渤海中部营养盐季节变化及限制统计分析
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摘要
根据2013年7月(夏季),11月(秋季)和2014年5月(春季)渤海中部海域营养盐数据以及温盐等数据,以浮游植物对营养盐的吸收阈值和化学计量关系为判断标准,对研究海域营养盐分布、限制状况以及季节变化特征进行分析,结果表明:调查海域内各营养盐组分变化均呈现明显季节性特征,表现为夏季低秋季上升春季下降的趋势.夏季受冲淡水影响,海水存在层化现象,溶解无机氮(DIN)、PO_4~(3-)-P和SiO_3~(2-)-Si含量分别为(10.33±7.75)、(0.05±0.03)和(3.94±3.19)μmol/L,DIN/P较高,Si/DIN远低于1,其中表层和10m层存在P和Si限制站位分别达93%、93%和40%、20%,限制状况严重.秋季受底层沉积物扰动再悬浮及营养盐矿化释放等因素影响,各种营养盐含量迅速上升,DIN、PO_4~(3-)-P和SiO_3~(2-)-Si含量为(16.44±6.51)、(0.54±0.20)和(16.94±6.37)μmol/L,分别升高了1.6、10.8和4.3倍,垂向分布差异较小,且仅存在P潜在限制现象.春季由于陆源输入相对较少,同时受浮游植物吸收等因素影响,各营养盐含量急剧下降,DIN、PO_4~(3-)-P和SiO_3~(2-)-Si含量分别为(9.04±8.06)、(0.06±0.04)和(2.47±1.90)μmol/L,分别降低了45%、89%和85%,其中部分站位PO_4~(3-)-P和SiO_3~(2-)-Si含量低于阈值,在表层和10m层海水中存在P和Si限制站位分别达70%、65%和55%、50%,对海域内硅藻作为优势种的浮游植物生长和初级生产力产生影响.
Based on nutrients and hydrological data collected in the center of the Bohai Sea in July 2013, November 2013 and May2014, nutrient spatial distributions and seasonal variations were examined in this study, and the nutrient limitation conditions for phytoplankton growth were also analyzed according to the minimum threshold of nutrients required by phytoplankton and their stoichiometric compositions. Results showed that nutrient concentrations and compositions varied significantly with a seasonal cycling. Nutrient concentrations were high in the autumn but relatively low in the summer and spring. In the summer, influenced by diluted water influx, seawater stratification was formed. Concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN), reactive phosphate(PO_4~(3-)-P) and reactive silicate(SiO_3~(2-)-Si) were(10.33±7.75),(0.05±0.03) and(3.94±3.19) μmol/L, respectively. And DIN/P ratios were high and Si/DIN ratios were far below 1. In the surface and 10-m layers, stations with P limitation accounted for 93% of all stations, stations with Si limitation accounted for 40% and 20%, respectively, revealing serious limitation status of P and Si for phytoplankton growth. Due to the sediment resuspension and organic matter decomposition in the autumn, concentrations of DIN,PO_4~(3-)-P and SiO_3~(2-)-Si increased dramatically by 1.6, 10.8 and 4.3 times, relative to the summer, to be(16.44±6.51),(0.54±0.20) and(16.94±6.37)μmol/L, respectively. The vertical variations of nutrients were small and only PO_4~(3-)-P showed potential limitation to phytoplankton growth. In the spring, concentrations of DIN, PO_4~(3-)-P and SiO_3~(2-)-Si decreased by 45%, 89% and 85%, compared to those in the autumn, to be(9.04±8.06),(0.06±0.04) and(2.47±1.90)μmol/L, respectively, because of the decreasing of riverine outflow and increasing phytoplankton uptake. At some stations, concentrations of PO_4~(3-)-P and SiO_3~(2-)-Si were below the nutrient threshold of 0.03μmol/L and 2μmol/L for phytoplankton growth, respectively. In the surface and 10 m layers, 70% and 65% of surveyed stations were in the status of P limitation, meanwhile 55% and 50% of stations were in the status of Si limitation, therefore,the primary production and diatom-dominant phytoplankton structure might be affected in the study area.
