施氮量和播种密度对不同熟期油菜干物质量和产量的影响
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摘要
为探究不同熟期油菜在施氮量和密度互作下的干物质积累、分配、对籽粒贡献与产量效应,以不同熟期(早熟和晚熟)油菜品种为试验材料,于2015-2016年在简阳进行品种、氮肥与密度三因素多水平的田间试验。结果表明,密度对干物质积累、分配和对籽粒贡献的影响总体均大于施氮量。在密度和氮肥互作效应下,干物质积累量的改变量总体上表现为成熟期>花末期>盛花期>初花期>苗期,且随着施氮量的增加而增加,随着密度的增大而显著减少,其中晚熟品种对密度和施氮量的变化更为敏感;干物质分配率在花期前、花期、成熟期最大差异分别表现在叶片、茎秆、角果。在相应生育期,随着密度的增大,叶片分配率显著递减,而茎秆、角果的分配率则显著递增;干物质贡献量随着密度增大而减少,晚熟品种较早熟品种的降幅大,随着施氮量增加晚熟品种干物质贡献量呈上升趋势,早熟品种干物质贡献量花前呈上升趋势,花后呈先增加后下降趋势(除低氮处理外)。在低氮(120 kg·hm~(-2))、中氮(240 kg·hm~(-2))下,随着密度的增大,产量呈先上升后下降趋势;高氮(360 kg·hm~(-2))条件下,随着密度增大,产量显著递增;早熟品种的产量在中氮(240 kg·hm~(-2))下达到最高,平均为2 244. 75 kg·hm~(-2);晚熟品种的产量在高氮(360 kg·hm~(-2))下达到最高,平均为2 472. 15 kg·hm~(-2);早熟品种最佳密肥组合为240 kg·hm~(-2)和30～45万株·hm~(-2),晚熟品种最佳密肥组合为360 kg·hm~(-2)和30～45万株·hm~(-2)。综上,氮肥和密度主要通过改变干物质积累量和花后干物质贡献量来影响产量,晚熟品种更易通过调节氮肥和密度等手段实现高产量。本研究结果为不同熟期油菜氮肥及密度管理提供了理论依据。
The objective of this study was to explore effectof nitrogen fertilizer and plant densities on dry matter accumulation,allocation,contribution to grain and yield for different maturity rape seed.( Based on the different maturity rape seed learly and late-maturing varieties),a multi-level field experiment of variety,nitrogen fertilizer and density was carried out in Yucheng village,Jianyang City,Sichuan Province in 2015-2016. The results showed that densityplayed a more significant role thannitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation,allocation and contribution to grain. The variation of dry matter accumulation under the effect of density and nitrogen fertilizer interaction was generally followed the order of mature stage > flowering stage > flowering stage > early flowering stage > seeding stage. Dry matter accumulations increased with the increasing of nitrogen fertilizer,but a downward trend was observed with the increasing of planting density and the late maturing varieties were more sensitive to the change of density and nitrogen fertilizer. The effects of nitrogen fertilizer and density on dry matter allocation rate were very difference at different growth stages.Leaves proportion showed the largest difference before anthesis,and stem and pod proportion were the highest at anthesis and maturity stage. The stems and pods proportion wre significantly improved with the increasing of density,while the leaves decreased. The amount of dry matter contribution to grain during pre-anthesis and post-anthesis were decreased with the increasing of density and the decline rate of late maturing varieties was much lager. The amount of dry matter contribution to grain of different maturing varieties was different with the increasing of nitrogen fertilizer. The amount of dry matter contribution to grain of early-maturing variety were increased during pre-anthesis and decreased during postanthesis with the increasing of nitrogen fertilizer( except for low nitrogen treatment),while the late-maturing variety were increased with the increasing of nitrogen fertilizer during pre-anthesis and post-anthesis. The grain yield of rapeseed increased at first and then decreased with the increase of density under the condition of both low nitrogen( 120 kg·hm~(-2)) and medium nitrogen( 240 kg·hm~(-2)),while under high nitrogen( 360 kg·hm~(-2)),grain yield significantly increased as density increased. At the same density,the grain yield of the early-maturing variety increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizerand the highest yield was under medium nitrogen( 240 kg·hm~(-2)) with an average of 2 244. 75 kg·hm~(-2),while the late-maturing variety significantly increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizerand the highest yield was under high nitrogen( 360 kg·hm~(-2)) with an average of 2 472. 15 kg·hm~(-2). For the early-maturing variety,the optimum combination is N 240 kg·hm~(-2) plus density of 30×104～ 45×10~4 plants·hm~(-2),and N360 kg·hm~(-2) plus density of 30×104～ 45×10~4 plants·hm~(-2) for the late-maturing variety.The study indicated that the yield was mainly affected by dry matter accumulation and contribution to grain between post-anthesis in changing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and density. It is easier to achieve the optimalyield by changing nitrogen fertilizer dosage and density in the late-maturing varieties. The findings will provide atheoretical basis for nitrogen fertilizer and density management in different maturing rape varieties.
