草原生态保护补奖政策对牧户收入影响的实证分析
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摘要
草原生态保护补助奖励政策目的是通过给牧户发放补贴鼓励其减畜,并不断拓宽牧户增收渠道,保障其收入水平的稳定提高。为了科学的评价草原补奖政策的实施效果,基于内蒙古8个纯牧业旗511户实地调研样本数据,采用倾向得分匹配法处理样本选择偏误和内生性问题,实证分析了内蒙古草原补奖政策对牧户收入结构的影响效果。研究结果表明:在控制社会经济因素的影响下,草原补奖政策的实施对不超载牧户的总收入和非畜牧业收入有显著提升作用,分别较其不参与政策情形下的收入增加了49. 4%和142. 8%,但对畜牧业收入的提升作用并不显著,这表明政策仍需进一步完善。基于此研究结论,草原补奖政策应调整补偿方式,在原有资金补偿的基础上,更应注重提升牧民执业技能,提高牧民非畜牧业就业质量,进一步保障草原牧区牧民民生水平的稳定提高。
The arms of grassland ecological protection subsidy are to give subsidies to encourage the reduction of livestocks,constantly expand the ways to increase household incomes,and secur the steady increase of the income level. In order to scientifically evaluate the implement of grassland award policy,511 herds in 8 pure animal husbandry'counties of Inner Mongolia were investigated. Based on the sample data,by using propensity score matching method to deal with the sample selection bias and endogeneity,the effect of grassland complement award policy in Inner Mongolia on households' income were analyzed. The results show that: under the conditions that controlled the effects of social economic factors,the grassland compensation and rewards policy had significantly improved the total income of those households that were not overloaded and the income of non animal husbandry. Compared with those who did not participate in the case,the income increased by 49. 3% and 142.8%,but the promotion effect on animal husbandry income was not significant. It showed that the policy still needs to be further improved. Based on this research conclusion,the compensation policy should be adjusted in the prairie subsidy policy. On the basis of the original compensation fund,we should pay more attention to improving the practice skills of the herdsmen,improve the quality of herdsmen's non grazing employment,and further protect and improve the level of livelihood of the herdsmen in the pastoral area.
The arms of grassland ecological protection subsidy are to give subsidies to encourage the reduction of livestocks,constantly expand the ways to increase household incomes,and secur the steady increase of the income level. In order to scientifically evaluate the implement of grassland award policy,511 herds in 8 pure animal husbandry'counties of Inner Mongolia were investigated. Based on the sample data,by using propensity score matching method to deal with the sample selection bias and endogeneity,the effect of grassland complement award policy in Inner Mongolia on households' income were analyzed. The results show that: under the conditions that controlled the effects of social economic factors,the grassland compensation and rewards policy had significantly improved the total income of those households that were not overloaded and the income of non animal husbandry. Compared with those who did not participate in the case,the income increased by 49. 3% and 142.8%,but the promotion effect on animal husbandry income was not significant. It showed that the policy still needs to be further improved. Based on this research conclusion,the compensation policy should be adjusted in the prairie subsidy policy. On the basis of the original compensation fund,we should pay more attention to improving the practice skills of the herdsmen,improve the quality of herdsmen's non grazing employment,and further protect and improve the level of livelihood of the herdsmen in the pastoral area.
引文
[1]胡振通,孔德帅,魏同洋,等.草原生态补偿:减畜和补偿的对等关系[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(11):1846-1859.
[2]Samii C,Lisiecki M,Kulkarni P,et al. Effects of Payment for Environmental Services(PES)on Deforestation and Poverty in Low and Middle Income Countries:a Systematic Review[M]. Norway:Campbell Systematic Reviews,2014:7-94.
[3]Kagombe J K,Cheboiwo J K,Gichu A,et al. Payment for environmental services:Status and opportunities in Kenya[J]. Journal of Resources Development and Management,2018(40):1-13.
[4]祁晓慧,高博,王海春,等.牧民视角下的草原生态保护补助奖励政策草畜平衡及禁牧补奖标准研究-以锡林郭勒盟为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(5):30-35.
[5]胡振通,柳荻,靳乐山.草原生态补偿:生态绩效、收入影响和政策满意度[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(1):165-176.
