铜纳米线的合成、优化及其透明电极的应用
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摘要
随着光伏产业、平板显示技术的发展,市场对于透明导电材料的需求量迅速增加。传统的透明导电材料氧化铟锡(ITO)面临着资源不足、脆性大的问题,无法满足市场需求。铜纳米线透明电极导电性好、成本低、柔性好,是一种有潜力的新一代透明导电材料。近年来,铜纳米线的合成及其在透明导电领域的应用引起了研究人员的关注,并取得显著的进展。本文从铜纳米线的合成方法、合成机理,铜纳米线透明电极的制备方法及后处理手段,铜纳米线透明电极在光伏器件、电加热元件、柔性可穿戴器件中的应用等方面的研究进展进行了阐述。并对铜纳米线研究及应用前景进行了展望。
As the continuous development of the photovoltaic industry and the flat panel display devices, the demand for transparent electrodes is increasing rapidly. The most commonly used transparent conductive material, ITO, was criticized for its brittleness, which limited its application in the up-and-coming market. Cu nanowire transparent electrodes acts as promising candidate for the new generation of transparent electrodes due to their superior conductivity, low cost, easy accessibility and high flexibility. The synthesis of Cu nanowires and their application in transparent electrodes has drawn lots of attention. Progresses have been made in recent years. A comprehensive elaboration of the controllable synthesis of Cu nanowires through liquid synthesis methods and the mechanism behind them, the fabrication and post-treatment methods of Cu nanowire electrodes, the application of Cu nanowire electrodes in photovoltaic devices, transparent heaters and flexible devices are given. The trends of Cu nanowire electrodes is proposed.
As the continuous development of the photovoltaic industry and the flat panel display devices, the demand for transparent electrodes is increasing rapidly. The most commonly used transparent conductive material, ITO, was criticized for its brittleness, which limited its application in the up-and-coming market. Cu nanowire transparent electrodes acts as promising candidate for the new generation of transparent electrodes due to their superior conductivity, low cost, easy accessibility and high flexibility. The synthesis of Cu nanowires and their application in transparent electrodes has drawn lots of attention. Progresses have been made in recent years. A comprehensive elaboration of the controllable synthesis of Cu nanowires through liquid synthesis methods and the mechanism behind them, the fabrication and post-treatment methods of Cu nanowire electrodes, the application of Cu nanowire electrodes in photovoltaic devices, transparent heaters and flexible devices are given. The trends of Cu nanowire electrodes is proposed.
引文
[1]CHENG H Y,LUO J,HUANG L Q,et al.Preparation of flexible dye-sensitized solar cells based on hierarchical structure ZnOnanosheets.Journal of Inorganic Materials,2018,33(5):507-514.
[2]ZHANG J,YANG X,DENG H,et al.Low-dimensional halide perovskites and their advanced optoelectronic applications.Nano-Micro Letters,2017,9(3):36-1-26.
[3]GUERRERO A,GARCIA-BELMONTE G.Recent advances to understand morphology stability of organic photovoltaics.NanoMicro Letters,2016,9(1):10-1-16.
[4]CHEN D,LüJ G,HUANG J Y,et al.Performances of GaN-based LEDs with AZO films as transparent electrodes.Journal of Inorganic Materials,2013,28(6):649-652.
[5]HAN S S,LIU L Y,SHAN Y K,et al.Research of graphene/antireflection nanostructure composite transparent conducting films.Journal of Inorganic Materials,2017,32(2):197-202.
[6]HUANG W,ZHU J Y,LI H,et al.Preparation and characterization of graphene/carbon nanotube hybrid thin films by drop-coating.Journal of Inorganic Materials,2017,32(2):203-209.
[7]LEE J,LEE P,LEE H,et al.Very long Ag nanowire synthesis and its application in a highly transparent,conductive and flexible metal electrode touch panel.Nanoscale,2012,4(20):6408-6414.
