寒地牛粪强制通风静态好氧堆肥发酵及养分降解特征
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摘要
为加快畜禽粪便等废弃物的资源化利用,克服冬季低温的不利条件通过对比进行预热处理的强制通风静态好氧堆肥处理1,无预热处理的静态好氧堆肥处理2及对照牛粪自然发酵堆肥处理的温度、含水量、pH、全氮、腐殖酸含量等指标,研究了我国北方冬季气温较低条件下牛粪强制通风静态好氧堆肥发酵及养分降解特征。结果表明:处理1在第5天升到50℃,堆体温度处于50℃以上共持续20 d;处理2在第9天升到50℃,堆体温度处于50℃以上共持续16 d,两个试验处理温度均达到国家畜禽粪便无害化卫生标准(GB 7959-87);对照处理温度无明显变化,未达到无害化标准。处理1和处理2,pH变化规律为试验前期降低后期升高,堆体呈中性至微碱性(7.89～8.65);堆体含水量均呈试验前期上升后期下降趋势,总体呈略下降趋势,分别由试验开始的65.48%和64.47%降至腐熟完成时的62.01%和64.35%;堆体TN损失较高,分别损失46.45%和40.95%,由试验开始36.60和35.90 g·kg~(-1)下降至腐熟完成时的19.60和21.20 g·kg~(-1);腐殖质分别降低了19.60%和23.18%,由试验开始296.50和285.60 g·kg~(-1)下降至腐熟完成时的238.40和219.40 g·kg~(-1)。在北方冬季气温较低的条件下,利用强制通风静态好氧堆肥技术,牛粪堆体温度均达到国家卫生标准,完成有效的堆腐过程。堆体启动前期预热能加快堆体温度升高,并提高温度升高上限,有利于堆腐的进行。
In order to speed up the resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure and overcome the disadvantageous conditions of low temperature in winter,three treatments were designed: forced ventilation static aerobic composting with preheating for treatment 1,forced ventilation static aerobic composting without preheating for treatment 2 and natural fermentation composting of cattle manure as control treatment CK.By comparing and analyzing the temperature,water content,pH,total nitrogen and humic acid content of each treatment,the experiment studied the cattle manure fermentation and degradation characteristics under low temperature in winter of North China.The results showed that: treatment 1 lasted 20 days when the temperature of the reactor was above 50 ℃ on the fifth day,treatment 2 lasted 16 days when the temperature of the reactor was above 50 ℃ on the ninth day,and both treatment temperatures met the national standards for the innocuous treatment of livestock and poultry manure(GB 7959-87); the control treatment temperature did not change significantly and did not meet the standards for the innocuous treatment of livestock and poultry manure.Test treatment 1 and 2 showed that the change of pH was lower in the early stage and higher in the later stage,and the heap was neutral to slightly alkaline(7.89-8.65)as a whole;the water content of the reactor showed a rising and declining trend in the early and late stages of the test,and a slight declining trend in general,which decreased from 65.48% and 64.47% at the beginning of the test to 62.01% and 64.35% at the completion of the decomposition,respectively;the TN loss of the reactor was higher,46.45% and 40.95% respectively,from 36.60 and 35.90 g·kg~(-1) to 19.60 and 21.20 g·kg~(-1) at the time of completion of decomposition; humus was reduced by 19.60% and 23.18% respectively,from 296.50 and 285.60 g·kg~(-1) at the beginning of the experiment to 238.40 and 219.40 g·kg~(-1) at the time of completion of decomposition.Under the condition of low temperature in winter in North China,the composting technology of forced ventilation static aerobic composting could make the temperature of cattle manure compost reach the national sanitary standard and complete the effective composting process.Preheating in the early stage of the test could accelerate the temperature rise of reactor and raise the upper limit of temperature rise,which was conducive to the process of composting.
