全国一等水准点高程近20年变化分析
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摘要
我国于1991—1999年建设的国家第二期一等水准网复测与2012—2015年建设的国家一等水准网成果相隔近20年。受地壳运动、经济建设、地下水开采与回灌等因素的影响,许多地区出现了不同程度的地表沉降和季节性地表起伏,造成区域高程成果发生了不同程度的变化,影响了高程基准的维护及高程成果的使用。本文通过分析两期一等水准重合点、统计分析我国一等水准点20年高程变化量及其变化趋势,并从两期水准网测量设备、措施及测量精度的差异,重力异常改正计算所采用的重力基准、正常重力公式及重力数据的差异,网形结构差异,水准测量周期、水准环闭合周期的差异,地壳垂直运动与局部地表形变影响等4方面进行了两期高程变化的原因分析。研究表明:(1)国家一等水准网点高程近20年发生了不同程度的变化,许多区域出现了严重沉降;(2)地壳垂直运动及局部地表形变是引起高程变化的主要因素;(3)国家一等水准网应进行定期复测更新,复测时应尽量缩短水准测量周期,全网水准测量周期不应超过5年[1]、力争3年内完成。
National Administration of Surveying,Mapping and Geoinformation of China performed the first order leveling campaign for the second time from 1991 to 1999 and the latest leveling campaign from 2012 to 2015,respectively.The time span of two leveling campaigns was about 20 years,due to the influence of crustal movement,economic construction,groundwater exploitation and recharge,the ground surface settlement with different degree and seasonal surface relieves occurred in some regions,which led to various changes of regional elevation and affected the maintenance of height datum and the application of elevation results.The first order leveling coincidence points in the two periods and their changes and trends were analyzed.The reasons for the change of elevation were analyzed from four aspects,which are the difference of measuring equipment,measures and measuring accuracy of leveling network in two periods,the difference of gravity datum,normal gravity formula and gravity data adopted by correcting computation of gravity anomaly,the difference of configuration structure,the difference of leveling period and closure period of leveling ring as well as the influence of vertical crustal movement and local surface deformation.Through this analysis,we can conclude that the serious ground surface settlement occurred in some regions during the recent 20 years.The vertical crustal movement and local surface deformation are the major factors affecting the elevation changes.The first order leveling should be monitored on a regular period which should be no more than 5 years and strives for 3 years.
National Administration of Surveying,Mapping and Geoinformation of China performed the first order leveling campaign for the second time from 1991 to 1999 and the latest leveling campaign from 2012 to 2015,respectively.The time span of two leveling campaigns was about 20 years,due to the influence of crustal movement,economic construction,groundwater exploitation and recharge,the ground surface settlement with different degree and seasonal surface relieves occurred in some regions,which led to various changes of regional elevation and affected the maintenance of height datum and the application of elevation results.The first order leveling coincidence points in the two periods and their changes and trends were analyzed.The reasons for the change of elevation were analyzed from four aspects,which are the difference of measuring equipment,measures and measuring accuracy of leveling network in two periods,the difference of gravity datum,normal gravity formula and gravity data adopted by correcting computation of gravity anomaly,the difference of configuration structure,the difference of leveling period and closure period of leveling ring as well as the influence of vertical crustal movement and local surface deformation.Through this analysis,we can conclude that the serious ground surface settlement occurred in some regions during the recent 20 years.The vertical crustal movement and local surface deformation are the major factors affecting the elevation changes.The first order leveling should be monitored on a regular period which should be no more than 5 years and strives for 3 years.
引文
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[19]张祖胜,杨元喜,孙汉荣,等.地壳形变监测中的水准与重力资料联合解算[J].地震学报,1998,20(1):76-85.ZHANG Zusheng,YANG Yuanxi,SUN Hanrong,et al.Combined compute method of the leveling and geodetic data in the crustal deformation monitoring[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1998,20(1):76-85.