[8]HU L B,WU H,CUI Y.Metal nanogrids,nanowires,and nanofibers for transparent electrodes.MRS Bulletin,2011,36(10):760-765.
[9]LI S,CHEN Y,HUANG L,et al.Large-scale synthesis of well-dispersed copper nanowires in an electric pressure cooker and their application in transparent and conductive networks.Inorganic Chemistry,2014,53(9):4440-4444.
[10]YANG H J,HE S Y,TUAN H Y.Self-seeded growth of five-fold twinned copper nanowires:mechanistic study,characterization,and SERS applications.Langmuir,2014,30(2):602-610.
[11]CHANG Y,LYE M L,ZENG H C.Large-scale synthesis of high-quality ultralong copper nanowires.Langmuir,2005,21(9):3746-3748.
[12]YE S,RATHMELL A R,HA Y C,et al.The role of cuprous oxide seeds in the one-pot and seeded syntheses of copper nanowires.Small,2014,10(9):1771-1778.
[13]RATHMELL A R,WILEY B J.The synthesis and coating of long,thin copper nanowires to make flexible,transparent conducting films on plastic substrates.Advanced Materials,2011,23(41):4798-4803.
[14]ZHANG D,WANG R,WEN M,et al.Synthesis of ultralong copper nanowires for high-performance transparent electrodes.Journal of the American Chemical Society,2012,134(35):14283-14286.
[15]GUO H,LIN N,CHEN Y,et al.Copper nanowires as fully transparent conductive electrodes.Scientific Reports,2013,3:2323-1-8.
[16]WANG X,WANG R,SHI L,et al.Kinetically controlled synthesis of Cu nanowires with tunable diameters and their applications in transparent electrodes.Journal of Materials Chemistry C,2018,6(5):1048-1056.
[17]LIU Z,YANG Y,LIANG J,et al.Synthesis of copper nanowires via a complex-surfactant-assisted hydrothermal reduction process.The Journal of Physical Chemistry B,2003,107(46):12658-12661.
[18]YE S,RATHMELL A R,STEWART I E,et al.A rapid synthesis of high aspect ratio copper nanowires for high-performance transparent conducting films.Chemical Communications,2014,50(20):2562-2564.
[19]ZHANG X,ZHANG D,NI X,et al.One-step preparation of copper nanorods with rectangular cross sections.Solid State Communications,2006,139(8):412-414.
[20]JIN M,HE G,ZHANG H,et al.Shape-controlled synthesis of copper nanocrystals in an aqueous solution with glucose as a reducing agent and hexadecylamine as a capping agent.Angewandte Chemie,2011,50(45):10560-10564.
[21]CUI F,YU Y,DOU L,et al.Synthesis of ultrathin copper nanowires using tris(trimethylsilyl)silane for high-performance and low-haze transparent conductors.Nano Letters,2015,15(11):7610-7615.
[22]RATHMELL A R,NGUYEN M,CHI M,et al.Synthesis of oxidationresistant cupronickel nanowires for transparent conducting nanowire networks.Nano Letters,2012,12(6):3193-3199.
[23]WANG X,WANG R,SHI L,et al.Synthesis of metal/bimetal nanowires and their applications as flexible transparent electrodes.Small,2015,11(36):4737-4744.
[24]SOREL S,LYONS P E,DE S,et al.The dependence of the optoelectrical properties of silver nanowire networks on nanowire length and diameter.Nanotechnology,2012,23(18):185201-1-10.
[25]LAGRANGE M,LANGLEY D P,GIUSTI G,et al.Optimization of silver nanowire-based transparent electrodes:effects of density,size and thermal annealing.Nanoscale,2015,7(41):17410-17423.
[26]KIM A,WON Y,WOO K,et al.All-solution-processed indiumfree transparent composite electrodes based on Ag nanowire and metal oxide for thin-film solar cells.Advanced Functional Materials,2014,24(17):2462-2471.
[27]FINN D J,LOTYA M,COLEMAN J N.Inkjet printing of silver nanowire networks.ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2015,7(17):9254-9261.
