棉花基肥对行分层深施机的设计与试验
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摘要
【目的】研究北斗导航拖拉机自动驾驶系统进行肥料的对行深施。【方法】采用样机田间试验。【结果】平均施肥量为21.4 kg/667 m~2,变异系数为4.0%,施肥量比较稳定。肥料分层深施效果方面,深层肥料平均深度为19.8 cm,浅层肥料平均深度为12.5 cm,可以有效满足实际生产作业。【结论】该机主要由开沟分层施肥装置、覆土装置、排肥装置、限深行走轮等组成,可一次性完成对行开沟、分层施肥和覆土作业。
【Objective】 In the light of the unscientific method of fertilization in the process of cotton planting, the traditional fertilizer application is large and the utilization rate is low, which causes soil pollution and so on. 【Method】In combination with the agronomic characteristics of cotton planting, the fertilizer utilization rate and crop yield can be improved by reducing the fertilizer and using the fertilizer accurately.. In this paper, a cotton base fertilizer counter row delamination deep applicator has been developed. In order to combine the fertilizer reduction and efficiency with the mechanized fertilization of cotton, a kind of deep application of cotton base fertilizer mechanization based on the Beidou navigation technology was put forward, and the layered deep application of the base fertilizer in the direction of cotton planting was carried out. A delamination deep sizing machine for cotton base fertilizer was developed. 【Result】 The experimental results showed that the average fertilizer amount per mu was 21.4 kg, the coefficient of variation was 4.0%, and the amount of fertilizer was stable. In terms of fertilizer depth, the average depth of deep fertilizer was 19.8 cm, and the average depth of shallow fertilizer was 12.5 cm, which could effectively meet the actual production operation.【Conclusion】The machine was mainly composed of delamination fertilization device, soil covering device, fertilizer arrangement device, and deep walking wheel. The field test of the prototype used Beidou navigation tractor automatic driving system to carry on the deep application of fertilizer.
【Objective】 In the light of the unscientific method of fertilization in the process of cotton planting, the traditional fertilizer application is large and the utilization rate is low, which causes soil pollution and so on. 【Method】In combination with the agronomic characteristics of cotton planting, the fertilizer utilization rate and crop yield can be improved by reducing the fertilizer and using the fertilizer accurately.. In this paper, a cotton base fertilizer counter row delamination deep applicator has been developed. In order to combine the fertilizer reduction and efficiency with the mechanized fertilization of cotton, a kind of deep application of cotton base fertilizer mechanization based on the Beidou navigation technology was put forward, and the layered deep application of the base fertilizer in the direction of cotton planting was carried out. A delamination deep sizing machine for cotton base fertilizer was developed. 【Result】 The experimental results showed that the average fertilizer amount per mu was 21.4 kg, the coefficient of variation was 4.0%, and the amount of fertilizer was stable. In terms of fertilizer depth, the average depth of deep fertilizer was 19.8 cm, and the average depth of shallow fertilizer was 12.5 cm, which could effectively meet the actual production operation.【Conclusion】The machine was mainly composed of delamination fertilization device, soil covering device, fertilizer arrangement device, and deep walking wheel. The field test of the prototype used Beidou navigation tractor automatic driving system to carry on the deep application of fertilizer.
引文
[1]孙立民,王福林.变量播种施肥技术研究[J].东北农业大学学报,2009,40(3):115-120.SUN Li-ming,WANG Fu-lin.(2009).Research on variable rate seeding and fertilization technology [J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,40(3):115-120.(in Chinese)
[2] 王秀,赵春江,孟志军,等.精准变量施肥机的研制与试验[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(5):114-117.WANG Xiu,ZHAO Chun-jiang,MENG Zhi-jun,et al.(2004).Design and experiment of variable rate fertilizer applicator [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,20(5):114-117.(in Chinese)
[3] 陈立平,黄文倩,孟志军,等.基于CAN总线的变量施肥控制器设计[J].农业机械学报,2008,39(8):101-104,185.CHEN Li-ping,HUANG Wen-qian,MENG Zhi-jun,et al.(2008).Design of Variable Rate Fertilization Controller Based on CAN Bus [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,39(8):101-104,185.(in Chinese)
[4] 胡志超,田立佳,彭宝良,等.变量技术在农业机械上的应用[J].农机化研究,2009,31(4):226-229.HU Zhi-chao,TIAN Li-jia,PENG Bao-liang,et al.(2009).The Application of Variable Rate Technology on Agricultural Machines [J].Journal Of Agricultural Mechanization Research,31(4):226-229.(in Chinese)
