基于Ripley’s K(r)函数的荒漠锦鸡儿种群分布格局
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摘要
运用点格局分析法中的Ripley K函数,对甘肃中部地区的皋兰县老虎台不同坡向的典型植被荒漠锦鸡儿(Caragana roborovskyi)种群不同龄级的空间格局及其关联性进行分析。结果表明:荒漠锦鸡儿Ⅰ、Ⅱ级种群在整个种群中占优势,种群更新状况较好,属增长型种群。在北坡,Ⅰ级荒漠锦鸡儿种群在整个研究尺度内呈聚集分布状态,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级种群呈随机分布状态;在西北坡,Ⅰ级种群呈明显聚集分布,Ⅱ级在小尺度聚集分布,大尺度呈随机分布状态,Ⅲ、Ⅳ级种群在任何尺度均表现为随机分布状态;在西南坡,所有龄级的荒漠锦鸡儿在各个尺度内均呈随机分布状态。不同坡向,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级种群在小尺度表现为负相关,随尺度增加最终呈不相关状态,Ⅲ、Ⅳ级在整个研究尺度内均为不相关,其他龄级种群之间均为负相关状态。荒漠锦鸡儿种群的自然更新不仅受种间、种内竞争的影响,同时也与不同坡向的生境状况有关。在甘肃中部干旱区采用荒漠锦鸡儿对水土流失地进行恢复重建时,灌木间的株行距在西南坡、南坡以4 m为宜;在西北坡、北坡以3 m为宜。
The spatial pattern and correlation of Caragana roborovskyi at different age levels on different slope aspects in Gaolan County,central Gansu Province was analyzed by using the Ripley K function in the point pattern analysis. The results showed that the C. roborovskyi population in class I and II was dominant in the whole population,and the population regeneration was good. The C. roborovskyi population in class I was clustered in the whole study scale,and that in class II,III and IV was distributed randomly on north slope. On the northwest slope,the population in class I was distributed in an obvious aggregation,that in class II was mostly in a small-scale aggregation and in a random large-scale aggregation,and that in class III and IV was randomly in any-scale aggregations. On the southwest slope,all the age classes of C. roborovskyi were distributed randomly on all scales. On different slopes,the population in class I and II was negatively correlated on the small scale,and it was unrelated with the increase of scale. The population in class III and IV was not related on any scales. In addition,the population at all other age levels was negatively correlated. The population regeneration of C. roborovskyi was not only affected by interspecific and intraspecific competition,but also related to the habitat conditions at different slope aspects. When C.roborovskyi was used to restore and rebuild the soil erosion area in central Gansu Province,the 4 m line spacing between shrubs was suitable on southwest and south slopes,and 3 m one was suitable on northwest and the north slopes.
The spatial pattern and correlation of Caragana roborovskyi at different age levels on different slope aspects in Gaolan County,central Gansu Province was analyzed by using the Ripley K function in the point pattern analysis. The results showed that the C. roborovskyi population in class I and II was dominant in the whole population,and the population regeneration was good. The C. roborovskyi population in class I was clustered in the whole study scale,and that in class II,III and IV was distributed randomly on north slope. On the northwest slope,the population in class I was distributed in an obvious aggregation,that in class II was mostly in a small-scale aggregation and in a random large-scale aggregation,and that in class III and IV was randomly in any-scale aggregations. On the southwest slope,all the age classes of C. roborovskyi were distributed randomly on all scales. On different slopes,the population in class I and II was negatively correlated on the small scale,and it was unrelated with the increase of scale. The population in class III and IV was not related on any scales. In addition,the population at all other age levels was negatively correlated. The population regeneration of C. roborovskyi was not only affected by interspecific and intraspecific competition,but also related to the habitat conditions at different slope aspects. When C.roborovskyi was used to restore and rebuild the soil erosion area in central Gansu Province,the 4 m line spacing between shrubs was suitable on southwest and south slopes,and 3 m one was suitable on northwest and the north slopes.
