人类世生态地质学研究方法及应用研究
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摘要
地质学家和社会学家广泛关注"人类世"这一新概念,但是,对于"人类世"的时间跨度仍然存在很大争议。在结合前人研究结果的基础上,对人类世提出了新的划分方法:认为人类世是一个以人类活动为主导因素的地质时期,要探讨人类世的生态与环境演化过程,就需要寻找一种有时间序列、分辨率高、分布范围广并且与生物活动紧密相关的沉积层。选取粪土层作为过去生态环境信息记录的新载体,运用多学科交叉的方法探索南极生态、气候和环境变化的问题,是南极无冰区生态地质学的理论基础。南极无冰区生态地质学是人类世生态地质学的组成部分,是沉积学与地球化学、考古学、生态学多学科交叉的结果,它的理论和方法已被成功地运用到北极和中国的南海地区,它应该放在全球的沉积学大平台上,开拓新的领域。并详细讨论了人类世生态地质学的研究方法及应用实例,对于了解人类世以来气候、环境和生态的变化及其与人类活动的关系具有重要意义。
The new concept of "Anthropocene"attracts wide concern among geologists and sociologists; however,there are still a lot of controversies with regard to the time span of the Anthropocene.Based upon previous research results,we proposed a new partitioning method for Anthropocene.Anthropocene is a geological epoch dominated by anthropogenic activities.In order to study the ecological history and environmental evolution during the Anthropocene,we need high-resolution and widely-distributed sediments which have good temporal series and close relationship with biological activities.Using ornithogenic sediments as a new carrier of ecoenvironmental records and a multidisciplinary approach,we have successfully studied the main issues of ecology,climate and environment in the Antarctica.The ecogeology of ice-free areas of Antarctica is the multidisciplinary cross science between sedimentology,geochemistry,archaeology,and ecology,it is an important part of Anthropocene ecogeology,its theories and methods have been successfully applied in the Arctic and South China Sea,and it should be extended as the great platform of global sedimentology to open up a new area.In this paper,we discuss in detail the research methods and applications of Anthropocene ecogeology.These methods are important for understanding the changes of climate,environment and ecology and their relationship with human activities during the Anthropocene.
The new concept of "Anthropocene"attracts wide concern among geologists and sociologists; however,there are still a lot of controversies with regard to the time span of the Anthropocene.Based upon previous research results,we proposed a new partitioning method for Anthropocene.Anthropocene is a geological epoch dominated by anthropogenic activities.In order to study the ecological history and environmental evolution during the Anthropocene,we need high-resolution and widely-distributed sediments which have good temporal series and close relationship with biological activities.Using ornithogenic sediments as a new carrier of ecoenvironmental records and a multidisciplinary approach,we have successfully studied the main issues of ecology,climate and environment in the Antarctica.The ecogeology of ice-free areas of Antarctica is the multidisciplinary cross science between sedimentology,geochemistry,archaeology,and ecology,it is an important part of Anthropocene ecogeology,its theories and methods have been successfully applied in the Arctic and South China Sea,and it should be extended as the great platform of global sedimentology to open up a new area.In this paper,we discuss in detail the research methods and applications of Anthropocene ecogeology.These methods are important for understanding the changes of climate,environment and ecology and their relationship with human activities during the Anthropocene.
引文
[1]Crutzen P J.Geology of mankind[J].Nature,2002,415(6867):23.
[2]Dalby S.Biopolitics and climate security in the Anthropocene[J].Geoforum,2013,49:184-192.
[3]Smith B D,Zeder M A.The onset of the Anthropocene[J].Anthropocene,2013,4:8-13.
[4]Lewis S L,Maslin M A.Defining the anthropocene[J].Nature,2015,519(7542):171-180.
[5]Steffen W,Grinevald J,Crutzen P,et al.The anthropocene:conceptual and historical perspectives[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A:Mathematical,Physical and Engineering Sciences,2011,369(1938):842-867.
