中国城市儿童血铅含量变化趋势及其影响因素
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摘要
为了解中国城市儿童血铅含量变化趋势及其影响因素,收集了1997—2010年166组城镇儿童血铅数据、23个土壤铅含量与25个城市年均PM10数据。统计结果显示,1997—2000年,中国儿童血铅年平均值逐年升高,平均值为98.56μg·L-1,自2000年禁用含铅汽油之后,血铅年平均值总体呈下降趋势,2001—2010年中国儿童血铅平均值为69.61μg·L-1。从不同省份来看,血铅含量随时间总体呈下降趋势,北京等省市已降至较低水平。相关分析表明,城市儿童血铅含量与城市土壤铅含量和大气颗粒物浓度有显著的正相关关系,城市土壤和大气颗粒物仍是儿童铅暴露的重要途径。
To know the change of blood lead levels( BLLs) of children living in urban and suburban areas and the associated factors,BLLs data of 166 cities of China,lead concentrations in soils of 23 cities and the annual mean PM10 of 25 provincial capital cities were collected in1997-2010. The results showed the weighted mean of BLLs was 98.56 μg·L~(-1) on the data of 17 articles before 2000 and 69.61 μg·L~(-1) on the data of 149 articles during 2001-2010. BLLs rose from 1997 to 2000,but fall down in fluctuation since 2000 when Chinese government banned the use of leaded gasoline. On the whole,BLLs declined over time across different provinces,especially in Beijing and the like. BLLs were positively associated with soil lead concentration and PM10 concentration. Urban soil and atmospheric particulates may be the main exposure of lead for children.
To know the change of blood lead levels( BLLs) of children living in urban and suburban areas and the associated factors,BLLs data of 166 cities of China,lead concentrations in soils of 23 cities and the annual mean PM10 of 25 provincial capital cities were collected in1997-2010. The results showed the weighted mean of BLLs was 98.56 μg·L~(-1) on the data of 17 articles before 2000 and 69.61 μg·L~(-1) on the data of 149 articles during 2001-2010. BLLs rose from 1997 to 2000,but fall down in fluctuation since 2000 when Chinese government banned the use of leaded gasoline. On the whole,BLLs declined over time across different provinces,especially in Beijing and the like. BLLs were positively associated with soil lead concentration and PM10 concentration. Urban soil and atmospheric particulates may be the main exposure of lead for children.
引文
李小平,程曦.2014.儿童血铅(BL)与土壤含铅量(SL)关系的研究.中国人口、资源与环境,24(S1):102-106.
李小平,刘洁,夏舒楠,等.2015.我国城市土壤铅与儿童血铅空间分布格局.土壤通报,46(1):226-232.
任慧敏,王金达,王国平,等.2005.沈阳市土壤铅对儿童血铅的影响.环境科学,26(6):153-158.
王冰,张金良,刘玲,等.2013.我国禁用含铅汽油后儿童血铅水平的变化.环境与健康杂志,30(5):377-384.
王英,李令军.2010.北京大气铅污染的变化规律研究.中国环境科学,30(6):721-726.
张金良,何康敏,王舜钦,等.2009.中国儿童血铅水平及变化趋势研究.环境与健康杂志,26(5):393-398.
邹天森,康文婷,张金良,等.2015.我国主要城市大气重金属的污染水平及分布特征.环境科学研究,28(7):1053-1061.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry(ATSDR).1988.The Nature and Extent of Lead Poisoning in Children in the United States:A Report to Congress.Atlanta,GA:US Department of Health and Human Services,Public Health Services.
Bellinger DC,Needleman HL.2003.Intellectual impairment and blood lead levels.New England Journal of Medicine,349:500-502.
Bierkens J,Smolders R,Van Holderbeke M,et al.2011.Predicting blood lead levels from current and past environmental data in Europe.Science of the Total Environment,409:5101-5110.
Brown MJ,Raymond J,Homa D,et al.2011.Association between children’s blood lead levels,lead service lines,and water disinfection,Washington,DC,1998-2006.Environmental Research,111:67-74.
Calabrese EJ,Stanek EJ,James RC,et al.1999.Soil ingestion:A concern for acute toxicity in children.Journal of Environmental Health,61:18-23.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC).1991.Preventing lead poisoning in young children:A statement by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Atlanta:Department of Health and Human Services(US).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC).2004.Children Blood Lead Levels in the United States.Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.May 27;54(20):513-516.
Chiodo LM,Chandice C,Robert JS,et al.2007.Blood lead levels and specific attention effects in young children.Neurotoxicology and Teratology,29:538-546.
He K,Wang S,Zhang J.2009.Blood lead levels of children and its trend in China.Science of the Total Environment,407:3986-3993.
Kurkjian R,Flegal AR.2003.Isotopic evidence of the persistent dominance of blood lead concentrations by previous gasoline lead emissions in Yerevan,Armenia.Environmental Research,93:308-315.
Laidlaw MAS,Filippelli GM.2008.Resuspension of urban soils as a persistent source of lead poisoning in children:A review and new directions.Applied Geochemistry,23:2021-2039.
Laidlaw MAS,Taylor MP.2011.Potential for childhood lead poisoning in the inner cities of Australia due to exposure to lead in soil dust.Environmental Pollution,159:1-9.
Li Q,Cheng H,Zhou T,et al.2012.The estimated atmospheric lead emissions in China,1990-2009.Atmospheric Environment,60:1-8.
Peng J.2005.Study of the correlation between levels of lead in soil and tap water and levels of lead in blood and urine of children.Modern Preventive Medicine,32:1758-1759.
Ren H,Wang J,Zhang X.2006.Assessment of soil lead exposure in children in Shenyang,China.Environmental Pollution,144:327-335.