[5] 耿向宇,李彦明,苗玉彬,等.基于GPRS的变量施肥机系统研究[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(11):164-167.GENG Xian-yu,LI Yang-ming,MIAO Yu-bin,et al.(2007).Development of variable rate fertilizer applicator based on GPRS [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,23(11):164-167.(in Chinese)
[6] 赵登峰,张立新,吴金林.变量施肥研究现状及在新疆棉花上的应用展望[J].农机化研究,2012,34(4):213-218.ZHAO Deng-feng,ZHANG Li-xin,WU Jin-ling.(2012).The Research Status of Variable Rate Fertilization and its Application Propects in Xinjiang Cotton [J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,34(4):213-218.(in Chinese)
[7] 孙莉,张清,陈曦,等.精准农业技术系统集成在新疆棉花种植中的应用[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(8):83-88.SUN Li,ZHANG Qing,CHEN Xi,et al.(2005).Application of the integrated precision farming system of cotton growing in Xinjiang Region [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,21(8):83-88.(in Chinese)
[8] 苑进,刘勤华,刘雪美,等.多肥料变比变量施肥过程模拟与排落肥结构优化[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(11):81-87.YUAN Jin,LIU Qin-hua,LIU Xue-mei,et al.(2014).T Granular Multi-flows Fertilization Process Simulation and Tube Structure Optimization in Nutrient Proportion of Variable Rate Fertilization [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,45(11):81-87.(in Chinese)
[9] 马旭,马成林,桑国旗,等.变量施肥机具的设计[J].农业机械学报,2005,36(1):50-53.MA Xu,MA Cheng-lin,SANG Guo-qi,et al.(2005).Design of Variable Rate Fertilizer Applicator [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,36 (1):50-53.(in Chinese)
[10] 傅泽田,董玉红,张领先,等.温室自动施肥机的设计与仿真[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(S1):335-342.FU Ze-tian,DONG Yu-hong,ZHANG Ling-xian,et al.(2017).Design and simulation of automatic fertilizing machine for greenhouse [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,33 (S1):335-342.(in Chinese)
[11] 伟利国,张小超,苑严伟,等.2F-6-BP1型变量的配肥施肥机研制与试验[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(7):14-18.WEI Li-guo,ZHANG Xiao-chao,YUAN Yan-wei,et al.(2012).TDesign and experiment of 2F-6-BP1 variable rate assorted fertilizer applicator [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,28(7):14-18.(in Chinese)
[12] 刘阳春,张小超,伟利国,等.一种变量施肥技术的实现及其台架试验[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(9):159-162.LIU Yang-chun,ZHANG Xiao-chao,WEI Li-guo,et al.(2010).Design and Experiment of a Variable Rate Fertilization Control System [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,41(9):159-162.(in Chinese)
[13] 张书慧,马成林,杜巧玲,等.精确农业自动变量施肥机控制系统设计与实现[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1):113-116.ZHANG Shu-hui,MA Chen-lin,DU Qiao-ling,et al.(2004).Design of control system of variable rate fertilizer applicator in precision agriculture [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,20(1):113-116.(in Chinese)
[14] 刘进宝,赵岩,郑炫,等.2FQ-5多层施肥机的设计与试验[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2017,52(3):140-147.LIU Jin-bao,ZHAO Yan,ZHENG Xuan,et al.(2017).Design and experiment of 2FQ-5 multilayer fertilizer machine [J].Journal of Gangsu Agricultural University,52(3) :140-147.(in Chinese)
[15] W.R.吉尔,G.E.范德伯奇.耕作和牵引土壤动力学[M].中国农业机械出版社.1983.
[16] Г.H 西涅阿可夫,И.M 潘诺夫.土壤耕作机械的理论和计算[M].北京:中国农业机械出版社,1981.
[17] 丁启朔,丁为民,孟为国,等.耕作力学研究中的土壤结构表现与评价[J].农业机械学报,2007,38(8):62-66.Ding Qi-shuo,Ding Wei-min,Meng Wei-guo,et al.(2007).Characteristics and quantifications of soil structure for soil tillage research[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,38(8):62-66.(in Chinese)
[18] 张强,张璐,于海业,等.复合形态深松铲耕作阻力有限元分析与试验[J].农业机械学报,2012,43(8):61-65.Zhang Qiang,Zhang Lu,Yu Hai-ye,et al.(2012).Finite element analysis and experiment of soil resistance of multiplex-modality subsoiler[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,43(8):61-65.(in Chinese )
[19] 刘俊安,王晓燕,李洪文,等.基于土壤扰动与牵引阻力的深松铲结构参数优化[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(2):60-67.Liu Jun-an,Wang Xiao-yan,Li Hong-wen,et al.(2017).Optimization of Structural Parameters of Subsoiler Based on Soil Disturbance and Traction Resistance [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,48(2):60-67.(in Chinese)
[20] 潘世强,赵亚祥,金亮,等.2BFJ-6型变量施肥机外槽轮式排肥器的设计与试验研究[J].中国农机化学报,2016,37(1):40-42.Pan Shi-qiang,Zhao Ya-xiang,Jin Liang,et al.(2016).Design and experimental research of external grooved wheel fertilizer apparatus of 2BFJ-6 type variable rate fertilizer applicator [J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,37(1):40-42.(in Chinese)
[21] 吕昊.外槽轮排肥器优化设计新方法研究[D].吉林大学,2014.
