缙云山常绿阔叶林粗木质残体储量及特征
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摘要
【目的】实地调查缙云山常绿阔叶林粗木质残体(CWD)的储量和特征,分析其影响因素,为深入认识常绿阔叶林生态系统中与粗木质残体相关的物质循环等关键生态过程提供理论依据,并为全球碳汇及相关学科的研究提供基础数据。【方法】以缙云山常绿阔叶林内已建立的2块0.5 hm~2样地为对象,调查并分析样地CWD的储量、类型组成、分解等级、径级分布格局以及地形对CWD储量的影响。【结果】缙云山常绿阔叶林CWD储量为38.42 t·hm~(-2),其中倒木、枯立木、大枯枝和木桩储量分别为27.70,4.91,2.91和2.90 t·hm~(-2),倒木是CWD的主要组成部分; CWD的树种组成与群落优势树种的组成相似,栲占CWD总量的88.44%;从径级分布来看,直径>35 cm的倒木和枯立木是CWD的主体; CWD主要处于分解中后期,中级分解和高级分解CWD的比例分别为63.20%和23.01%;地形对CWD的分布具有显著影响,坡面和山脊CWD储量高于沟谷(P<0.01)。【结论】缙云山常绿阔叶林CWD储量较大,处于该类森林系统的前列; CWD主要以处于分解中后期的优势种大径级倒木和枯立木为主,并主要分布在坡面和沟谷。在森林管理中应降低对CWD的人为干扰和去除,维持森林中枯立木、倒木、大枯枝和树桩等组分的自然状态。
【Objective】 By investigating the storage and structural characteristics of the coarse woody debris(CWD) in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Jinyun Mountain, this study aims to promote the understanding of the material cycling process of woody debris in evergreen broad-leaved forests, and to provide fundamental data for global carbon sequestration related studies.【Method】 In two permanent monitoring plots(with a total area of 1 hm~2), we quantified the storage of CWD and checked the proportion of CWD by varying size classes, types and decay classes. In addition, we looked into the differences in the storage of CWD at different topographic positions to learn how topography affect the spatial distribution of CWD.【Result】 The total storage of CWD on Jinyun Mountain was 38.42 t·hm~(-2), among which logs, snags, branches and stumps totaled 27.70, 4.91,2.91 and 2.90 t·hm~(-2), respectively. The species composition of CWD was similar to that of the above-ground forest community. Castanopsis fargesii was the dominant tree of the forest community, and it also made up 88.44% of the CWD. Logs and snags(>35 cm diameter-class) were the major components of CWD, and a majority of the CWD was found in the medium(63.20%) and late(23.01%) decay classes. Topographic position had a significant effect on the accumulation of CWD; the storage of CWD on the slopes and in the valleys were larger than the CWD storage on the ridges.【Conclusion】 The storage of CWD in Jinyun Mountain was at a high level when compared to the existing cases of the evergreen broad-leaved forests elsewhere. CWD is mainly dominated by medium-and late-decay, and large-sized C. fargesii snags and logs. It was mainly distributed on the slopes and in the valleys. Human disturbances and removal of CWD should be controlled in Jinyun Mountain to retain a combination of trees, snags, and logs within forests for sustainable forest management.
【Objective】 By investigating the storage and structural characteristics of the coarse woody debris(CWD) in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Jinyun Mountain, this study aims to promote the understanding of the material cycling process of woody debris in evergreen broad-leaved forests, and to provide fundamental data for global carbon sequestration related studies.【Method】 In two permanent monitoring plots(with a total area of 1 hm~2), we quantified the storage of CWD and checked the proportion of CWD by varying size classes, types and decay classes. In addition, we looked into the differences in the storage of CWD at different topographic positions to learn how topography affect the spatial distribution of CWD.【Result】 The total storage of CWD on Jinyun Mountain was 38.42 t·hm~(-2), among which logs, snags, branches and stumps totaled 27.70, 4.91,2.91 and 2.90 t·hm~(-2), respectively. The species composition of CWD was similar to that of the above-ground forest community. Castanopsis fargesii was the dominant tree of the forest community, and it also made up 88.44% of the CWD. Logs and snags(>35 cm diameter-class) were the major components of CWD, and a majority of the CWD was found in the medium(63.20%) and late(23.01%) decay classes. Topographic position had a significant effect on the accumulation of CWD; the storage of CWD on the slopes and in the valleys were larger than the CWD storage on the ridges.【Conclusion】 The storage of CWD in Jinyun Mountain was at a high level when compared to the existing cases of the evergreen broad-leaved forests elsewhere. CWD is mainly dominated by medium-and late-decay, and large-sized C. fargesii snags and logs. It was mainly distributed on the slopes and in the valleys. Human disturbances and removal of CWD should be controlled in Jinyun Mountain to retain a combination of trees, snags, and logs within forests for sustainable forest management.