[28]LU H,LIN J,WU N,et al.Inkjet printed silver nanowire network as top electrode for semi-transparent organic photovoltaic devices.Applied Physics Letters,2015,106(9):093302-1-4.
[29]BELLEW A T,BELL A P,MCCARTHY E K,et al.Programmability of nanowire networks.Nanoscale,2014,6(16):9632-9639.
[30]SCARDACI V,COULL R,LYONS P E,et al.Spray deposition of highly transparent,low-resistance networks of silver nanowires over large areas.Small,2011,7(18):2621-2628.
[31]HAUGER T C,AL-RAFIA S M,BURIAK J M.Rolling silver nanowire electrodes:simultaneously addressing adhesion,roughness,and conductivity.ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2013,5(23):12663-12671.
[32]BORCHERT J W,STEWART I E,YE S,et al.Effects of length dispersity and film fabrication on the sheet resistance of copper nanowire transparent conductors.Nanoscale,2015,7(34):14496-14504.
[33]KOGA H,NOGI M,KOMODA N,et al.Uniformly connected conductive networks on cellulose nanofiber paper for transparent paper electronics.npg Asia Mater.,2014,6(3):e93-1-8.
[34]DENG B,HSU P C,CHEN G,et al.Roll-to-roll encapsulation of metal nanowires between graphene and plastic substrate for high-performance flexible transparent electrodes.Nano Letters,2015,15(6):4206-4213.
[35]WON Y,KIM A,YANG W,et al.A highly stretchable,helical copper nanowire conductor exhibiting a stretchability of 700%.npg Asia Mater.,2014,6(9):e132-e132.
[36]DING S,JIU J,GAO Y,et al.One-step fabrication of stretchable copper nanowire conductors by a fast photonic sintering technique and its application in wearable devices.ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2016,8(9):6190-6199.
[37]YE S,RATHMELL A R,CHEN Z,et al.Metal nanowire networks:the next generation of transparent conductors.Advanced Materials,2014,26(39):6670-6687.
[38]WON Y,KIM A,LEE D,et al.Annealing-free fabrication of highly oxidation-resistive copper nanowire composite conductors for photovoltaics.npg Asia Materials,2014,6:e105-1-9.
[39]TAO A,KIM F,HESS C,et al.Langmuir-Blodgett silver nanowire monolayers for molecular sensing using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.Nano Letters,2003,3(9):1229-1233.
[40]LIU J W,WANG J L,WANG Z H,et al.Manipulating nanowire assembly for flexible transparent electrodes.Angewandte Chemie,2014,53(49):13477-13482.
[41]KANG S,KIM T,CHO S,et al.Capillary printing of highly aligned silver nanowire transparent electrodes for high-performance optoelectronic devices.Nano Letters,2015,15(12):7933-7942.
[42]JASON N N,SHEN W,CHENG W.Copper nanowires as conductive ink for low-cost draw-on electronics.ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2015,7(30):16760-16766.
[43]GARNETT E C,CAI W,CHA J J,et al.Self-limited plasmonic welding of silver nanowire junctions.Nature Materials,2012,11(3):241-249.
[44]BELL A P,FAIRFIELD J A,MCCARTHY E K,et al.Quantitative study of the photothermal properties of metallic nanowire networks.ACS Nano,2015,9(5):5551-5558.
[45]HAN S,HONG S,HAM J,et al.Fast plasmonic laser nanowelding for a Cu-nanowire percolation network for flexible transparent conductors and stretchable electronics.Advanced Materials,2014,26(33):5808-5814.
[46]SONG T B,CHEN Y,CHUNG C H,et al.Nanoscale Joule heating and electromigration enhanced ripening of silver nanowire contacts.ACS Nano,2014,8(3):2804-2811.
[47]MAIZE K,DAS S R,SADEQUE S,et al.Super-Joule heating in graphene and silver nanowire network.Applied Physics Letters,2015,106(14):143104-1-6.
