values of relative soil moisture of two types of farmland increases with the increase of soil depth.
引文
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[2]Zhu G F,Shi P J,Pu T,et al.Changes of surface soil relative moisture content in Hengduan Mountains,China,during1992-2010.Quaternary International,2013,298(7):161-170.
[3]Ma Zhuguo,Wei Helin,Fu Congbin,et al.Relationship between regional soil moisture variation and climatic variability over east China.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2000,58(3):278-287.[马柱国,魏和林,符淙斌.中国东部区域土壤湿度的变化及其与气候变率的关系.气象学报,2000,58(3):278-287.]
[4]Zhang Lei,Lyu Houquan,Wang Liangyu,et al.Spatial-temporal characteristics of soil moisture in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(9):1494-1508.[张蕾,吕厚荃,王良宇,等.中国土壤湿度的时空变化特征.地理学报,2016,71(9):1494-1508.]
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[9]Cho E,Choi M.Regional scale spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture and its relationship with meteorological factors over the Korean Peninsula.Journal of Hydrology,2014,516(17):317-329.
[10]Lu Dengrong,Huang Bin,Wang Jinsong.Change of the ten-day precipitation and its relationship with soil moisture in the rain-fed area east of the Yellow River in Gansu Province.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2011,29(2):230-235.[陆登荣,黄斌,王劲松.甘肃河东雨养农业区旬降水变化及其与土壤湿度关系.干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(2):230-235.]
[11]Wang Fuqiang,Wang Lei,Chen Xi.Analysis of relative soil moisture variation characteristics and influencing factors in Zhengzhou City.Water Saving Irrigation,2015(2):8-11.[王富强,王雷,陈希.郑州市土壤相对湿度变化特征及影响因素分析.节水灌溉,2015(2):8-11.]
[12]Zhou Bin,Li Ji,Lin Junjie,et al.Soil relative moisture characteristics and influencing factors in Liaoning Province in spring.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(6):1630-1637.[周斌,李辑,林俊杰,等.辽宁省春季土壤相对湿度特征及影响因素.生态学杂志,2015,34(6):1630-1637.]
[13]Zhang Renhe,Liu Li,Zuo Zhiyan.Variations of soil moisture over China and their influences on Chinese climate.Chinese Journal of Nature,2016,38(5):313-319.[张人禾,刘栗,左志燕.中国土壤湿度的变异及其对中国气候的影响.自然杂志,2016,38(5):313-319.]
[14]Zuo Zhiyan,Zhang Renhe.Spatial and temporal variations of spring soil moisture in east China.Scientic Sinica Terrae,2008,38(11):1428-1437.[左志燕,张人禾.中国东部春季土壤湿度的时空变化特征.Science China Earth Sciences,2008,38(11):1428-1437.]
[15]Zuo Zhiyan,Zhang Renhe.The spring soil moisture and the summer rainfall in eastern China.Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(14):1722-1724.[左志燕,张人禾.中国东部夏季降水与春季土壤湿度的联系.科学通报,2007,52(14):1722-1724.]
[16]Zhang Xiuzhi,Wu Xunying,He Jinhai.Vertical character of soil moisture in China.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2004,62(1):51-61.[张秀芝,吴迅英,何金海.中国土壤湿度的垂直变化特征.气象学报,2004,62(1):51-61.]
[17]Fang Wensong,Deng Tianhong,Liu Ronghua,et al.Variation regularities of soil water in vari-type soils in Henan Province.Meteorological Science and Technology,2005,33(2):182-184.[方文松,邓天宏,刘荣花,等.河南省不同土壤类型墒情变化规律.气象科技,2005,33(2):182-184.]
[18]Baroni G,Ortuani B,Facchi A,et al.The role of vegetation and soil properties on the spatio-temporal variability of the surface soil moisture in a maize-cropped field.Journal of Hydrology,2013,489(3):148-159.
[19]Zhang Jingyong,Dong Wenjie,Ye Duzheng,et al.New evidence for effects of land cover in China on summer climate.Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(1):91-95.[张井勇,董文杰,叶笃正,等.中国植被覆盖对夏季气候影响的新证据.科学通报,2003,48(1):91-95.]
[20]Zhu H D,Shi Z H,Fang N F,et al.Soil moisture response to environmental factors following precipitation events in a small catchment.Catena,2014,120(3):73-80.