引文
邓云, 张文富, 邓晓保,等. 2012. 西双版纳热带季节雨林粗木质物残体储量及其空间分布. 生态学杂志, 31(2): 261-270.(Deng Y,Zhang W F, Deng X B, et al. 2012. Storage of coarse wood debris and its spatial distribution in a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna of Southwest China. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 31(2): 261-270. [in Chinese])
范跃新, 杨智杰, 郭剑芬,等. 2010. 万木林自然保护区不同分解等级粗木质残体呼吸的温度敏感性. 亚热带资源与环境学报, 5(3): 36-42.(Fan Y X, Yang Z J, Guo J F, et al. 2010. The temperature sensitivity of coarse woody debris (CWD) respiration in different decay classes at Wanmulin Nature Reserve. Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment, 5(3): 36-42. [in Chinese])
高甲荣, 王敏, 毕利,等. 2003. 贡嘎山不同年龄结构峨眉冷杉林粗木质残体的贮存量及其特征. 中国水土保持科学, 1(2): 47-51.(Gao J R, Wang M, Bi L, et al. 2003. Storage amount and characteristics of coarse woody debris in Abies fabri forest in different age stages at the Gongga Mountains. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 1(2): 47-51.[in Chinese])
高祥阳. 2015. 缙云山栲树衰退及其幼苗更新. 重庆: 重庆大学硕士学位论文.(Gao X Y. 2015. Castanopsis fargesii decline and the effect on seedling recruitment on Mt. Jinyun. Chongqing: MS thesis of Chongqing University. [in Chinese])
郭剑芬, 杨玉盛, 钟羡芳,等. 2011. 森林粗木质残体的储量和碳库及其影响因素. 林业科学, 47(2): 125-133.(Guo J F, Yang Y S, Zhong X F, et al. 2011. Storage, carbon pool of coarse woody debris in forest ecosystems and the influence factors. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 47(2): 125-133.[in Chinese])
金光泽, 刘志理, 蔡慧颖,等. 2009. 小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林粗木质残体的研究. 自然资源学报, 35(24): 1256-1266.(Jin G Z, Liu Z L, Cai H Y, et al. 2009. Coarse woody debris (CWD) in a spruce-fir valley forest in Xiao Hinggan Mountains, China. Journal of Natural Resources, 35(24): 1256-1266.[in Chinese])
刘妍妍, 金光泽. 2009. 地形对小兴安岭阔叶红松 (Pinus koraiensis) 林粗木质残体分布的影响. 生态学报, 29(3): 1398-1407.(Liu Y Y, Jin G Z. 2009. Influence of topography on coarse woody debris in a mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest in Xiaoxingan Mountains, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 29(3): 1398-1407. [in Chinese])
吕琨珑, 饶良懿, 李菲菲,等. 2013. 中国森林粗木质残体储量及其影响因素. 浙江农林大学学报, 30(1): 114-122.(Lü K L, Rao L Y, Li F F,et al. 2013. Storage and determinants of coarse woody debris in China’s forests. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 30(1): 114-122. [in Chinese])
邱学忠, 谢寿昌, 荆桂芬. 1984. 云南哀牢山徐家坝地区木果石栎林生物量的初步研究. 云南植物研究, 6(1): 85-92.(Qiu X Z, Xie S C, Jing G F. 1984. A preliminary study on biomass of Lithocarpus xylocarpus forest in Xujianba region, Ailao MTS., Yunnan. Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 6(1): 85-92.[in Chinese])
宋吉红, 张洪江, 姜广翔. 2007. 缙云山自然保护区4种森林类型林地土壤的持水特性研究. 西部林业科学, 36 (4): 26-33.(Song J H, Zhang H J, Jiang G X. 2007.A study on water retention properties of soil under four types of forest communities in Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve. Journal of West China Forestry Science, 36 (4): 26-33. [in Chinese])
宋坤, 达良俊, 杨同辉,等. 2007. 栲树种群的年龄结构及其生长特征. 应用生态学报, 18(2): 254-260.(Song K, Da L J, Yang T H, et al. 2007. Age structure and growth characteristic of Castanopsis fargesii population. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 18(2): 254-260. [in Chinese])
唐建维. 2008. 西双版纳热带季节雨林的粗死木质残体及其养分元素. 生态学杂志, 27(12): 2033-2041.(Tang J W. 2008. Coarse woody debris mass and its nutrients stock in tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 27(12): 2033-2041. [in Chinese])
唐旭利, 周国逸. 2005. 南亚热带典型森林演替类型粗死木质残体储量及其对碳循环的潜在影响. 植物生态学报, 29(4): 559-568.(Tang X L, Zhou G Y. 2005. Coarse woody debris biomass and its potential contribution to the carbon cycle in successional subtropical forests of Southern China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 29(4): 559-568. [in Chinese])