[6]孙立广,谢周清,刘晓东,等.南极无冰区生态地质学[M].北京:科学出版社,2006:1-306.[Sun Liguang,Xie Zhouqing,Liu Xiaodong,et al.Eco-geology in ice-free area of Antarctica[M].Beijing:Science Press,2006:1-306.]
[7]Huang T,Sun L G,Long N Y,et al.Penguin tissue as a proxy for relative krill abundance in East Antarctica during the holocene[J].Scientific Reports,2013,3:2807.
[8]Huang T,Sun L G,Stark J,et al.Relative changes in krill abundance inferred from Antarctic fur seal[J].PLo S One,2011,6(11):e27331.
[9]Sun L G,Liu X D,Yin X B,et al.A 1,500-year record of Antarctic seal populations in response to climate change[J].Polar Biology,2004,27(8):495-501.
[10]Sun L G,Xie Z Q.Relics:penguin population programs[J].Science Progress,2001,84(1):31-44.
[11]Sun L G,Xie Z Q,Zhao J L.A 3,000-year record of penguin populations[J].Nature,2000,407(6806):858.
[12]Huang J,Sun L G,Huang W,et al.The ecosystem evolution of penguin colonies in the past 8,500 years on Vestfold hills,East Antarctica[J].Polar Biology,2010,33(10):1399-1406.
[13]Huang J,Sun L G,Wang X M,et al.Ecosystem evolution of seal colony and the influencing factors in the 20th century on Fildes Peninsula,West Antarctica[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2011,23(9):1431-1436.
[14]Wang J J,Wang Y H,Wang X M,et al.Penguins and vegetations on Ardley Island,Antarctica:evolution in the past 2,400 years[J].Polar Biology,2007,30(11):1475-1481.
[15]Sun L G,Emslie S D,Huang T,et al.Vertebrate records in polar sediments:biological responses to past climate change and human activities[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2013,126:147-155.
[16]Sun L G,Yin X B,Liu X D,et al.A 2000-year record of mercury and ancient civilizations in seal hairs from King George Island,West Antarctica[J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,368(1):236-247.
[17]Zalasiewicz J,Williams M,Fortey R,et al.Stratigraphy of the anthropocene[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A:Mathematical,Physical and Engineering Sciences,2011,369(1938):1036-1055.
[18]Monastersky R.Anthropocene:the human age[J].Nature,2015,519(7542):144-147.
[19]刘东生.开展“人类世”环境研究,做新时代地学的开拓者:纪念黄汲清先生的地学创新精神[J].第四纪研究,2004,24(4):369-378.[Liu T.Demand of anthropocene study in the new stage of geoscience:in Honor of late geologist Huang Jiqing for his innovative spirit[J].Quaternary Sciences,2004,24(4):369-378.]
[20]赵朝洪.更新世:全新世界限的划分与中国石器时代分期研究综述[J].江汉考古,1996(1):45-54.[Zhao Chaohong.Review of the boundaries between Pleistocene and Holocene Epoch and Chinese stone age staging[J].Jianghan Archaeology,1996(1):45-54.]
[21]吕厚远,张健平.关中地区的新石器古文化发展与古环境变化的关系[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(6):1050-1060.[LüHouyuan,Zhang Jianping.Neolithic cultural evolution and Holocene climate change in the Guanzhong Basin,Shaanxi,China[J].Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(6):1050-1060.]
[22]Blunier T,Chappellaz J,Schwander J,et al.Variations in atmospheric methane concentration during the Holocene Epoch[J].Nature,1995,374(6517):46-49.
[23]Zalasiewicz J,Williams M,Haywood A,et al.The anthropocene:a new epoch of geological time?[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A:Mathematical,Physical and Engineering Sciences,2011,369(1938):835-841.
[24]Liu X D,Zhao S P,Sun L G,et al.Geochemical evidence for the variation of historical seabird population on Dongdao Island of the South China sea[J].Journal of Paleolimnology,2006,36(3):259-279.
[25]Sun L G,Zhu R B,Yin X B,et al.A geochemical method for the reconstruction of the occupation history of a penguin colony in the maritime Antarctic[J].Polar Biology,2004,27(11):670-678.