[48]WANG R,ZHAI H,WANG T,et al.Plasma-induced nanowelding of a copper nanowire network and its application in transparent electrodes and stretchable conductors.Nano Research,2016,9(7):2138-2148.
[49]LU H,ZHANG D,REN X,et al.Selective growth and integration of silver nanoparticles on silver nanowires at room conditions for transparent nano-network electrode.ACS Nano,2014,8(10):10980-10987.
[50]LU H F,ZHANG D,CHENG J Q,et al.Locally welded silver nano-network transparent electrodes with high operational stability by a simple alcohol-based chemical approach.Advanced Functional Materials,2015,25(27):4211-4218.
[51]XIONG W,LIU H,CHEN Y,et al.Highly conductive,air-stable silver nanowire@iongel composite films toward flexible transparent electrodes.Advanced Materials,2016,28(33):7167-7172.
[52]WANG X,WANG R,ZHAI H,et al.Room-temperature surface modification of Cu nanowires and their applications in transparent electrodes,SERS-based sensors,and organic solar cells.ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2016,8(42):28831-28837.
[53]ZHAI H,LI Y,CHEN L,et al.Copper nanowire-TiO2-polyacrylate composite electrodes with high conductivity and smoothness for flexible polymer solar cells.Nano Research,2018,11(4):1895-1904.
[54]ZHAI H,LI Y,CHEN L,et al.Semi-transparent polymer solar cells with all-copper nanowire electrodes.Nano Research,2018,11(4):1956-1966.
[55]ZHAI H,WANG R,WANG W,et al.Novel fabrication of copper nanowire/cuprous oxidebased semiconductor-liquid junction solar cells.Nano Research,2015,8(10):3205-3215.
[56]HSU P C,LIU X,LIU C,et al.Personal thermal management by metallic nanowire-coated textile.Nano Letters,2015,15(1):365-371.
[57]GUPTA R,RAO K D,KIRUTHIKA S,et al.Visibly transparent heaters.ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2016,8(20):12559-12575.
[58]KANG J,KIM H,KIM K S,et al.High-performance graphenebased transparent flexible heaters.Nano Letters,2011,11(12):5154-5158.
[59]JANAS D,KOZIOL K K.A review of production methods of carbon nanotube and graphene thin films for electrothermal applications.Nanoscale,2014,6(6):3037-3045.
[60]CELLE C,MAYOUSSE C,MOREAU E,et al.Highly flexible transparent film heaters based on random networks of silver nanowires.Nano Research,2012,5(6):427-433.
[61]ZHAI H,WANG R,WANG X,et al.Transparent heaters based on highly stable Cu nanowire films.Nano Research,2016,9(12):3924-3936.
[62]IM H G,JUNG S H,JIN J,et al.Flexible transparent conducting hybrid film using a surface-embedded copper nanowire network:a highly oxidation-resistant copper nanowire electrode for flexible optoelectronics.ACS Nano,2014,8(10):10973-10979.
[63]CHENG Y,WANG S,WANG R,et al.Copper nanowire based transparent conductive films with high stability and superior stretchability.Journal of Materials Chemistry C,2014,2(27):5309-5316.
[64]WANG T,WANG R,CHENG Y,et al.Quasi in situ polymerization to fabricate copper nanowire-based stretchable conductor and its applications.ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2016,8(14):9297-9304.
[65]CHEN Z,RATHMELL A R,YE S,et al.Optically transparent water oxidation catalysts based on copper nanowires.Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2013,52(51):13708-13711.
[66]XIAO S,LIU P,ZHU W,et al.Copper nanowires:a substitute for noble metals to enhance photocatalytic H2 generation.Nano Letters,2015,15(8):4853-4858.
[67]PARK S G,MUN C,LEE M,et al.3D hybrid plasmonic nanomaterials for highly efficient optical absorbers and sensors.Advanced Materials,2015,27(29):4290-4295.