[20]成亚宣,谢陈.国家一等水准网复测若干问题的探讨[J].测绘技术装备,2009(3):9-11.CHENG Yaxuan,XIE Chen.Research on the first-order national leveling network resurvey[J].Geomatics Technology and Equipment,2009(3):9-11.
[21]曾振华,陈优良.DiNi系列数字水准仪的功能、特点及测量原理[J].地矿测绘,2003,19(3):32-35.ZENG Zhenghua,CHEN Youliang.Function characters and surveying principle of digital level of DiNi series[J].Surveying and Mappingof GeologyandMineral Resources,2003,19(3):32-35.
[22]李国智,王文利.国家一等水准网复测高程变化分析及其成果使用[J].测绘通报,2002(3):19-21,31.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0494-0911.2002.03.008.LI Guozhi,WANG Wenli.Analysis of the repetition of the national first-order leveling and the application of the adjustment results[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,2002(3):19-21,31.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0494-0911.2002.03.008.
[23]全国人民代表大会常务委员会.中华人民共和国测绘法(最新修订本)[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2017.Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress.Surveying and mapping law of the People’s Republic of China[M].Beijing:China Legal Publishing House,2017.
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[25]国家测绘局.国家大地测量基本技术规定:GB 22021—2008[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping.Basic specifications for national geodesy:GB 22021—2008[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2008.
[2]张全德,张鹏,陈现军,等.国家第三期一等水准网施测方案研究[J].测绘工程,2012,21(6):1-3,12.ZHANG Quande,ZHANG Peng,CHEN Xianjun,et al.On the third-time measurement project for national first order leveling network[J].Engineering of Surveying and Mapping,2012,21(6):1-3,12.
[3]张全德.国家第三期一等水准网设计[J].测绘通报,2008(5):21-24.ZHANG Quande.Design of the national first order leveling network for the third period[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,2008(5):21-24.
[4]施一民.现代大地控制测量[M].北京:测绘出版社,2003.SHI Yimin.Contemporary geodetic control survey[M].Beijing:Surveying and Mapping Press,2003.
[5]梁振英,牟秀珍,李明.论精密水准测量的误差传播、精度估计和质量控制[J].测绘学报,1997,26(3):199-206.LIANG Zhenying,MOU Xiuzhen,LI Ming.On the error propagation,accuracy estimation and quality control in the high-precision leveling[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,1997,26(3):199-206.
[6]陈俊勇,党亚明,张鹏.建设我国现代化测绘基准体系的思考[J].测绘通报,2009(7):1-5.CHEN Junyong,DANG Yaming,ZHANG Peng.On the construction of modern fundamental system of surveying and mapping in China[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,2009(7):1-5.
[7]张鹏,武军郦,孙占义.国家测绘基准体系基础设施建设[J].测绘通报,2015(10):9-11,37.DOI:10.13474/j.cnki.11-2246.2015.0302.ZHANG Peng,WU Junli,SUN Zhanyi.Infrastructure construction of national geodetic datum[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,2015(10):9-11,37.DOI:10.13474/j.cnki.11-2246.2015.0302.
[8]董鸿闻,顾旦生,李国智,等.中国大陆现今地壳垂直运动研究[M].西安:西安地图出版社,2002.DONG Hongwen,GU Dansheng,LI Guozhi,et al.Research on vertical recent crustal movement of the Mainland of China[M].Xi'an:Xi’an Cartographic Publishing House,2002.
[9]董鸿闻,顾旦生,李国智,等.中国大陆现今地壳垂直运动研究[J].测绘学报,2002,31(2):100-103.DONG Hongwen,GU Dansheng,LI Guozhi,et al.Research on vertical recent crustal movement of the Mainland of China[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2002,31(2):100-103.
[10]董鸿闻,李国智,陈士银,等.地理空间定位基准及其应用[M].北京:测绘出版社,2004.DONG Hongwen,LI Guozhi,CHEN Shiyin,et al.Eospatial datum reference and applications[M].Beijing:Surveying and Mapping Press,2004.