In order to speed up the resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure and overcome the disadvantageous conditions of low temperature in winter,three treatments were designed: forced ventilation static aerobic composting with preheating for treatment 1,forced ventilation static aerobic composting without preheating for treatment 2 and natural fermentation composting of cattle manure as control treatment CK.By comparing and analyzing the temperature,water content,pH,total nitrogen and humic acid content of each treatment,the experiment studied the cattle manure fermentation and degradation characteristics under low temperature in winter of North China.The results showed that: treatment 1 lasted 20 days when the temperature of the reactor was above 50 ℃ on the fifth day,treatment 2 lasted 16 days when the temperature of the reactor was above 50 ℃ on the ninth day,and both treatment temperatures met the national standards for the innocuous treatment of livestock and poultry manure(GB 7959-87); the control treatment temperature did not change significantly and did not meet the standards for the innocuous treatment of livestock and poultry manure.Test treatment 1 and 2 showed that the change of pH was lower in the early stage and higher in the later stage,and the heap was neutral to slightly alkaline(7.89-8.65)as a whole;the water content of the reactor showed a rising and declining trend in the early and late stages of the test,and a slight declining trend in general,which decreased from 65.48% and 64.47% at the beginning of the test to 62.01% and 64.35% at the completion of the decomposition,respectively;the TN loss of the reactor was higher,46.45% and 40.95% respectively,from 36.60 and 35.90 g·kg~(-1) to 19.60 and 21.20 g·kg~(-1) at the time of completion of decomposition; humus was reduced by 19.60% and 23.18% respectively,from 296.50 and 285.60 g·kg~(-1) at the beginning of the experiment to 238.40 and 219.40 g·kg~(-1) at the time of completion of decomposition.Under the condition of low temperature in winter in North China,the composting technology of forced ventilation static aerobic composting could make the temperature of cattle manure compost reach the national sanitary standard and complete the effective composting process.Preheating in the early stage of the test could accelerate the temperature rise of reactor and raise the upper limit of temperature rise,which was conducive to the process of composting.
引文
[1]张雨.黑龙江迈向畜牧强省[J].农产品市场周刊,2017(35):38-39.
[2]黑龙江省财政厅,黑龙江省农业开发办公室联合调研组[J].奋斗,2017(14):22-26.
[3]李季,彭生平.堆肥工程使用手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[4]Waksman S A,Cordon T C,Hulpoi N.Influence of temperature upon the microbioloical population and decomposition processes in composts of stable manure[J].Soil Science,1939,47:83-113.
[5]Cooper J N,Anderson J G,Campbell C D.How resilient are microbial communities to temperature changes during composting[M].Berlin:Heidelberg,2002.
[6]Fernandez L,Sartaj M.Comparative study of static pile composting using natural forced,passive aeration methods[J].Compost Science&Utilization,1997,5(4):65-77.
[7]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2009.
[8]中华人民共和国卫生部.G B7959-87,中华人民共和国国家标准粪便无害化卫生标准[S].
[9]李恕艳,李吉进.高温堆肥温度变化及无害化效果试验[J].蔬菜,2013(2):52-56.
[10]何惠霞,徐凤花,赵晓锋,等.低温下牛粪接种发酵剂对堆肥温度与微生物的影响[J].东北农业大学学报,2007,38(1):54-58.
[11]Augenstein D,Wise D L,Dat N X,et al.Composting of municipal solid waste and sewage sludge;potential for fuel gas production in a developing country[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,1996,16:265-279.
[12]陈广银,王德汉,吴艳.不同时期添加蘑菇渣对落叶堆肥过程的影响[J].环境化学,2008,27(1):81-86.
[13]李清飞,孙震宇.微生物调控对牛粪堆肥的生物特性影响[J].环境污染与防治,2012,34(2):5-8.
[14]Miller F C.Composting as a process based on the control of ecologically selective factors[M]//Soil Microbiology ecology application in agricultural and environmental management.New York:Marcel Dekker,1993.
[15]Haug R T.Engineering Principles of sludge composting[J].Water Pollution Control Federation,1979,51(8):2189-2206.
[16]USEAP.Composting facility design[M]//Composting of municipal waster sludges,1985.
[17]Jimenez E I,and Garcia V P.Composting of domestic refuse and sewgae sludge,I Evolution of temperature,pH,C/N ratio and cation-exchange capacity[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,1991,6:45-60.
[18]Martins O,Dewes T.Loss of nitrogenous compounds during composting of animal wastes[J].Bioresource Technology,1992,42:103-111.