[6]李玉新,魏同洋,靳乐山.牧民对草原生态补偿政策评价及其影响因素研究-以内蒙古四子王旗为例[J].资源科学,2014,36(11):2442-2450.
[7]陈玉萍,吴海涛,陶大云,等.基于倾向得分匹配法分析农业技术采用对农户收入的影响-以滇西南农户改良陆稻技术采用为例[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(17):3667-3676.
[8]Abadie A,Imbens G W. Matching on the estimated propensity score[J]. Econometrica,2016,84(2):781-807.
[9]王海春,高博,祁晓慧,等.草原生态保护补助奖励机制对牧户减畜行为影响的实证分析-基于内蒙古260户牧户的调查[J].农业经济问题,2017,38(12):73-80,112.
[10]谢旭轩,马训舟,张世秋.应用匹配倍差法评估退耕还林政策对农户收入的影响[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2011,47(4):759-767.
[11]吴乐,孔德帅,靳乐山.生态补偿有利于减贫吗?-基于倾向得分匹配法对贵州省三县的实证分析[J].农村经济,2017(9):48-55.
[12]陈伟娜,闫慧敏,黄河清.气候变化压力下锡林郭勒草原牧民生计与可持续能力[J].资源科学,2013,35(5):1075-1083.
(1)"标准亩"是指根据内蒙古自治区天然草原的平均载畜能力,测算出平均饲养1只羊单位所需要的草地面积为1个标准亩(根据2009-2010年内蒙古最新草原普查数据,全区平均载畜能力为40亩养一只羊单位)。
(1)根据《天然草地合理载畜量的计算》(中华人民共和国农业行业标准NY/T 635-2015)计算冷季存栏量。
[2]Samii C,Lisiecki M,Kulkarni P,et al. Effects of Payment for Environmental Services(PES)on Deforestation and Poverty in Low and Middle Income Countries:a Systematic Review[M]. Norway:Campbell Systematic Reviews,2014:7-94.
[3]Kagombe J K,Cheboiwo J K,Gichu A,et al. Payment for environmental services:Status and opportunities in Kenya[J]. Journal of Resources Development and Management,2018(40):1-13.
[4]祁晓慧,高博,王海春,等.牧民视角下的草原生态保护补助奖励政策草畜平衡及禁牧补奖标准研究-以锡林郭勒盟为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(5):30-35.
[5]胡振通,柳荻,靳乐山.草原生态补偿:生态绩效、收入影响和政策满意度[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(1):165-176.
[6]李玉新,魏同洋,靳乐山.牧民对草原生态补偿政策评价及其影响因素研究-以内蒙古四子王旗为例[J].资源科学,2014,36(11):2442-2450.
[7]陈玉萍,吴海涛,陶大云,等.基于倾向得分匹配法分析农业技术采用对农户收入的影响-以滇西南农户改良陆稻技术采用为例[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(17):3667-3676.
[8]Abadie A,Imbens G W. Matching on the estimated propensity score[J]. Econometrica,2016,84(2):781-807.
[9]王海春,高博,祁晓慧,等.草原生态保护补助奖励机制对牧户减畜行为影响的实证分析-基于内蒙古260户牧户的调查[J].农业经济问题,2017,38(12):73-80,112.
[10]谢旭轩,马训舟,张世秋.应用匹配倍差法评估退耕还林政策对农户收入的影响[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2011,47(4):759-767.
[11]吴乐,孔德帅,靳乐山.生态补偿有利于减贫吗?-基于倾向得分匹配法对贵州省三县的实证分析[J].农村经济,2017(9):48-55.
[12]陈伟娜,闫慧敏,黄河清.气候变化压力下锡林郭勒草原牧民生计与可持续能力[J].资源科学,2013,35(5):1075-1083.
(1)"标准亩"是指根据内蒙古自治区天然草原的平均载畜能力,测算出平均饲养1只羊单位所需要的草地面积为1个标准亩(根据2009-2010年内蒙古最新草原普查数据,全区平均载畜能力为40亩养一只羊单位)。
(1)根据《天然草地合理载畜量的计算》(中华人民共和国农业行业标准NY/T 635-2015)计算冷季存栏量。