王顺忠, 谷会岩, 桑卫国. 2014. 粗木质残体储量和分解进展. 生态学杂志, 33(8): 2266-2273.(Wang S Z, Gu H Y, Sang W G. 2014. Storage and decay of coarse woody debris: a review. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 33(8): 2266-2273.[in Chinese])
温琳华, 梁宏温, 温远光,等. 2010. 大明山常绿阔叶林粗死木质残体储量的初步研究. 广西林业科学, 39(4): 197-200.(Wen L H, Liang H W, Wen Y G, et al. 2010. Preliminary study on storage of coarse woody debris in evergreen broad-leaved forests of Damingshan Mountain Nature Reserve. Guangxi Forestry Science, 39(4): 197-200. [in Chinese])
肖洒, 吴福忠, 杨万勤,等. 2016. 高山峡谷区暗针叶林木质残体储量及其分布特征. 生态学报, 36(5): 2-7.(Xiao S, Wu F Z, Yang W Q, et al. 2016. Woody debris storage and its distribution of dark coniferous forest in the alpine-gorge area. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 36(5): 2-7. [in Chinese])
闫恩荣, 王希华, 黄建军. 2005. 森林粗死木质残体的概念及其分类. 生态学报, 25(1): 159-166.(Yan E R, Wang X H, Huang J J. 2005. Concept and classification of coarse woody debris in forest ecosystems. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 25(1):159-166. [in Chinese])
杨超, 黄力, 高祥阳,等. 2016.缙云山常绿阔叶林凋落动态及组成. 林业科学研究, 29(1): 1-9.(Yang C, Huang L, Gao X Y, et al. 2016.The dynamics and composition of litter fall of evergreen broad-leaved forest on Mt. Jinyun. Forest Research, 29(1): 1-9. [in Chinese])
杨方方, 李跃林. 2011. 鼎湖山粗死木质残体生物量特征. 应用与环境生物学报, 17(5): 750-752.(Yang F F, Li Y L. 2011. Coarse woody debris biomass in a monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Dinghushan Nature Reserve, China. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology, 17(5): 750-752.[in Chinese])
杨礼攀, 刘文耀, 杨国平,等. 2007. 哀牢山湿性常绿阔叶林和次生林木质物残体的组成与碳储量. 应用生态学报, 18(10): 2153-2159.(Yang L P, Liu W Y, Yang G P, et al. 2007. Composition and carbon storage of woody debris in moist evergreen forest and its secondary forest in Ailao Mountains of Yunnan Province. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 18(10): 2153-2159.[in Chinese])
Brown S. 2002. Measuring carbon in forests: current status and future challenges. Environmental Pollution, 116(3): 363-372.
Currie W S, Nadelhoffer K J. 2002. The imprint of land-use history: patterns of carbon and nitrogen in downed woody debris at the Harvard Forest. Ecosystems, 5(5): 446-460.
Delaney M, Brown S, Lugo A E, et al. 1998. The quantity and turnover of dead wood in permanent forest plots in six life zones of Venezuela. Biotropica, 30(1): 2-11.
Harmon M E, Franklin J, Swanson F, et al. 2004. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research, 34: 59-234.
Harmon M E, Franklin J F, Swanson F J, et al. 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research, 15: 133-302.
Ripple W J, Larsen E J. 2001. The role of postfire coarse woody debris in aspen regeneration. Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 16(2): 61-64.
Spies T A, Franklin J F, Thomas T B.1988. Coarse woody debris in Douglas-fir forests of western Oregon and Washington. Ecology, 69(6):1689-1702.
Webster C R, Jenkins M A. 2005. Coarse woody debris dynamics in the southern Appalachians as affected by topographic position and anthropogenic disturbance history. Forest Ecology and Management, 217(2): 319-330.
Wilcke W, Hess T, Bengel C, et al. 2005. Coarse woody debris in a montane forest in Ecuador: mass, C and nutrient stock, and turnover. Forest Ecology and Management, 205(1):139-147.
Yan E R, Wang X H, Huang J J, et al. 2007. Long-lasting legacy of forest succession and forest management: characteristics of coarse woody debris in an evergreen broad-leaved forest of Eastern China. Forest Ecology and Management, 252(1): 98-107.