[22] 徐新霞,雷建锋,高丽丽,等.行距配置对机采棉花冠层结构及光合特性的影响[J].西北农业学报,2016,25(10):1 479-1 485.Xu Xin-xia,Lei Jian-feng,Gao Li-li,et al.(2016).Effect of Different Row Spacing Patterns on Machine-harvested Cotton Canopy Structure and Photosynthetic Characteristics [J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,25(10):1,479-1,485.
[23] 陈学庚,赵岩.棉花双膜覆盖精量播种机的研制[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(4):106-112.Chen Xue-geng,Zhao Yan.(2010).Development of double-film mulch precision planter for cotton seeding[J].Transactions of the CSAE,26(4):106-112.(in Chinese)
[24] 赵岩,陈学庚,温浩军.新疆兵团精准农业发展与北斗卫星导航技术的应用[J].石河子大学学报(自然科学版),2018,36(4):397-404.Zhao Yan,Chen Xue-geng,Wen Hao-jun.(2018).Application of the development of precision agriculture and the China's Beidou satellite navigation System in agricultural production in The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps [J].Journal of Shihezi University(Natural Science),36(4):397-404.(in Chinese)
[2] 王秀,赵春江,孟志军,等.精准变量施肥机的研制与试验[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(5):114-117.WANG Xiu,ZHAO Chun-jiang,MENG Zhi-jun,et al.(2004).Design and experiment of variable rate fertilizer applicator [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,20(5):114-117.(in Chinese)
[3] 陈立平,黄文倩,孟志军,等.基于CAN总线的变量施肥控制器设计[J].农业机械学报,2008,39(8):101-104,185.CHEN Li-ping,HUANG Wen-qian,MENG Zhi-jun,et al.(2008).Design of Variable Rate Fertilization Controller Based on CAN Bus [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,39(8):101-104,185.(in Chinese)
[4] 胡志超,田立佳,彭宝良,等.变量技术在农业机械上的应用[J].农机化研究,2009,31(4):226-229.HU Zhi-chao,TIAN Li-jia,PENG Bao-liang,et al.(2009).The Application of Variable Rate Technology on Agricultural Machines [J].Journal Of Agricultural Mechanization Research,31(4):226-229.(in Chinese)
[5] 耿向宇,李彦明,苗玉彬,等.基于GPRS的变量施肥机系统研究[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(11):164-167.GENG Xian-yu,LI Yang-ming,MIAO Yu-bin,et al.(2007).Development of variable rate fertilizer applicator based on GPRS [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,23(11):164-167.(in Chinese)
[6] 赵登峰,张立新,吴金林.变量施肥研究现状及在新疆棉花上的应用展望[J].农机化研究,2012,34(4):213-218.ZHAO Deng-feng,ZHANG Li-xin,WU Jin-ling.(2012).The Research Status of Variable Rate Fertilization and its Application Propects in Xinjiang Cotton [J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,34(4):213-218.(in Chinese)
[7] 孙莉,张清,陈曦,等.精准农业技术系统集成在新疆棉花种植中的应用[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(8):83-88.SUN Li,ZHANG Qing,CHEN Xi,et al.(2005).Application of the integrated precision farming system of cotton growing in Xinjiang Region [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,21(8):83-88.(in Chinese)
[8] 苑进,刘勤华,刘雪美,等.多肥料变比变量施肥过程模拟与排落肥结构优化[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(11):81-87.YUAN Jin,LIU Qin-hua,LIU Xue-mei,et al.(2014).T Granular Multi-flows Fertilization Process Simulation and Tube Structure Optimization in Nutrient Proportion of Variable Rate Fertilization [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,45(11):81-87.(in Chinese)
[9] 马旭,马成林,桑国旗,等.变量施肥机具的设计[J].农业机械学报,2005,36(1):50-53.MA Xu,MA Cheng-lin,SANG Guo-qi,et al.(2005).Design of Variable Rate Fertilizer Applicator [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,36 (1):50-53.(in Chinese)
[10] 傅泽田,董玉红,张领先,等.温室自动施肥机的设计与仿真[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(S1):335-342.FU Ze-tian,DONG Yu-hong,ZHANG Ling-xian,et al.(2017).Design and simulation of automatic fertilizing machine for greenhouse [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,33 (S1):335-342.(in Chinese)