Based on nutrients and hydrological data collected in the center of the Bohai Sea in July 2013, November 2013 and May2014, nutrient spatial distributions and seasonal variations were examined in this study, and the nutrient limitation conditions for phytoplankton growth were also analyzed according to the minimum threshold of nutrients required by phytoplankton and their stoichiometric compositions. Results showed that nutrient concentrations and compositions varied significantly with a seasonal cycling. Nutrient concentrations were high in the autumn but relatively low in the summer and spring. In the summer, influenced by diluted water influx, seawater stratification was formed. Concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN), reactive phosphate(PO_4~(3-)-P) and reactive silicate(SiO_3~(2-)-Si) were(10.33±7.75),(0.05±0.03) and(3.94±3.19) μmol/L, respectively. And DIN/P ratios were high and Si/DIN ratios were far below 1. In the surface and 10-m layers, stations with P limitation accounted for 93% of all stations, stations with Si limitation accounted for 40% and 20%, respectively, revealing serious limitation status of P and Si for phytoplankton growth. Due to the sediment resuspension and organic matter decomposition in the autumn, concentrations of DIN,PO_4~(3-)-P and SiO_3~(2-)-Si increased dramatically by 1.6, 10.8 and 4.3 times, relative to the summer, to be(16.44±6.51),(0.54±0.20) and(16.94±6.37)μmol/L, respectively. The vertical variations of nutrients were small and only PO_4~(3-)-P showed potential limitation to phytoplankton growth. In the spring, concentrations of DIN, PO_4~(3-)-P and SiO_3~(2-)-Si decreased by 45%, 89% and 85%, compared to those in the autumn, to be(9.04±8.06),(0.06±0.04) and(2.47±1.90)μmol/L, respectively, because of the decreasing of riverine outflow and increasing phytoplankton uptake. At some stations, concentrations of PO_4~(3-)-P and SiO_3~(2-)-Si were below the nutrient threshold of 0.03μmol/L and 2μmol/L for phytoplankton growth, respectively. In the surface and 10 m layers, 70% and 65% of surveyed stations were in the status of P limitation, meanwhile 55% and 50% of stations were in the status of Si limitation, therefore,the primary production and diatom-dominant phytoplankton structure might be affected in the study area.
引文
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[2]Pondaven P,Pivière P,Ridame C,et al.C,N and P stoichiometric mismatch between resources and consumers influence the dynamics of a marine microbial food web model and its response to atmospheric Nand P inputs[J].Biogeosciences Discussions,2014,11(11):2933-2971.
[3]李大鹏,张硕,黄宏.海州湾海洋牧场的长期环境效应研究[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(1):303-310.Li D P,Zhang S,Huang H.Study on long-term environmental effects of marine ranching in Haizhou Bay[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(1):303-310.
[4]Bernhardt J R,Leslie H M.Resilience to climate change in coastal marine ecosystems[J].Annual Review of Marine Science,2013,5(1):371-392.
[5]孙军,刘东艳,杨世民,等.渤海中部和渤海海峡及邻近海域浮游植物群落结构的初步研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2002,33(5):461-471.Sun J,Liu D Y,Yang S M,et al.The preliminary study on phytoplankton community structure in the central Bohai sea and the Bohai strait and its adjacent area[J].Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica,2002,33(5):461-471.
[6]李京.东海赤潮高发区营养盐结构及对浮游植物优势种演替的作用研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2008.Li J,the research of nutrient structure and its function on the succession of phytoplankton predominant in the high frequent harmful algae blooms occurrence area in east China sea[D].Qingdao:The Ocean Univesity of China,2008.
[7]黄大吉,苏纪兰,张立人.渤海冬夏季环流的数值研究[J].空气动力学学报,1998,(1):115-121.Huang D J,Su J L,Zhang L R.Numerical study of the winter and summer circulation in the Bohai Sea[J].Acta Aerodynamica Sinica,1998,(1):115-121.
[8]于志刚,米铁柱,谢宝东,等.二十年来渤海生态环境参数的演化和相互关系[J].海洋环境科学,2000,19(1):15-19.Yu Z G,Mi T Z,Xie B L,et al.Changes of the environmental parameters and their relationship in recent twenty years in the Bohai Sea[J].Marine Environmentalence,2000,19(1):15-19.
[9]Krause J W,Nelson D M,Brzezinski M A.Biogenic silica production and the diatom contribution to primary production and nitrate uptake in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean[J].Deep Sea Research Part IITopical Studies in Oceanography,2011,58(3):434-448.