[26]孙立广,谢周清,赵俊琳.南极阿德雷岛湖泊沉积:企鹅粪土层识别[J].极地研究,2000,12(2):105-112.[Sun Liguang,Xie Zhouqing,Zhao Junlin.The lake sediment of Ardley Island,Antarctica:identification of penguin-dropping amended soil[J].Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2000,12(2):105-112.]
[27]Yuan L X,Sun L G,Long N Y,et al.Seabirds colonized Ny-lesund,Svalbard,Arctic~9,400 years ago[J].Polar Biology,2010,33(5):683-691.
[28]Jiang S,Liu X D,Sun J,et al.A multi-proxy sediment record of late Holocene and recent climate change from a lake near Ny-lesund,Svalbard[J].Boreas,2011,40(3):468-480.
[29]Liu X D,Sun L G,Yin X B,et al.Paleoecological implications of the nitrogen isotope signatures in the sediments amended by Antarctic seal excrements[J].Progress in Natural Science,2004,14(9):786-792.
[30]Liu X D,Li H C,Sun L G,et al.δ13C andδ15N in the ornithogenic sediments from the Antarctic maritime as palaeoecological proxies during the past 2000 yr[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,243(3/4):424-438.
[31]Sun L G,Zhu R B,Liu X D,et al.HCl-soluble87Sr/86Sr ratio in sediments impacted by penguin or seal excreta as a proxy for historical population size in the maritime Antarctic[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2005,303:43-50.
[32]Xu L Q,Liu X D,Sun L G,et al.A 2200-year record of seabird population on Ganquan Island,South China sea[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2011,85(4):957-967.
[33]Sun L G,Yin X B,Pan C P,et al.A 50-years record of dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethanes and hexachlorocyclohexanes in lake sediments and penguin droppings on King George Island,Maritime Antarctic[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2005,17(6):899-905.
[34]Nicol S,Pauly T,Bindoff N L,et al.Ocean circulation off east Antarctica affects ecosystem structure and sea-ice extent[J].Nature,2000,406(6795):504-507.
[35]Murphy E J,Watkins J L,Trathan P N,et al.Spatial and temporal operation of the Scotia sea ecosystem:a review of large-scale links in a krill centred food web[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2007,362(1477):113-148.
[36]Cherel Y.Isotopic niches of emperor and Adélie penguins in Adélie Land,Antarctica[J].Marine Biology,2008,154(5):813-821.
[37]Emslie S D,Patterson W P.Abrupt recent shift inδ13C andδ15N values in Adélie penguin eggshell in Antarctica[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2007,104(28):11666-11669.
[38]Lorrain A,Graham B,Ménard F,et al.Nitrogen and carbon isotope values of individual amino acids:a tool to study foraging ecology of penguins in the southern ocean[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2009,391:293-306.
[39]Atkinson A,Siegel V,Pakhomov E,et al.Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the southern ocean[J].Nature,2004,432(7013):100-103.
[40]Blais J M,Kimpe L E,Mc Mahon D,et al.Arctic seabirds transport marine-derived contaminants[J].Science,2005,309(5733):445.
[41]Yin X B,Xia L J,Sun L G,et al.Animal excrement:a potential biomonitor of heavy metal contamination in the marine environment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,399(1/2/3):179-185.
[42]尹雪斌,孙立广,刘晓东,等.南极生物粪对汞的生物放大作用[J].生态学报,2004,24(3):630-634.[Yin Xuebin,Sun Liguang,Liu Xiaodong,et al.Biomagnification of Hg in antarctic scats[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(3):630-634.]
[43]Yin X B,Sun L G,Zhu R B,et al.Mercury-selenium association in antarctic seal hairs and animal excrements over the past 1,500years[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2007,26(3):381-386.
[44]Sladen W J L,Menzie C M,Reichel W L.DDT residues in Adelie penguins and a crabeater seal from Antarctica[J].Nature,1966,210(5037):670-673.
[45]Yan H,Sun L G,Oppo D W,et al.South China sea hydrological changes and Pacific walker circulation variations over the last millennium[J].Nature Communications,2011,2:293.