[11] 伟利国,张小超,苑严伟,等.2F-6-BP1型变量的配肥施肥机研制与试验[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(7):14-18.WEI Li-guo,ZHANG Xiao-chao,YUAN Yan-wei,et al.(2012).TDesign and experiment of 2F-6-BP1 variable rate assorted fertilizer applicator [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,28(7):14-18.(in Chinese)
[12] 刘阳春,张小超,伟利国,等.一种变量施肥技术的实现及其台架试验[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(9):159-162.LIU Yang-chun,ZHANG Xiao-chao,WEI Li-guo,et al.(2010).Design and Experiment of a Variable Rate Fertilization Control System [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,41(9):159-162.(in Chinese)
[13] 张书慧,马成林,杜巧玲,等.精确农业自动变量施肥机控制系统设计与实现[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1):113-116.ZHANG Shu-hui,MA Chen-lin,DU Qiao-ling,et al.(2004).Design of control system of variable rate fertilizer applicator in precision agriculture [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,20(1):113-116.(in Chinese)
[14] 刘进宝,赵岩,郑炫,等.2FQ-5多层施肥机的设计与试验[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2017,52(3):140-147.LIU Jin-bao,ZHAO Yan,ZHENG Xuan,et al.(2017).Design and experiment of 2FQ-5 multilayer fertilizer machine [J].Journal of Gangsu Agricultural University,52(3) :140-147.(in Chinese)
[15] W.R.吉尔,G.E.范德伯奇.耕作和牵引土壤动力学[M].中国农业机械出版社.1983.
[16] Г.H 西涅阿可夫,И.M 潘诺夫.土壤耕作机械的理论和计算[M].北京:中国农业机械出版社,1981.
[17] 丁启朔,丁为民,孟为国,等.耕作力学研究中的土壤结构表现与评价[J].农业机械学报,2007,38(8):62-66.Ding Qi-shuo,Ding Wei-min,Meng Wei-guo,et al.(2007).Characteristics and quantifications of soil structure for soil tillage research[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,38(8):62-66.(in Chinese)
[18] 张强,张璐,于海业,等.复合形态深松铲耕作阻力有限元分析与试验[J].农业机械学报,2012,43(8):61-65.Zhang Qiang,Zhang Lu,Yu Hai-ye,et al.(2012).Finite element analysis and experiment of soil resistance of multiplex-modality subsoiler[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,43(8):61-65.(in Chinese )
[19] 刘俊安,王晓燕,李洪文,等.基于土壤扰动与牵引阻力的深松铲结构参数优化[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(2):60-67.Liu Jun-an,Wang Xiao-yan,Li Hong-wen,et al.(2017).Optimization of Structural Parameters of Subsoiler Based on Soil Disturbance and Traction Resistance [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,48(2):60-67.(in Chinese)
[20] 潘世强,赵亚祥,金亮,等.2BFJ-6型变量施肥机外槽轮式排肥器的设计与试验研究[J].中国农机化学报,2016,37(1):40-42.Pan Shi-qiang,Zhao Ya-xiang,Jin Liang,et al.(2016).Design and experimental research of external grooved wheel fertilizer apparatus of 2BFJ-6 type variable rate fertilizer applicator [J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,37(1):40-42.(in Chinese)
[21] 吕昊.外槽轮排肥器优化设计新方法研究[D].吉林大学,2014.
[22] 徐新霞,雷建锋,高丽丽,等.行距配置对机采棉花冠层结构及光合特性的影响[J].西北农业学报,2016,25(10):1 479-1 485.Xu Xin-xia,Lei Jian-feng,Gao Li-li,et al.(2016).Effect of Different Row Spacing Patterns on Machine-harvested Cotton Canopy Structure and Photosynthetic Characteristics [J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,25(10):1,479-1,485.
[23] 陈学庚,赵岩.棉花双膜覆盖精量播种机的研制[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(4):106-112.Chen Xue-geng,Zhao Yan.(2010).Development of double-film mulch precision planter for cotton seeding[J].Transactions of the CSAE,26(4):106-112.(in Chinese)
[24] 赵岩,陈学庚,温浩军.新疆兵团精准农业发展与北斗卫星导航技术的应用[J].石河子大学学报(自然科学版),2018,36(4):397-404.Zhao Yan,Chen Xue-geng,Wen Hao-jun.(2018).Application of the development of precision agriculture and the China's Beidou satellite navigation System in agricultural production in The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps [J].Journal of Shihezi University(Natural Science),36(4):397-404.(in Chinese)
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