Zhou L, Dai L M, Gu H Y, et al. 2007. Review on the decomposition and influence factors of coarse woody debris in forest ecosystem. Journal of Forestry Research, 18(1): 48-54.
范跃新, 杨智杰, 郭剑芬,等. 2010. 万木林自然保护区不同分解等级粗木质残体呼吸的温度敏感性. 亚热带资源与环境学报, 5(3): 36-42.(Fan Y X, Yang Z J, Guo J F, et al. 2010. The temperature sensitivity of coarse woody debris (CWD) respiration in different decay classes at Wanmulin Nature Reserve. Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment, 5(3): 36-42. [in Chinese])
高甲荣, 王敏, 毕利,等. 2003. 贡嘎山不同年龄结构峨眉冷杉林粗木质残体的贮存量及其特征. 中国水土保持科学, 1(2): 47-51.(Gao J R, Wang M, Bi L, et al. 2003. Storage amount and characteristics of coarse woody debris in Abies fabri forest in different age stages at the Gongga Mountains. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 1(2): 47-51.[in Chinese])
高祥阳. 2015. 缙云山栲树衰退及其幼苗更新. 重庆: 重庆大学硕士学位论文.(Gao X Y. 2015. Castanopsis fargesii decline and the effect on seedling recruitment on Mt. Jinyun. Chongqing: MS thesis of Chongqing University. [in Chinese])
郭剑芬, 杨玉盛, 钟羡芳,等. 2011. 森林粗木质残体的储量和碳库及其影响因素. 林业科学, 47(2): 125-133.(Guo J F, Yang Y S, Zhong X F, et al. 2011. Storage, carbon pool of coarse woody debris in forest ecosystems and the influence factors. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 47(2): 125-133.[in Chinese])
金光泽, 刘志理, 蔡慧颖,等. 2009. 小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林粗木质残体的研究. 自然资源学报, 35(24): 1256-1266.(Jin G Z, Liu Z L, Cai H Y, et al. 2009. Coarse woody debris (CWD) in a spruce-fir valley forest in Xiao Hinggan Mountains, China. Journal of Natural Resources, 35(24): 1256-1266.[in Chinese])
刘妍妍, 金光泽. 2009. 地形对小兴安岭阔叶红松 (Pinus koraiensis) 林粗木质残体分布的影响. 生态学报, 29(3): 1398-1407.(Liu Y Y, Jin G Z. 2009. Influence of topography on coarse woody debris in a mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest in Xiaoxingan Mountains, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 29(3): 1398-1407. [in Chinese])
吕琨珑, 饶良懿, 李菲菲,等. 2013. 中国森林粗木质残体储量及其影响因素. 浙江农林大学学报, 30(1): 114-122.(Lü K L, Rao L Y, Li F F,et al. 2013. Storage and determinants of coarse woody debris in China’s forests. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 30(1): 114-122. [in Chinese])
邱学忠, 谢寿昌, 荆桂芬. 1984. 云南哀牢山徐家坝地区木果石栎林生物量的初步研究. 云南植物研究, 6(1): 85-92.(Qiu X Z, Xie S C, Jing G F. 1984. A preliminary study on biomass of Lithocarpus xylocarpus forest in Xujianba region, Ailao MTS., Yunnan. Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 6(1): 85-92.[in Chinese])
宋吉红, 张洪江, 姜广翔. 2007. 缙云山自然保护区4种森林类型林地土壤的持水特性研究. 西部林业科学, 36 (4): 26-33.(Song J H, Zhang H J, Jiang G X. 2007.A study on water retention properties of soil under four types of forest communities in Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve. Journal of West China Forestry Science, 36 (4): 26-33. [in Chinese])
宋坤, 达良俊, 杨同辉,等. 2007. 栲树种群的年龄结构及其生长特征. 应用生态学报, 18(2): 254-260.(Song K, Da L J, Yang T H, et al. 2007. Age structure and growth characteristic of Castanopsis fargesii population. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 18(2): 254-260. [in Chinese])
唐建维. 2008. 西双版纳热带季节雨林的粗死木质残体及其养分元素. 生态学杂志, 27(12): 2033-2041.(Tang J W. 2008. Coarse woody debris mass and its nutrients stock in tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 27(12): 2033-2041. [in Chinese])
唐旭利, 周国逸. 2005. 南亚热带典型森林演替类型粗死木质残体储量及其对碳循环的潜在影响. 植物生态学报, 29(4): 559-568.(Tang X L, Zhou G Y. 2005. Coarse woody debris biomass and its potential contribution to the carbon cycle in successional subtropical forests of Southern China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 29(4): 559-568. [in Chinese])