引文
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[23]Wu Xiaopu,Zheng Yu,Ma Keping.Population distribution and dynamics of Quercus liaotungensis,Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Acer mono in Dongling Mountain,Beijing[J].Acta Botanica Sinica,2002,44(2):212-223.
[24]Veblen T T.Tree regeneration response to gaps along a Transandean gradient[J]Ecology,1989,70(3):541-543.
[25]Gray A N,Spies T A.Microsite controls on tree seedling establishment in conifer forest canopy gaps[J].Ecology,1997,78(8):2 458-2 473.
[26]王巍,李庆康,马克平.东灵山地区辽东栎幼苗的建立和空间分布[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(5):595-600.[Wang Wei,Li Qingkang,Ma Keping.Establishment and spatial distribution of Quercus liaotungensis Koids.seedlings in Dongling Mountain[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2000,24(5):595-600.]
[27]宗国,白雪娇,张淑媛,等.辽东山区次生林乔木幼苗分布格局与种间空间关联性[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(1):18-24.[Zong Guo,Bai Xuejiao,Zhang Shuyuan,et al.Spatial pattern and interspecific spatial association of tree seedlings in a secondary forest in montane region of eastern Liaoning Province,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(1):18-24.]
[28]马小丽,赵成章,张茜,等.退化草地甘肃臭草和冷蒿种群空间格局及关联性[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(2):299-304.[Ma Xiaoli,Zhao Chengzhang,Zhang Qian,et al.Spatial pattern and spatial association of Melica przewalskyi and Artemisia frigida in degraded grassland[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(2):299-304.]
[29]Raventos J,Wiegand T,De L M.Evidence for the spatial segregation hypothesis:A test with nine-ear survivorship data in a Mediterranean shrubland[J].Ecology,2010,91(7):2 110-2 120.
[30]闫海冰,韩有志,杨秀清,等.华北山地典型天然次生林群落的树种空间分布格局及其关联性[J].生态学报,2010,30(9):2 311-2 321.[Yan Haibing,Han Youzhi,Yang Xiuqing,et al.Spatial distribution patterns and associations of tree species in typical natural secondary mountain forest communities of Northern China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(9):2 311-2 321.]
[31]王磊,孙启武,郝朝运,等.皖南山区南方红豆杉种群不同龄级立木的点格局分析[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):272-278.[Wang Lei,Sun Qiwu,Hao Chaoyun,et al.Point pattern analysis of different ageclass Taxus chinensis var.mairei individuals in mountainous area of Southern Anhui Province[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(2):272-278.]
[32]尤海舟,刘兴良,缪宁,等.川滇高山栎种群不同海拔空间格局的尺度效应及个体间空间关联[J].生态学报,2010,30(15):4 004-4 011.[You Haizhou,Liu Xingliang,Miao Ning,et al.Individual association and scale effect of spatial pattern of Quercus aquifolioides populations along the elevation gradients[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(15):4 004-4 011.]
[33]宋于洋,李园园,张文辉.梭梭种群不同发育阶段的空间格局与关联性分析[J].生态学报,2010,30(16):4 317-4 327.[Song Yuyang,Li Yuanyuan,Zhang Wenghui.Analysis of spatial pattern and spatial association of Haloxylon ammodendron population in different developmental stages[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(16):4 317-4 327.]
[2]Fletcher L,Reeves C M.Function minimization by conjugate gradients[J].Computer Journal,1964,7(2):149-154.
[3]Skoglund J,Verwijst T.Age structure of woody species population in relation to seed rain,germination and establishment along the river Dalalven,Sweden[J].Vegetatio,1989,82(1):25-34.
[4]Greig P,Smith P G,Anderson J A,et al.Quantitative Plant Ecology[M].London:Blackwell Scientific,1983.
