清乾隆朝钱塘江河口沙水测量与科学治潮
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摘要
乾隆朝建立起的钱塘江河口沙水测量与定期奏报制度,使该河口有了系统的水文观测,推动了对河口沙水变迁规律的认识,对治江防潮意义重大。本文首先梳理了自东汉至清初历史上人们对钱塘江涌潮和水文知识的认知变化过程,在此背景下,基于清实录和清宫档案还原了钱塘江沙水测量的起源、惯例的形成、制度的确立与运行,并进一步分析了乾隆朝沙水测量与奏报对治江方案和塘工决策的影响。认为乾隆朝形成的钱塘江河口沙水测量与奏报制度,使治江防潮及筑塘决策更为合理。
Systematic hydrological observation at the Qiantang Estuary had been established in late imperial China since the formation of the hydrographic survey and reporting system during the reign of Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. This system contributed to better knowledge of the motion of the sand and water at the estuary, and had a significant effect on the tide control. This paper starts with a summary of the changes in recognition and knowledge of the Qiantang River tidal bore from the Eastern Han dynasty to the early Qing dynasty. Against this background,the paper has reconstructed the history of the formation and function of the hydrographic survey system, based on the Veritable Records and the archives of the Qing dynasty, and has analyzed this system's impact on the measurement of tide control and seawall construction decisions. The paper posits that the hydrographic survey and reporting system had contributed to more reasonable policies and decisions on tide control and seawall construction.
Systematic hydrological observation at the Qiantang Estuary had been established in late imperial China since the formation of the hydrographic survey and reporting system during the reign of Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. This system contributed to better knowledge of the motion of the sand and water at the estuary, and had a significant effect on the tide control. This paper starts with a summary of the changes in recognition and knowledge of the Qiantang River tidal bore from the Eastern Han dynasty to the early Qing dynasty. Against this background,the paper has reconstructed the history of the formation and function of the hydrographic survey system, based on the Veritable Records and the archives of the Qing dynasty, and has analyzed this system's impact on the measurement of tide control and seawall construction decisions. The paper posits that the hydrographic survey and reporting system had contributed to more reasonable policies and decisions on tide control and seawall construction.
引文
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[24]庄有恭.奏为遵旨赴海宁查勘坝外涨沙督工办理增修条块石坦水等事[Z].档案号:04-01-05-0032-001,中国第一历史档案馆藏.
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[27]清实录·第17册[M].北京:中华书局,2008,392.
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[30]庄有恭、熊学鹏.奏报念里亭外添建坦水按月绘图事[Z].档案号:03-1001-065,中国第一历史档案馆藏.
[31]清实录·第22册[M].北京:中华书局,2008,145.
[32]清实录·第27册[M].北京:中华书局,2008,842.
[33]《宫中档朱批奏折》乾隆二十七年十月二十二日[Z]档案号:04-01-05-0033-031,中国第一历史档案馆藏.
[34]清实录·第19册[M].北京:中华书局,2008,954.
[35]中国第一历史档案馆.乾隆朝上谕档[M].第6册,北京档案出版社,1986,947.
[36]清实录·第20册[M].北京:中华书局,2008,81-82.
[37]清实录·第23册[M].北京:中华书局,2008,831.
[38]清实录·第24册[M].北京:中华书局,2008,1135-1136.
(1)龛山与赭山隔钱塘江南北对峙,中间江流海潮行经之地称海门,古时海门以上称江,海门以下称海。二山今已全归钱塘江南岸,属杭州市萧山区。
(2)现代涌潮科学研究表明,钱塘江口喇叭口形状尚不足以确保形成涌潮,必赖水下沙坎的淤积,纵贯河口段,自下而上逐渐抬升河床,使海水行进受阻,形成涌潮。沙坎的南北冲淤变化,又决定江流和涌潮的行进路线和两岸防潮形势的变迁。
[2]李孝聪.清代舆图档案所见钱塘江海塘工程[A],《钱塘江海塘保护与申遗》编辑组:钱塘江保护与申遗论文集(上册)[C],杭州,2016,1-19.
[3]陶存焕、周潮生.明清钱塘江海塘[M].北京:水利水电出版社,2001.
[4]陈吉余.海塘:中国海岸变迁和海塘工程[M].北京:人民出版社,2000.
[5]林炳尧.钱塘江涌潮的特性[M].北京:海洋出版社,2008,9-10.