[19]赵秋,鲍艳宇.堆肥过程中氮素损失的控制[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(7):375-378.
[20]胡华锋,程璞,刘卫东.冬季低温环境下牛粪堆肥参数动态研究[J].郑州牧业工程高等专科学校学报,2014,34(3):1-7.
[21]Inbar Y,Chen Y and Hadar Y.Characterization of humicsubstances form enduring the Composting of organic matter[J].Soil Science Society of American Journal,1990,54:1316-1324.
[22]熊雄,李艳霞,韩杰,等.堆肥腐殖质的形成和变化及其对重金属有效性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(6):2137-2142.
[23]李国学,张福锁.固体废弃物堆肥化与有机复合肥生产[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2000.
[24]李吉进,郝晋珉,邹国元,等.高温堆肥碳氮循环及腐殖质变化特征研究[J].生态环境,2004(3):332-334.
[2]黑龙江省财政厅,黑龙江省农业开发办公室联合调研组[J].奋斗,2017(14):22-26.
[3]李季,彭生平.堆肥工程使用手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[4]Waksman S A,Cordon T C,Hulpoi N.Influence of temperature upon the microbioloical population and decomposition processes in composts of stable manure[J].Soil Science,1939,47:83-113.
[5]Cooper J N,Anderson J G,Campbell C D.How resilient are microbial communities to temperature changes during composting[M].Berlin:Heidelberg,2002.
[6]Fernandez L,Sartaj M.Comparative study of static pile composting using natural forced,passive aeration methods[J].Compost Science&Utilization,1997,5(4):65-77.
[7]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2009.
[8]中华人民共和国卫生部.G B7959-87,中华人民共和国国家标准粪便无害化卫生标准[S].
[9]李恕艳,李吉进.高温堆肥温度变化及无害化效果试验[J].蔬菜,2013(2):52-56.
[10]何惠霞,徐凤花,赵晓锋,等.低温下牛粪接种发酵剂对堆肥温度与微生物的影响[J].东北农业大学学报,2007,38(1):54-58.
[11]Augenstein D,Wise D L,Dat N X,et al.Composting of municipal solid waste and sewage sludge;potential for fuel gas production in a developing country[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,1996,16:265-279.
[12]陈广银,王德汉,吴艳.不同时期添加蘑菇渣对落叶堆肥过程的影响[J].环境化学,2008,27(1):81-86.
[13]李清飞,孙震宇.微生物调控对牛粪堆肥的生物特性影响[J].环境污染与防治,2012,34(2):5-8.
[14]Miller F C.Composting as a process based on the control of ecologically selective factors[M]//Soil Microbiology ecology application in agricultural and environmental management.New York:Marcel Dekker,1993.
[15]Haug R T.Engineering Principles of sludge composting[J].Water Pollution Control Federation,1979,51(8):2189-2206.
[16]USEAP.Composting facility design[M]//Composting of municipal waster sludges,1985.
[17]Jimenez E I,and Garcia V P.Composting of domestic refuse and sewgae sludge,I Evolution of temperature,pH,C/N ratio and cation-exchange capacity[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,1991,6:45-60.
[18]Martins O,Dewes T.Loss of nitrogenous compounds during composting of animal wastes[J].Bioresource Technology,1992,42:103-111.
[19]赵秋,鲍艳宇.堆肥过程中氮素损失的控制[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(7):375-378.
[20]胡华锋,程璞,刘卫东.冬季低温环境下牛粪堆肥参数动态研究[J].郑州牧业工程高等专科学校学报,2014,34(3):1-7.
[21]Inbar Y,Chen Y and Hadar Y.Characterization of humicsubstances form enduring the Composting of organic matter[J].Soil Science Society of American Journal,1990,54:1316-1324.
[22]熊雄,李艳霞,韩杰,等.堆肥腐殖质的形成和变化及其对重金属有效性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(6):2137-2142.
[23]李国学,张福锁.固体废弃物堆肥化与有机复合肥生产[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2000.
[24]李吉进,郝晋珉,邹国元,等.高温堆肥碳氮循环及腐殖质变化特征研究[J].生态环境,2004(3):332-334.