[5]张璞进,清华,张雷,等.内蒙古灌丛化草原毛刺锦鸡儿种群结构和空间分布格局[J].植物生态学报,2017,41(2):165-174.[Zhang Pujin,Qing Hua,Zhang Lei,et al.Population structure and spatial pattern of Caragana tibetica communities in Inner Mongolia shrub-encroached grassland[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2017,41(2):165-174.]
[6]梅军林,庄枫红,马姜明,等.桂林喀斯特地区克隆生长红背山麻杆种群的点格局分析[J].生态学报,2017,37(9):3 164-3 171.[Mei Junlin,Zhuang Fenghong,Ma Jiangming,et al.Spatial point pattern analysis of Alchornea trewioides population clonal growth in the karst area of Guilin[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(9):3 164-3 171.]
[7]刘旻霞.亚高寒草甸不同坡向金露梅种群的空间分布格局及空间关联[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(6):1 817-1 823.[Liu Minxia.Spatial distribution and spatial association of Potentilla fruticosa populations on different slope aspects in subalpine meadow[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(6):1 817-1 823.]
[8]Wezel A,Rajot J L,Herbrig C.Influence of shrubs on soil characteristics and their function in Sahelian agro-ecosystems in semi-arid Niger[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2000,44(4):383-398.
[9]李蒙蒙,刘丹,刘玉冰.基于叶片微形态结构评价10种锦鸡儿属(Caragana)植物的抗旱特征[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(3):708-717.[Li Mengmeng,Liu Dan,Liu Yubing.Evaluation on drought-resistant characteristics of ten Caragana species based on leaf micromorphological structure[J].Journal of Desert Research,2016,36(3):708-717.]
[10]解李娜,魏亚冉,马成仓,等.内蒙古高原西部荒漠区锦鸡儿属植物水力结构的变化[J].生态学报,2015,35(6):1 672-1 678.[Xie Lina,Wei Yaran,Ma Chengcang,et al.Variation in hydraulic architecture of four Caragana species in the desert region on the Inner Mongolian Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(6):1 672-1 678.]
[11]章尧想,刘芳,段娜,等.4种锦鸡儿属(Caragana)植物抗旱性研究[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(19):25-29.[Zhang Yaoxiang,Liu Fang,Duan Na,et al.Study on drought resistance of 4species of Caragana[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(19):25-29.]
[12]宋彬.不同变温、盐分及水分条件对新疆四种锦鸡儿属植物种子萌发及幼苗的影响[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2011.[Song Bing.Influence of Varied Temperature,Salinity and Moisture on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Four Species of Four Species of Caragana L.[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,2011.]
[13]Ramiro Pablo López,Sergio Valdivia,Ninel Sanjinés,et al.The role of nurse plants in the establishment of shrub seedlings in the semiarid subtropical Andes[J].Oecologia,2007,152(4):779-790.
[14]Reynolds J F,Virginia R A,Kemp P R,et al.Impact of drought on desert shrubs:Effects of seasonality and degree of resource island development[J].Ecological Monographs,1999,69(1):69-106.
[15]Wiegand T,Milton S J,Esler K J,et al.Live fast,die young:Estimating size-age relations and mortality pattern of shrubs species in the semi-arid Karoo,South Africa[J].Plant Ecology,2000,150(1/2):115-131.
[16]Ripley B D.Modelling spatial patterns[J].Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,1977,39(2):172-212.
[17]Gay L,He F L.Spatial point-pattern analysis for detecting densitydependent competition in a boreal chronosequence of Alberta[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2009,259(1):98-106.
[18]达良俊,杨永川,宋永昌.浙江天童国家森林公园常绿阔叶林主要组成种的种群结构及更新类型[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(3):376-384.[Da Liangjun,Yang Yongchuan,Song Yongchang.Population structure and regeneration types of dominant species in an evergreen broadleaved forest in tiantong national forest park,Zhejian Province,Eastern China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2004,28(3):376-384.]
[19]Lan G,Getzin S,Wiegand T,et al.Spatial distribution and interspecific associations of tree species in a tropical seasonal rain forest of China[J].Plos One,2012,7(9):e46074.