王顺忠, 谷会岩, 桑卫国. 2014. 粗木质残体储量和分解进展. 生态学杂志, 33(8): 2266-2273.(Wang S Z, Gu H Y, Sang W G. 2014. Storage and decay of coarse woody debris: a review. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 33(8): 2266-2273.[in Chinese])
温琳华, 梁宏温, 温远光,等. 2010. 大明山常绿阔叶林粗死木质残体储量的初步研究. 广西林业科学, 39(4): 197-200.(Wen L H, Liang H W, Wen Y G, et al. 2010. Preliminary study on storage of coarse woody debris in evergreen broad-leaved forests of Damingshan Mountain Nature Reserve. Guangxi Forestry Science, 39(4): 197-200. [in Chinese])
肖洒, 吴福忠, 杨万勤,等. 2016. 高山峡谷区暗针叶林木质残体储量及其分布特征. 生态学报, 36(5): 2-7.(Xiao S, Wu F Z, Yang W Q, et al. 2016. Woody debris storage and its distribution of dark coniferous forest in the alpine-gorge area. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 36(5): 2-7. [in Chinese])
闫恩荣, 王希华, 黄建军. 2005. 森林粗死木质残体的概念及其分类. 生态学报, 25(1): 159-166.(Yan E R, Wang X H, Huang J J. 2005. Concept and classification of coarse woody debris in forest ecosystems. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 25(1):159-166. [in Chinese])
杨超, 黄力, 高祥阳,等. 2016.缙云山常绿阔叶林凋落动态及组成. 林业科学研究, 29(1): 1-9.(Yang C, Huang L, Gao X Y, et al. 2016.The dynamics and composition of litter fall of evergreen broad-leaved forest on Mt. Jinyun. Forest Research, 29(1): 1-9. [in Chinese])
杨方方, 李跃林. 2011. 鼎湖山粗死木质残体生物量特征. 应用与环境生物学报, 17(5): 750-752.(Yang F F, Li Y L. 2011. Coarse woody debris biomass in a monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Dinghushan Nature Reserve, China. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology, 17(5): 750-752.[in Chinese])
杨礼攀, 刘文耀, 杨国平,等. 2007. 哀牢山湿性常绿阔叶林和次生林木质物残体的组成与碳储量. 应用生态学报, 18(10): 2153-2159.(Yang L P, Liu W Y, Yang G P, et al. 2007. Composition and carbon storage of woody debris in moist evergreen forest and its secondary forest in Ailao Mountains of Yunnan Province. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 18(10): 2153-2159.[in Chinese])
Brown S. 2002. Measuring carbon in forests: current status and future challenges. Environmental Pollution, 116(3): 363-372.
Currie W S, Nadelhoffer K J. 2002. The imprint of land-use history: patterns of carbon and nitrogen in downed woody debris at the Harvard Forest. Ecosystems, 5(5): 446-460.
Delaney M, Brown S, Lugo A E, et al. 1998. The quantity and turnover of dead wood in permanent forest plots in six life zones of Venezuela. Biotropica, 30(1): 2-11.
Harmon M E, Franklin J, Swanson F, et al. 2004. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research, 34: 59-234.
Harmon M E, Franklin J F, Swanson F J, et al. 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research, 15: 133-302.
Ripple W J, Larsen E J. 2001. The role of postfire coarse woody debris in aspen regeneration. Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 16(2): 61-64.
Spies T A, Franklin J F, Thomas T B.1988. Coarse woody debris in Douglas-fir forests of western Oregon and Washington. Ecology, 69(6):1689-1702.
Webster C R, Jenkins M A. 2005. Coarse woody debris dynamics in the southern Appalachians as affected by topographic position and anthropogenic disturbance history. Forest Ecology and Management, 217(2): 319-330.
Wilcke W, Hess T, Bengel C, et al. 2005. Coarse woody debris in a montane forest in Ecuador: mass, C and nutrient stock, and turnover. Forest Ecology and Management, 205(1):139-147.
Yan E R, Wang X H, Huang J J, et al. 2007. Long-lasting legacy of forest succession and forest management: characteristics of coarse woody debris in an evergreen broad-leaved forest of Eastern China. Forest Ecology and Management, 252(1): 98-107.
Zhou L, Dai L M, Gu H Y, et al. 2007. Review on the decomposition and influence factors of coarse woody debris in forest ecosystem. Journal of Forestry Research, 18(1): 48-54.