The objective of this study was to explore effectof nitrogen fertilizer and plant densities on dry matter accumulation,allocation,contribution to grain and yield for different maturity rape seed.( Based on the different maturity rape seed learly and late-maturing varieties),a multi-level field experiment of variety,nitrogen fertilizer and density was carried out in Yucheng village,Jianyang City,Sichuan Province in 2015-2016. The results showed that densityplayed a more significant role thannitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation,allocation and contribution to grain. The variation of dry matter accumulation under the effect of density and nitrogen fertilizer interaction was generally followed the order of mature stage > flowering stage > flowering stage > early flowering stage > seeding stage. Dry matter accumulations increased with the increasing of nitrogen fertilizer,but a downward trend was observed with the increasing of planting density and the late maturing varieties were more sensitive to the change of density and nitrogen fertilizer. The effects of nitrogen fertilizer and density on dry matter allocation rate were very difference at different growth stages.Leaves proportion showed the largest difference before anthesis,and stem and pod proportion were the highest at anthesis and maturity stage. The stems and pods proportion wre significantly improved with the increasing of density,while the leaves decreased. The amount of dry matter contribution to grain during pre-anthesis and post-anthesis were decreased with the increasing of density and the decline rate of late maturing varieties was much lager. The amount of dry matter contribution to grain of different maturing varieties was different with the increasing of nitrogen fertilizer. The amount of dry matter contribution to grain of early-maturing variety were increased during pre-anthesis and decreased during postanthesis with the increasing of nitrogen fertilizer( except for low nitrogen treatment),while the late-maturing variety were increased with the increasing of nitrogen fertilizer during pre-anthesis and post-anthesis. The grain yield of rapeseed increased at first and then decreased with the increase of density under the condition of both low nitrogen( 120 kg·hm~(-2)) and medium nitrogen( 240 kg·hm~(-2)),while under high nitrogen( 360 kg·hm~(-2)),grain yield significantly increased as density increased. At the same density,the grain yield of the early-maturing variety increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizerand the highest yield was under medium nitrogen( 240 kg·hm~(-2)) with an average of 2 244. 75 kg·hm~(-2),while the late-maturing variety significantly increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizerand the highest yield was under high nitrogen( 360 kg·hm~(-2)) with an average of 2 472. 15 kg·hm~(-2). For the early-maturing variety,the optimum combination is N 240 kg·hm~(-2) plus density of 30×104～ 45×10~4 plants·hm~(-2),and N360 kg·hm~(-2) plus density of 30×104～ 45×10~4 plants·hm~(-2) for the late-maturing variety.The study indicated that the yield was mainly affected by dry matter accumulation and contribution to grain between post-anthesis in changing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and density. It is easier to achieve the optimalyield by changing nitrogen fertilizer dosage and density in the late-maturing varieties. The findings will provide atheoretical basis for nitrogen fertilizer and density management in different maturing rape varieties.