[46]Sun L G,Xie Z Q.Changes in lead concentration in Antarctic penguin droppings during the past 3,000 years[J].Environmental Geology,2001,40(10):1205-1208.
[47]Martínez-Cortizas A,Pontevedra-Pombal X,García-Rodeja E,et al.Mercury in a Spanish peat bog:archive of climate change and atmospheric metal deposition[J].Science,1999,284(5416):939-942.
[48]Dubs H H.An ancient Chinese stock of gold[J].The Journal of Economic History,1942,2(1):36-39.
[49]Henderson J S.The world of the ancient Maya[M].New York:Cornell University Press,1997.
[50]Cuadra W A,Dunkerley P M.A history of gold in Chile[J].Economic Geology,1991,86(6):1155-1173.
[51]Biester H,Kilian R,Franzen C,et al.Elevated mercury accumulation in a peat bog of the Magellanic Moorlands,Chile(53°S):an anthropogenic signal from the Southern Hemisphere[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,201(3/4):609-620.
[52]Lockhart W L,Macdonald R W,Outridge P M,et al.Tests of the fidelity of lake sediment core records of mercury deposition to known histories of mercury contamination[J].Science of the Total Environment,2000,260(1/2/3):171-180.
[53]Pirrone N,Allegrini I,Keeler G J,et al.Historical atmospheric mercury emissions and depositions in North America compared to mercury accumulations in sedimentary records[J].Atmospheric Environment,1998,32(5):929-940.
[54]Slemr F,Langer E.Increase in global atmospheric concentrations of mercury inferred from measurements over the Atlantic ocean[J].Nature,1992,355(6359):434-437.
[2]Dalby S.Biopolitics and climate security in the Anthropocene[J].Geoforum,2013,49:184-192.
[3]Smith B D,Zeder M A.The onset of the Anthropocene[J].Anthropocene,2013,4:8-13.
[4]Lewis S L,Maslin M A.Defining the anthropocene[J].Nature,2015,519(7542):171-180.
[5]Steffen W,Grinevald J,Crutzen P,et al.The anthropocene:conceptual and historical perspectives[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A:Mathematical,Physical and Engineering Sciences,2011,369(1938):842-867.
[6]孙立广,谢周清,刘晓东,等.南极无冰区生态地质学[M].北京:科学出版社,2006:1-306.[Sun Liguang,Xie Zhouqing,Liu Xiaodong,et al.Eco-geology in ice-free area of Antarctica[M].Beijing:Science Press,2006:1-306.]
[7]Huang T,Sun L G,Long N Y,et al.Penguin tissue as a proxy for relative krill abundance in East Antarctica during the holocene[J].Scientific Reports,2013,3:2807.
[8]Huang T,Sun L G,Stark J,et al.Relative changes in krill abundance inferred from Antarctic fur seal[J].PLo S One,2011,6(11):e27331.
[9]Sun L G,Liu X D,Yin X B,et al.A 1,500-year record of Antarctic seal populations in response to climate change[J].Polar Biology,2004,27(8):495-501.
[10]Sun L G,Xie Z Q.Relics:penguin population programs[J].Science Progress,2001,84(1):31-44.
[11]Sun L G,Xie Z Q,Zhao J L.A 3,000-year record of penguin populations[J].Nature,2000,407(6806):858.
[12]Huang J,Sun L G,Huang W,et al.The ecosystem evolution of penguin colonies in the past 8,500 years on Vestfold hills,East Antarctica[J].Polar Biology,2010,33(10):1399-1406.
[13]Huang J,Sun L G,Wang X M,et al.Ecosystem evolution of seal colony and the influencing factors in the 20th century on Fildes Peninsula,West Antarctica[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2011,23(9):1431-1436.
[14]Wang J J,Wang Y H,Wang X M,et al.Penguins and vegetations on Ardley Island,Antarctica:evolution in the past 2,400 years[J].Polar Biology,2007,30(11):1475-1481.