Sheets RW,Kyger JR,Biagioni RN,et al.2001.Relationship between soil lead and airborne lead concentration at Springfield,Missouri,USA.Science of the Total Environment,271:79-85.
USEPA(United States Environmental Protection Agency).1994.Guidance Manual for the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children.US Environmental Protection Agency,Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,Washington,DC.
USEPA.1995.Air trends 1995 summary[EB/OL].http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/aqtrnd95/acronyms.html
USEPA.2010.Air trends 2010 summary[EB/OL].http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/broker?_service=data&_program=dataprog.aqplot_data_2010.sas&parm=12128&stat=rqmax&styear=1980&endyear=2010&pre=val&query=csv.
van Wijnen JH,Clausing P,Brunekreef B.1990.Estimated soil ingestion by children.Environment Research,51:147-162.
Wang S,Zhang J.2006.Blood lead levels in children,China.Environmental Research,101:412-418.
Young TM,Heeraman DA,Sirin G,et al.2002.Resuspension of soil as a source of airborne lead near industrial facilities and highways.Environmental Science&Technology,36:2484-2490.
Zhao P,Feng Y,Zhu T,et al.2006.Characterizations of resuspended dust in six cities of North China.Atmospheric Environment,40:5807-5814.
李小平,刘洁,夏舒楠,等.2015.我国城市土壤铅与儿童血铅空间分布格局.土壤通报,46(1):226-232.
任慧敏,王金达,王国平,等.2005.沈阳市土壤铅对儿童血铅的影响.环境科学,26(6):153-158.
王冰,张金良,刘玲,等.2013.我国禁用含铅汽油后儿童血铅水平的变化.环境与健康杂志,30(5):377-384.
王英,李令军.2010.北京大气铅污染的变化规律研究.中国环境科学,30(6):721-726.
张金良,何康敏,王舜钦,等.2009.中国儿童血铅水平及变化趋势研究.环境与健康杂志,26(5):393-398.
邹天森,康文婷,张金良,等.2015.我国主要城市大气重金属的污染水平及分布特征.环境科学研究,28(7):1053-1061.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry(ATSDR).1988.The Nature and Extent of Lead Poisoning in Children in the United States:A Report to Congress.Atlanta,GA:US Department of Health and Human Services,Public Health Services.
Bellinger DC,Needleman HL.2003.Intellectual impairment and blood lead levels.New England Journal of Medicine,349:500-502.
Bierkens J,Smolders R,Van Holderbeke M,et al.2011.Predicting blood lead levels from current and past environmental data in Europe.Science of the Total Environment,409:5101-5110.
Brown MJ,Raymond J,Homa D,et al.2011.Association between children’s blood lead levels,lead service lines,and water disinfection,Washington,DC,1998-2006.Environmental Research,111:67-74.
Calabrese EJ,Stanek EJ,James RC,et al.1999.Soil ingestion:A concern for acute toxicity in children.Journal of Environmental Health,61:18-23.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC).1991.Preventing lead poisoning in young children:A statement by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Atlanta:Department of Health and Human Services(US).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC).2004.Children Blood Lead Levels in the United States.Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.May 27;54(20):513-516.
Chiodo LM,Chandice C,Robert JS,et al.2007.Blood lead levels and specific attention effects in young children.Neurotoxicology and Teratology,29:538-546.
He K,Wang S,Zhang J.2009.Blood lead levels of children and its trend in China.Science of the Total Environment,407:3986-3993.
Kurkjian R,Flegal AR.2003.Isotopic evidence of the persistent dominance of blood lead concentrations by previous gasoline lead emissions in Yerevan,Armenia.Environmental Research,93:308-315.
Laidlaw MAS,Filippelli GM.2008.Resuspension of urban soils as a persistent source of lead poisoning in children:A review and new directions.Applied Geochemistry,23:2021-2039.
Laidlaw MAS,Taylor MP.2011.Potential for childhood lead poisoning in the inner cities of Australia due to exposure to lead in soil dust.Environmental Pollution,159:1-9.
Li Q,Cheng H,Zhou T,et al.2012.The estimated atmospheric lead emissions in China,1990-2009.Atmospheric Environment,60:1-8.
Peng J.2005.Study of the correlation between levels of lead in soil and tap water and levels of lead in blood and urine of children.Modern Preventive Medicine,32:1758-1759.
Ren H,Wang J,Zhang X.2006.Assessment of soil lead exposure in children in Shenyang,China.Environmental Pollution,144:327-335.
Sheets RW,Kyger JR,Biagioni RN,et al.2001.Relationship between soil lead and airborne lead concentration at Springfield,Missouri,USA.Science of the Total Environment,271:79-85.
USEPA(United States Environmental Protection Agency).1994.Guidance Manual for the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children.US Environmental Protection Agency,Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,Washington,DC.
USEPA.1995.Air trends 1995 summary[EB/OL].http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/aqtrnd95/acronyms.html
USEPA.2010.Air trends 2010 summary[EB/OL].http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/broker?_service=data&_program=dataprog.aqplot_data_2010.sas&parm=12128&stat=rqmax&styear=1980&endyear=2010&pre=val&query=csv.
van Wijnen JH,Clausing P,Brunekreef B.1990.Estimated soil ingestion by children.Environment Research,51:147-162.
Wang S,Zhang J.2006.Blood lead levels in children,China.Environmental Research,101:412-418.
Young TM,Heeraman DA,Sirin G,et al.2002.Resuspension of soil as a source of airborne lead near industrial facilities and highways.Environmental Science&Technology,36:2484-2490.
Zhao P,Feng Y,Zhu T,et al.2006.Characterizations of resuspended dust in six cities of North China.Atmospheric Environment,40:5807-5814.