[6]袁康、吴平辑录.越绝书[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1985,29.
[7]刘传武、何剑叶.潮神考论[J].东南文化,1996,(4):52-56.
[8]中国古代潮汐史料整理研究组.中国古代潮汐论著选译[M].北京:科学出版社,1980,20.
[9]方观承.两浙海塘通志[M].杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2012,34.
[10]宋濂.元史·河渠志[M].北京:中华书局,1976,1641.
[11]张廷玉.明史·河渠志六[M].北京:中华书局,1974,2151.
[12]祁彪佳.祁彪佳日记[M].杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2016,213.
[13]张书才.雍正朝汉文朱批奏折汇编[M].第30册,南京:江苏古籍出版社,1989,703.
[14]宫中档朱批奏折,雍正十二年五月初一日[Z].档案号04-01-30-0338-029,中国第一历史档案馆藏.
[15]中国第一历史档案馆.御批两浙名臣奏议·海塘卷[M]第二册,富阳:华宝斋出版社,2001,251-252.
[16]清实录[M].第11册,北京:中华书局,2008,153.
[17]顾琮.奏为查勘钱塘江中门引河疏浚工程并酌办小门沙居民移居事[Z].档案号:04-01-01-0151-004,中国第一历史档案馆藏.
[18]讷亲.奏为勘过海塘情形敬筹善后事宜事[Z].档案号04-01-01-0164-036,中国第一历史档案馆藏.
[19]庄有恭.奏报查勘海宁仁和塘工情形事[Z].档案号03-0994-042,中国第一历史档案馆藏.
[20]庄有恭.奏为查勘东西两塘沙势情形事[Z].档案号03-1047-004,中国第一历史档案馆藏.
[21]中国第一历史档案馆.乾隆南巡御档[M].第一册,富阳华宝斋出版社,2001,143.
[22]翟均廉.海塘录·卷首二[A],纪昀:四库全书[C],第583册,上海:上海古籍出版社,2003.
[23]琅轩.海塘新志(附续志)[M].台北:成文出版社1970,125.
[24]庄有恭.奏为遵旨赴海宁查勘坝外涨沙督工办理增修条块石坦水等事[Z].档案号:04-01-05-0032-001,中国第一历史档案馆藏.
[25]杨廷璋.奏为勘明尖塔二山沙水情形事[Z].档案号04-01-05-0032-034,中国第一历史档案馆藏.
[26]庄有恭.奏为遵旨接修柴塘核估工料所需银数事[Z]档案号:04-01-05-0032-041,中国第一历史档案馆藏.
[27]清实录·第17册[M].北京:中华书局,2008,392.
[28]庄有恭.奏为修建东西坦水工程事[Z].档案号:03-1120-043,中国第一历史档案馆藏.
[29]庄有恭、熊学鹏.奏报浙省海塘情形事[Z].档案号04-01-25-0115-042,中国第一历史档案馆藏.
[30]庄有恭、熊学鹏.奏报念里亭外添建坦水按月绘图事[Z].档案号:03-1001-065,中国第一历史档案馆藏.
[31]清实录·第22册[M].北京:中华书局,2008,145.
[32]清实录·第27册[M].北京:中华书局,2008,842.
[33]《宫中档朱批奏折》乾隆二十七年十月二十二日[Z]档案号:04-01-05-0033-031,中国第一历史档案馆藏.
[34]清实录·第19册[M].北京:中华书局,2008,954.
[35]中国第一历史档案馆.乾隆朝上谕档[M].第6册,北京档案出版社,1986,947.
[36]清实录·第20册[M].北京:中华书局,2008,81-82.
[37]清实录·第23册[M].北京:中华书局,2008,831.
[38]清实录·第24册[M].北京:中华书局,2008,1135-1136.
(1)龛山与赭山隔钱塘江南北对峙,中间江流海潮行经之地称海门,古时海门以上称江,海门以下称海。二山今已全归钱塘江南岸,属杭州市萧山区。
(2)现代涌潮科学研究表明,钱塘江口喇叭口形状尚不足以确保形成涌潮,必赖水下沙坎的淤积,纵贯河口段,自下而上逐渐抬升河床,使海水行进受阻,形成涌潮。沙坎的南北冲淤变化,又决定江流和涌潮的行进路线和两岸防潮形势的变迁。