[11]梁振英,董鸿闻,姬恒炼.精密水准测量的理论和实践[M].北京:测绘出版社,2004.LIANG Zhenying,DONG Hongwen,JI Henglian.The theory and practice of precise leveling[M].Beijing:Surveying and Mapping Press,2004.
[12]张全德,梁振英.国家高程控制网更新模式的探讨[J].测绘通报,2001(3):4-6.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0494-0911.2001.03.002.ZHANG Quande,LIANG Zhenying.The discussion on renewal mode of national vertical control network[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,2001(3):4-6.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0494-0911.2001.03.002.
[13]温殿忠,杨俊志.国家三期一等水准测量若干问题的研究[J].测绘通报,2009(11):4-7.WEN Dianzhang,YANG Junzhi.On the key problems of the third stage national first-order leveling[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,2009(11):4-7.
[14]李明,梁振英.我国一等水准复测精度现状和有关的几个问题[J].测绘通报,1996(2):6-9.LI Ming,LIANG Zhenying.The present situation of accuracy and some problems about the national first order leveling network[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,1996(2):6-9.
[15]梁振英.水准测量的误差传播和精度估计[J].测绘通报,1982(4):1-7.LIANG Zhenying.The error propagation and accuracy estimation of level measurement[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,1982(4):1-7.
[16]陈俊勇.我国第二期一等水准网复测的技术特点及其科学意义[J].测绘通报,1991(2):5-8.CHEN Junyong.The technical characteristics and its scientific significance of second stage national first order leveling[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,1991(2):5-8.
[17]陈俊勇,张全德,张鹏.对中国高程控制网现代化工作的思考[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2007,32(11):941-944.CHEN Junyong,ZHANG Quande,ZHANG Peng.On the modernization of Chinese national height control network[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2007,32(11):941-944.
[18]成亚宣.国家第三期一等水准测量布设水准点方法的探讨[J].测绘科学,2011,36(1):32-34.CHENG Yaxuan.Method of benchmark layout based on the national third stage of first order leveling[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2011,36(1):32-34.
[19]张祖胜,杨元喜,孙汉荣,等.地壳形变监测中的水准与重力资料联合解算[J].地震学报,1998,20(1):76-85.ZHANG Zusheng,YANG Yuanxi,SUN Hanrong,et al.Combined compute method of the leveling and geodetic data in the crustal deformation monitoring[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1998,20(1):76-85.
[20]成亚宣,谢陈.国家一等水准网复测若干问题的探讨[J].测绘技术装备,2009(3):9-11.CHENG Yaxuan,XIE Chen.Research on the first-order national leveling network resurvey[J].Geomatics Technology and Equipment,2009(3):9-11.
[21]曾振华,陈优良.DiNi系列数字水准仪的功能、特点及测量原理[J].地矿测绘,2003,19(3):32-35.ZENG Zhenghua,CHEN Youliang.Function characters and surveying principle of digital level of DiNi series[J].Surveying and Mappingof GeologyandMineral Resources,2003,19(3):32-35.
[22]李国智,王文利.国家一等水准网复测高程变化分析及其成果使用[J].测绘通报,2002(3):19-21,31.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0494-0911.2002.03.008.LI Guozhi,WANG Wenli.Analysis of the repetition of the national first-order leveling and the application of the adjustment results[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,2002(3):19-21,31.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0494-0911.2002.03.008.
[23]全国人民代表大会常务委员会.中华人民共和国测绘法(最新修订本)[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2017.Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress.Surveying and mapping law of the People’s Republic of China[M].Beijing:China Legal Publishing House,2017.
[24]陈俊勇,张鹏.国家测绘基准“十二五”重大项目的思考[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2009,34(10):1135-1138.CHEN Junyong,ZHANG Peng.On the national projects for surveying and mapping datum in the twelfth five year plan of China[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2009,34(10):1135-1138.
[25]国家测绘局.国家大地测量基本技术规定:GB 22021—2008[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping.Basic specifications for national geodesy:GB 22021—2008[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2008.