[21]Zhang Jie,Zhang Wenyu,Wang Xiaoyan,et al.Changes characteristics of the soil moisture in semi-arid areas.Journal of Lanzhou University:Natural Sciences,2012,48(2):57-61.[张婕,张文煜,王晓妍,等.半干旱地区土壤湿度变化特征.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2012,48(2):57-61.]
[22]Wang Lei,Wen Jun,Wei Zhigang,et al.Soil moisture over the west of Northwest China and its response to climate.Plateau Meteorology,2008,27(6):1257-1266.[王磊,文军,韦志刚,等.中国西北区西部土壤湿度及其气候响应.高原气象,2008,27(6):1257-1266.]
[23]Zhang Yafeng,Wang Xinping,Pan Yanxia,et al.The dependence of surface albedo on soil moisture in an arid desert area.Journal of Desert Research,2011,31(5):1141-1148.[张亚峰,王新平,潘颜霞,等.荒漠地区地表反照率与土壤湿度相关性研究.中国沙漠,2011,31(5):1141-1148.]
[24]Zhang Qiang,Wang Sheng.Study on annual water-heat characteristics and annual variation of surface radiation balance in arid desert area.Progress in Natural Science,2007,17(2):211-216.[张强,王胜.干旱荒漠区土壤水热特征和地表辐射平衡年变化规律研究.自然科学进展,2007,17(2):211-216.]
[25]Chen Shaoyong,Guo Kaizhong,Dong Anxiang.Research of variety rule of soil humidity in Loess Plateau of China.Plateau Meteorology,2008,27(3):530-537.[陈少勇,郭凯忠,董安祥.黄土高原土壤湿度变化规律研究.高原气象,2008,27(3):530-537.]
[26]Li Runchun,Zhang Xiuzhi,Wang Lihua,et al.Analysis on soil moisture content in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.Arid Zone Research,2011,28(1):85-91.[李润春,张秀芝,王丽华,等.黄河中游地区土壤湿度特征分析.干旱区研究,2011,28(1):85-91.]
[27]Wan Guoning,Yang Meixue,Wang Xuejia,et al.Variations in soil moisture at different time scales of BJ site on the Central Tibetan Plateau.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2012,43(2):286-293.[万国宁,杨梅学,王学佳,等.青藏高原中部BJ站土壤湿度不同时间尺度的变化.土壤通报,2012,43(2):286-293.]
[28]Zhuo Ga,Chen Tao,Zhou Kanshe,et al.Spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture over the Tibetan Plateau during 2009-2010.Journal of Glaciology&Geocryology,2015,37(3):625-634.[卓嘎,陈涛,周刊社,等.2009-2010年青藏高原土壤湿度的时空分布特征.冰川冻土,2015,37(3):625-634.]
[29]Zhang Wenjun,Zhou Tianjun,Yu Rucong.Spatial distribution and temporal variation of soil moisture over China(Part I):Multi-data intercomparison.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2008,32(3):581-597.[张文君,周天军,宇如聪.中国土壤湿度的分布与变化(I):多种资料间的比较.大气科学,2008,32(3):581-597.]
[30]Younis S M Z,Iqbal J.Estimation of soil moisture using multispectral and FTIR techniques.Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science,2015,18(2):151-161.
[31]National Agricultural Regionalization Commission.Comprehensive Agricultural Regionalization of China.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1981.[全国农业区划委员会.中国综合农业区划.北京:农业出版社,1981.]
[32]Zhu Guofeng,He Yuanqing,Pu Tao,et al.Spatial distribution and temporal trends in potential evapotranspiration over Hengduan Mountains region from 1960 to 2009.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(7):905-916.[朱国锋,何元庆,蒲焘,等.1960-2009年横断山区潜在蒸发量时空变化.地理学报,2011,66(7):905-916.]
[33]Allen R G,Pruitt W O,Wright J L,et al.A recommendation on standardized surface resistance for hourly calculation of reference ETo,by the FAO56 Penman-Monteith method.Agricultural Water Management,2006,81(1):1-22.
[34]Yamamoto J K.On unbiased backtransform of lognormal kriging estimates.Computational Geosciences,2007,11(3):219-234.
[35]Zhu Guofeng,Qin Dahe,Tong Huali,et al.Variation of thornthwaite moisture index in Hengduan Mountains,China.Chinese Geographical Science,2016,26(5):687-702.
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