[2]ZHANG J,YANG X,DENG H,et al.Low-dimensional halide perovskites and their advanced optoelectronic applications.Nano-Micro Letters,2017,9(3):36-1-26.
[3]GUERRERO A,GARCIA-BELMONTE G.Recent advances to understand morphology stability of organic photovoltaics.NanoMicro Letters,2016,9(1):10-1-16.
[4]CHEN D,LüJ G,HUANG J Y,et al.Performances of GaN-based LEDs with AZO films as transparent electrodes.Journal of Inorganic Materials,2013,28(6):649-652.
[5]HAN S S,LIU L Y,SHAN Y K,et al.Research of graphene/antireflection nanostructure composite transparent conducting films.Journal of Inorganic Materials,2017,32(2):197-202.
[6]HUANG W,ZHU J Y,LI H,et al.Preparation and characterization of graphene/carbon nanotube hybrid thin films by drop-coating.Journal of Inorganic Materials,2017,32(2):203-209.
[7]LEE J,LEE P,LEE H,et al.Very long Ag nanowire synthesis and its application in a highly transparent,conductive and flexible metal electrode touch panel.Nanoscale,2012,4(20):6408-6414.
[8]HU L B,WU H,CUI Y.Metal nanogrids,nanowires,and nanofibers for transparent electrodes.MRS Bulletin,2011,36(10):760-765.
[9]LI S,CHEN Y,HUANG L,et al.Large-scale synthesis of well-dispersed copper nanowires in an electric pressure cooker and their application in transparent and conductive networks.Inorganic Chemistry,2014,53(9):4440-4444.
[10]YANG H J,HE S Y,TUAN H Y.Self-seeded growth of five-fold twinned copper nanowires:mechanistic study,characterization,and SERS applications.Langmuir,2014,30(2):602-610.
[11]CHANG Y,LYE M L,ZENG H C.Large-scale synthesis of high-quality ultralong copper nanowires.Langmuir,2005,21(9):3746-3748.
[12]YE S,RATHMELL A R,HA Y C,et al.The role of cuprous oxide seeds in the one-pot and seeded syntheses of copper nanowires.Small,2014,10(9):1771-1778.
[13]RATHMELL A R,WILEY B J.The synthesis and coating of long,thin copper nanowires to make flexible,transparent conducting films on plastic substrates.Advanced Materials,2011,23(41):4798-4803.
[14]ZHANG D,WANG R,WEN M,et al.Synthesis of ultralong copper nanowires for high-performance transparent electrodes.Journal of the American Chemical Society,2012,134(35):14283-14286.
[15]GUO H,LIN N,CHEN Y,et al.Copper nanowires as fully transparent conductive electrodes.Scientific Reports,2013,3:2323-1-8.
[16]WANG X,WANG R,SHI L,et al.Kinetically controlled synthesis of Cu nanowires with tunable diameters and their applications in transparent electrodes.Journal of Materials Chemistry C,2018,6(5):1048-1056.
[17]LIU Z,YANG Y,LIANG J,et al.Synthesis of copper nanowires via a complex-surfactant-assisted hydrothermal reduction process.The Journal of Physical Chemistry B,2003,107(46):12658-12661.
[18]YE S,RATHMELL A R,STEWART I E,et al.A rapid synthesis of high aspect ratio copper nanowires for high-performance transparent conducting films.Chemical Communications,2014,50(20):2562-2564.
[19]ZHANG X,ZHANG D,NI X,et al.One-step preparation of copper nanorods with rectangular cross sections.Solid State Communications,2006,139(8):412-414.
[20]JIN M,HE G,ZHANG H,et al.Shape-controlled synthesis of copper nanocrystals in an aqueous solution with glucose as a reducing agent and hexadecylamine as a capping agent.Angewandte Chemie,2011,50(45):10560-10564.
[21]CUI F,YU Y,DOU L,et al.Synthesis of ultrathin copper nanowires using tris(trimethylsilyl)silane for high-performance and low-haze transparent conductors.Nano Letters,2015,15(11):7610-7615.