[15]Sun L G,Emslie S D,Huang T,et al.Vertebrate records in polar sediments:biological responses to past climate change and human activities[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2013,126:147-155.
[16]Sun L G,Yin X B,Liu X D,et al.A 2000-year record of mercury and ancient civilizations in seal hairs from King George Island,West Antarctica[J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,368(1):236-247.
[17]Zalasiewicz J,Williams M,Fortey R,et al.Stratigraphy of the anthropocene[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A:Mathematical,Physical and Engineering Sciences,2011,369(1938):1036-1055.
[18]Monastersky R.Anthropocene:the human age[J].Nature,2015,519(7542):144-147.
[19]刘东生.开展“人类世”环境研究,做新时代地学的开拓者:纪念黄汲清先生的地学创新精神[J].第四纪研究,2004,24(4):369-378.[Liu T.Demand of anthropocene study in the new stage of geoscience:in Honor of late geologist Huang Jiqing for his innovative spirit[J].Quaternary Sciences,2004,24(4):369-378.]
[20]赵朝洪.更新世:全新世界限的划分与中国石器时代分期研究综述[J].江汉考古,1996(1):45-54.[Zhao Chaohong.Review of the boundaries between Pleistocene and Holocene Epoch and Chinese stone age staging[J].Jianghan Archaeology,1996(1):45-54.]
[21]吕厚远,张健平.关中地区的新石器古文化发展与古环境变化的关系[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(6):1050-1060.[LüHouyuan,Zhang Jianping.Neolithic cultural evolution and Holocene climate change in the Guanzhong Basin,Shaanxi,China[J].Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(6):1050-1060.]
[22]Blunier T,Chappellaz J,Schwander J,et al.Variations in atmospheric methane concentration during the Holocene Epoch[J].Nature,1995,374(6517):46-49.
[23]Zalasiewicz J,Williams M,Haywood A,et al.The anthropocene:a new epoch of geological time?[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A:Mathematical,Physical and Engineering Sciences,2011,369(1938):835-841.
[24]Liu X D,Zhao S P,Sun L G,et al.Geochemical evidence for the variation of historical seabird population on Dongdao Island of the South China sea[J].Journal of Paleolimnology,2006,36(3):259-279.
[25]Sun L G,Zhu R B,Yin X B,et al.A geochemical method for the reconstruction of the occupation history of a penguin colony in the maritime Antarctic[J].Polar Biology,2004,27(11):670-678.
[26]孙立广,谢周清,赵俊琳.南极阿德雷岛湖泊沉积:企鹅粪土层识别[J].极地研究,2000,12(2):105-112.[Sun Liguang,Xie Zhouqing,Zhao Junlin.The lake sediment of Ardley Island,Antarctica:identification of penguin-dropping amended soil[J].Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2000,12(2):105-112.]
[27]Yuan L X,Sun L G,Long N Y,et al.Seabirds colonized Ny-lesund,Svalbard,Arctic~9,400 years ago[J].Polar Biology,2010,33(5):683-691.
[28]Jiang S,Liu X D,Sun J,et al.A multi-proxy sediment record of late Holocene and recent climate change from a lake near Ny-lesund,Svalbard[J].Boreas,2011,40(3):468-480.
[29]Liu X D,Sun L G,Yin X B,et al.Paleoecological implications of the nitrogen isotope signatures in the sediments amended by Antarctic seal excrements[J].Progress in Natural Science,2004,14(9):786-792.
[30]Liu X D,Li H C,Sun L G,et al.δ13C andδ15N in the ornithogenic sediments from the Antarctic maritime as palaeoecological proxies during the past 2000 yr[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,243(3/4):424-438.
[31]Sun L G,Zhu R B,Liu X D,et al.HCl-soluble87Sr/86Sr ratio in sediments impacted by penguin or seal excreta as a proxy for historical population size in the maritime Antarctic[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2005,303:43-50.
[32]Xu L Q,Liu X D,Sun L G,et al.A 2200-year record of seabird population on Ganquan Island,South China sea[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2011,85(4):957-967.