[10]顾家伟.黄河营养盐输送与河口近海生态健康研究进展[J].人民黄河,2018,40(2):81-87.Gu J W.Reviewon the nutrients transportation of yellow river and its ecological impacts in the estuary[J].Yellow River,2018,40(2):81-87.
[11]宋南奇,王诺,吴暖,等.基于GIS的我国渤海1952~2016年赤潮时空分布[J].中国环境科学,2018,(3):1142-1148.Song N Q,Wang N,Wu N,et el.Temporal and spatial distribution of harmful algal blooms in the Bohai Sea during 1952~2016based on GIS[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(3):1142-1148.
[12]Ning X,Lin C,Su J,et al.Long-term environmental changes and the responses of the ecosystems in the Bohai Sea during 1960-1996[J].Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography,2010,57(11):1079-1091.
[13]李俊龙,郑丙辉,张铃松,等.中国主要河口海湾富营养化特征及差异分析[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(2):506-516.Li J L,Zheng B H,Zhang L S,et el.Eutrophication characteristics and variation analysis of estuaries in China[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(2):506-516.
[14]GB/T.12763.3-2007海洋调查规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.GB/T.12763.3-2007 Specfication of oceanographic investigation[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2007.
[15]Redfield A C.The influence of organisms on the composition of sea-water[J].Sea,1963,40(6):640-644.
[16]Laws E A,Pei S,Bienfang P.Phosphate-limited growth of the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii(Bacillariophyceae):evidence of nonmonod growth kinetics[J].Journal of Phycology,2013,49(2):241-247.
[17]Nelson D M,Brzezinski M A.Kinetics of silicic acid uptake by natural diatom assemblages in two Gulf Stream warm-core rings[J].Marine Ecology Progress,1990,62(3):283-292.
[18]Justi?D,Rabalais N N,Turner R E,et al.Changes in nutrient structure of river-dominated coastal waters:stechiometric nutrient balance and its consequences[J].Estuarine Coastal&Shelf Science,1995,40(3):339-356.
[19]Dortch Q,Whitledge T E.Does nitrogen or silicon limit phytoplankton production in the Mississippi River plume and nearby regions?[J].Continental Shelf Research,1992,12(11):1293-1309.
[20]张翠,韩美,史丽华.黄河入海径流量变化特征及其对气候变化的响应[J].人民黄河,2015,37(5):10-14.Zhang C,Han M,Shi L H.Runoff into the sea of the Yellow River:Characteristics and its response to climate change[J].Yellow River,2015,37(5):10-14.
[21]冯士笮,张经,魏皓.渤海环境动力学导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2007:1-15.Feng S Z,Zhang J,Wei H.Introduction to environmental dynamics of Bohai Sea[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007:1-15.
[22]黄河水文网.水情日报,利津站[Z/OL].来源:http://61.163.88.227:8006/hwsq.aspx.Yellow River hydrological network.Daily water situation report,Lijin hydrological station[Z/OL].available from:http://61.163.88.227:8006/hwsq.aspx.
[23]张洁帆,陶建华,李清雪,等.渤海湾氮磷营养盐年际变化规律研究[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(7):2063-2064.Zhang J F,Tao J H,Li Q X,et el.Studis on the interannual variation law of the nutrient salts of nitrogen and phosphorus in Bohai Bay[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2007,35(7):2063-2064.
[24]Kuenzler E J,Ketchum B H.Rate of phosphorus uptake by phaeodactylum tricornutum[J].Biological Bulletin,1962,123(1):134-145.
[25]赵亮,魏皓,冯士筰.渤海氮磷营养盐的循环和收支[J].环境科学,2002,23(1):78-81.Zhao L,Wei H,Feng S Z.Annual cycle and budgets of nutrients in the Bohai sea[J].Environmental Science,2002,23(1):78-81.
[26]国家海洋局北海分局.2013年北海区海洋灾害公报.[Z/OL]http://www.ncsb.gov.cn/n1/n128/n239/n261/index_11.html.North sea branch of state oceanic administration(SOA).2013 north sea marine disaster bulletin.[Z/OL]//www.ncsb.gov.cn/n1/n128/n239/n261/index_11.html.
[27]张莹.渤海中部浮游植物与环境因子的空间关系及季节差异分析[D].烟台:中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,2016.Zhang Y.Spatial correlation and seasonal variation of phytoplankton and environmental factors in the central Bohai Sea[D].Yantai:Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2016.
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