[20]Condit R,Ashton P S,Baker P,et al.Spatial patterns in the distribution of tropical tree species[J].Science,2000,288(5 470):1 414-1 418.
[21]Crawley M J,Whitmore T C.Plant Ecology:Blackwell scientific publications[J].Journal of Tropical Ecology,1987,3(2):496.
[22]Cheng X,Han H,Kang F,et al.Point pattern analysis of different life stages of Quercus liaotungensis in Lingkong Mountain,Shanxi Province,China[J].Journal of Plant Interactions,2014,9(1):233-240.
[23]Wu Xiaopu,Zheng Yu,Ma Keping.Population distribution and dynamics of Quercus liaotungensis,Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Acer mono in Dongling Mountain,Beijing[J].Acta Botanica Sinica,2002,44(2):212-223.
[24]Veblen T T.Tree regeneration response to gaps along a Transandean gradient[J]Ecology,1989,70(3):541-543.
[25]Gray A N,Spies T A.Microsite controls on tree seedling establishment in conifer forest canopy gaps[J].Ecology,1997,78(8):2 458-2 473.
[26]王巍,李庆康,马克平.东灵山地区辽东栎幼苗的建立和空间分布[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(5):595-600.[Wang Wei,Li Qingkang,Ma Keping.Establishment and spatial distribution of Quercus liaotungensis Koids.seedlings in Dongling Mountain[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2000,24(5):595-600.]
[27]宗国,白雪娇,张淑媛,等.辽东山区次生林乔木幼苗分布格局与种间空间关联性[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(1):18-24.[Zong Guo,Bai Xuejiao,Zhang Shuyuan,et al.Spatial pattern and interspecific spatial association of tree seedlings in a secondary forest in montane region of eastern Liaoning Province,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(1):18-24.]
[28]马小丽,赵成章,张茜,等.退化草地甘肃臭草和冷蒿种群空间格局及关联性[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(2):299-304.[Ma Xiaoli,Zhao Chengzhang,Zhang Qian,et al.Spatial pattern and spatial association of Melica przewalskyi and Artemisia frigida in degraded grassland[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(2):299-304.]
[29]Raventos J,Wiegand T,De L M.Evidence for the spatial segregation hypothesis:A test with nine-ear survivorship data in a Mediterranean shrubland[J].Ecology,2010,91(7):2 110-2 120.
[30]闫海冰,韩有志,杨秀清,等.华北山地典型天然次生林群落的树种空间分布格局及其关联性[J].生态学报,2010,30(9):2 311-2 321.[Yan Haibing,Han Youzhi,Yang Xiuqing,et al.Spatial distribution patterns and associations of tree species in typical natural secondary mountain forest communities of Northern China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(9):2 311-2 321.]
[31]王磊,孙启武,郝朝运,等.皖南山区南方红豆杉种群不同龄级立木的点格局分析[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):272-278.[Wang Lei,Sun Qiwu,Hao Chaoyun,et al.Point pattern analysis of different ageclass Taxus chinensis var.mairei individuals in mountainous area of Southern Anhui Province[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(2):272-278.]
[32]尤海舟,刘兴良,缪宁,等.川滇高山栎种群不同海拔空间格局的尺度效应及个体间空间关联[J].生态学报,2010,30(15):4 004-4 011.[You Haizhou,Liu Xingliang,Miao Ning,et al.Individual association and scale effect of spatial pattern of Quercus aquifolioides populations along the elevation gradients[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(15):4 004-4 011.]
[33]宋于洋,李园园,张文辉.梭梭种群不同发育阶段的空间格局与关联性分析[J].生态学报,2010,30(16):4 317-4 327.[Song Yuyang,Li Yuanyuan,Zhang Wenghui.Analysis of spatial pattern and spatial association of Haloxylon ammodendron population in different developmental stages[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(16):4 317-4 327.]