[33]Sun L G,Yin X B,Pan C P,et al.A 50-years record of dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethanes and hexachlorocyclohexanes in lake sediments and penguin droppings on King George Island,Maritime Antarctic[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2005,17(6):899-905.
[34]Nicol S,Pauly T,Bindoff N L,et al.Ocean circulation off east Antarctica affects ecosystem structure and sea-ice extent[J].Nature,2000,406(6795):504-507.
[35]Murphy E J,Watkins J L,Trathan P N,et al.Spatial and temporal operation of the Scotia sea ecosystem:a review of large-scale links in a krill centred food web[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2007,362(1477):113-148.
[36]Cherel Y.Isotopic niches of emperor and Adélie penguins in Adélie Land,Antarctica[J].Marine Biology,2008,154(5):813-821.
[37]Emslie S D,Patterson W P.Abrupt recent shift inδ13C andδ15N values in Adélie penguin eggshell in Antarctica[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2007,104(28):11666-11669.
[38]Lorrain A,Graham B,Ménard F,et al.Nitrogen and carbon isotope values of individual amino acids:a tool to study foraging ecology of penguins in the southern ocean[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2009,391:293-306.
[39]Atkinson A,Siegel V,Pakhomov E,et al.Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the southern ocean[J].Nature,2004,432(7013):100-103.
[40]Blais J M,Kimpe L E,Mc Mahon D,et al.Arctic seabirds transport marine-derived contaminants[J].Science,2005,309(5733):445.
[41]Yin X B,Xia L J,Sun L G,et al.Animal excrement:a potential biomonitor of heavy metal contamination in the marine environment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,399(1/2/3):179-185.
[42]尹雪斌,孙立广,刘晓东,等.南极生物粪对汞的生物放大作用[J].生态学报,2004,24(3):630-634.[Yin Xuebin,Sun Liguang,Liu Xiaodong,et al.Biomagnification of Hg in antarctic scats[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(3):630-634.]
[43]Yin X B,Sun L G,Zhu R B,et al.Mercury-selenium association in antarctic seal hairs and animal excrements over the past 1,500years[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2007,26(3):381-386.
[44]Sladen W J L,Menzie C M,Reichel W L.DDT residues in Adelie penguins and a crabeater seal from Antarctica[J].Nature,1966,210(5037):670-673.
[45]Yan H,Sun L G,Oppo D W,et al.South China sea hydrological changes and Pacific walker circulation variations over the last millennium[J].Nature Communications,2011,2:293.
[46]Sun L G,Xie Z Q.Changes in lead concentration in Antarctic penguin droppings during the past 3,000 years[J].Environmental Geology,2001,40(10):1205-1208.
[47]Martínez-Cortizas A,Pontevedra-Pombal X,García-Rodeja E,et al.Mercury in a Spanish peat bog:archive of climate change and atmospheric metal deposition[J].Science,1999,284(5416):939-942.
[48]Dubs H H.An ancient Chinese stock of gold[J].The Journal of Economic History,1942,2(1):36-39.
[49]Henderson J S.The world of the ancient Maya[M].New York:Cornell University Press,1997.
[50]Cuadra W A,Dunkerley P M.A history of gold in Chile[J].Economic Geology,1991,86(6):1155-1173.
[51]Biester H,Kilian R,Franzen C,et al.Elevated mercury accumulation in a peat bog of the Magellanic Moorlands,Chile(53°S):an anthropogenic signal from the Southern Hemisphere[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,201(3/4):609-620.
[52]Lockhart W L,Macdonald R W,Outridge P M,et al.Tests of the fidelity of lake sediment core records of mercury deposition to known histories of mercury contamination[J].Science of the Total Environment,2000,260(1/2/3):171-180.
[53]Pirrone N,Allegrini I,Keeler G J,et al.Historical atmospheric mercury emissions and depositions in North America compared to mercury accumulations in sedimentary records[J].Atmospheric Environment,1998,32(5):929-940.
[54]Slemr F,Langer E.Increase in global atmospheric concentrations of mercury inferred from measurements over the Atlantic ocean[J].Nature,1992,355(6359):434-437.