引文
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[2] Degenhardt D F,Kondra Z P. The influence of seeding dateand seeding rates on yield and yield componentsof five genotypes of Brassica napus[J]. Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1981,61(2):175-183
[3]王国槐,官春云.油菜生态特性的研究Ⅱ.不同类型甘蓝型油菜(B.napus L.)异地异季种植的生态特性研究[J].作物学报,1987,13(1):77-84
[4]廖桂平,官春云.甘蓝型冬油菜(Brassica napus)干物质积累、分配与转移的特性研究[J].作物学报,2002,28(1):52-58
[5]戴敬,徐俊斌,喻义珠,徐冰,马长青,吕丽兰.冬油菜春后干物质积累与产量的关系[J].扬州大学学报,2005,26(1):77-80
[6]李强,马晓君,程秋博,豆攀,余东海,罗延宏,袁继超,孔凡磊.氮肥对不同耐低氮性玉米品种花后物质生产及叶片功能特性的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(1):17-26
[7]钱晨晨,王淑彬,杨滨娟,黄国勤.紫云烟与氮肥配施对早稻干物质生产及氮素吸收利用的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(4):563-571
[8]刘晓林,马晓君,豆攀,黄科程,王兴龙,张頔,孔凡磊,袁继超.种植密度对川中丘陵夏玉米茎秆性状及产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(3):356-364
[9]何天祥,郑传刚,吉牛拉惹,肖诗明.攀西地区秋大豆干物质积累与分配规律的研究[J].大豆科学,2001,20(3):215-220
[10] Evans J R.Photosynthesis and nitrogen relationships in leaves of C3plants[J].Oecologia,1989,78(1):9-19
[11] Przulj N,MomcilovicⅤ.Genetic variation for dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and translocation in two-rowed spring barleyⅡnitrogen translocation[J]. European Journal of Agronomy,2001,15(4):255-265
[12]李广浩,刘娟,董树亭,刘鹏,张吉旺,赵斌,石德杨.密植与氮肥用量对不同耐密型夏玉米品种产量及氮素利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(12):2247-2258
[13]臧贺藏,王言景,张杰,胡峰,李国强,郑国清.不同氮肥模式下2个高产玉米品种物质积累与产量效益特性研究[J].核农学报,2015,29(12):2402-2409
[14]唐江华,苏丽丽,罗家祥,李亚杰,徐文修,彭姜龙.不同耕作方式对夏大豆干物质积累及转运特性的影响[J].核农学报,2015,29(10):2026-2032
[15]齐文增,陈晓璐,刘鹏,刘惠惠,李耕,邵立杰,王飞飞,董树亭,张吉旺,赵斌.超高产夏玉米干物质与氮、磷、钾养分积累与分配特点[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(1):26-36
[16]周玲,王朝辉,李富翠,孟晓瑜,李可懿,李生秀.不同产量水平旱地冬小麦品种干物质累积和转移的差异分析[J].生态学报,2012,32(13):4123-4131
[17]顾俊荣,董明辉,赵步洪,陈培峰,季红娟,韩立宇.不同水氮管理对水稻干物质积累和茎鞘物质运转及产量的影响[J].核农学报,2016,30(2):347-354
[18]宋明丹,李正鹏,冯浩.不同水氮水平冬小麦干物质积累特征及产量效应[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(2):119-126
[19]张自常,李鸿伟,曹转勤,王志琴,杨建昌.施氮量和灌溉方式的交互作用对水稻产量和品质影响[J].作物学报,2013,39(1):84-92
[20]张鹏,张玉龙,迟道才,邹洪涛,高娜,曲晶,虞娜.水钾耦合对花生生理性状及产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(11):1473-1481
[21]雷逢进,温祥珍,李亚灵,王晓民,李灵芝,刘秀丽,刘庆华,韩丽丽.种植密度对不同矮生型西葫芦品种冠层源库特征及产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报学报,2013,21(7):831-837
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