[22]RATHMELL A R,NGUYEN M,CHI M,et al.Synthesis of oxidationresistant cupronickel nanowires for transparent conducting nanowire networks.Nano Letters,2012,12(6):3193-3199.
[23]WANG X,WANG R,SHI L,et al.Synthesis of metal/bimetal nanowires and their applications as flexible transparent electrodes.Small,2015,11(36):4737-4744.
[24]SOREL S,LYONS P E,DE S,et al.The dependence of the optoelectrical properties of silver nanowire networks on nanowire length and diameter.Nanotechnology,2012,23(18):185201-1-10.
[25]LAGRANGE M,LANGLEY D P,GIUSTI G,et al.Optimization of silver nanowire-based transparent electrodes:effects of density,size and thermal annealing.Nanoscale,2015,7(41):17410-17423.
[26]KIM A,WON Y,WOO K,et al.All-solution-processed indiumfree transparent composite electrodes based on Ag nanowire and metal oxide for thin-film solar cells.Advanced Functional Materials,2014,24(17):2462-2471.
[27]FINN D J,LOTYA M,COLEMAN J N.Inkjet printing of silver nanowire networks.ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2015,7(17):9254-9261.
[28]LU H,LIN J,WU N,et al.Inkjet printed silver nanowire network as top electrode for semi-transparent organic photovoltaic devices.Applied Physics Letters,2015,106(9):093302-1-4.
[29]BELLEW A T,BELL A P,MCCARTHY E K,et al.Programmability of nanowire networks.Nanoscale,2014,6(16):9632-9639.
[30]SCARDACI V,COULL R,LYONS P E,et al.Spray deposition of highly transparent,low-resistance networks of silver nanowires over large areas.Small,2011,7(18):2621-2628.
[31]HAUGER T C,AL-RAFIA S M,BURIAK J M.Rolling silver nanowire electrodes:simultaneously addressing adhesion,roughness,and conductivity.ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2013,5(23):12663-12671.
[32]BORCHERT J W,STEWART I E,YE S,et al.Effects of length dispersity and film fabrication on the sheet resistance of copper nanowire transparent conductors.Nanoscale,2015,7(34):14496-14504.
[33]KOGA H,NOGI M,KOMODA N,et al.Uniformly connected conductive networks on cellulose nanofiber paper for transparent paper electronics.npg Asia Mater.,2014,6(3):e93-1-8.
[34]DENG B,HSU P C,CHEN G,et al.Roll-to-roll encapsulation of metal nanowires between graphene and plastic substrate for high-performance flexible transparent electrodes.Nano Letters,2015,15(6):4206-4213.
[35]WON Y,KIM A,YANG W,et al.A highly stretchable,helical copper nanowire conductor exhibiting a stretchability of 700%.npg Asia Mater.,2014,6(9):e132-e132.
[36]DING S,JIU J,GAO Y,et al.One-step fabrication of stretchable copper nanowire conductors by a fast photonic sintering technique and its application in wearable devices.ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2016,8(9):6190-6199.
[37]YE S,RATHMELL A R,CHEN Z,et al.Metal nanowire networks:the next generation of transparent conductors.Advanced Materials,2014,26(39):6670-6687.
[38]WON Y,KIM A,LEE D,et al.Annealing-free fabrication of highly oxidation-resistive copper nanowire composite conductors for photovoltaics.npg Asia Materials,2014,6:e105-1-9.
[39]TAO A,KIM F,HESS C,et al.Langmuir-Blodgett silver nanowire monolayers for molecular sensing using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.Nano Letters,2003,3(9):1229-1233.
[40]LIU J W,WANG J L,WANG Z H,et al.Manipulating nanowire assembly for flexible transparent electrodes.Angewandte Chemie,2014,53(49):13477-13482.
[41]KANG S,KIM T,CHO S,et al.Capillary printing of highly aligned silver nanowire transparent electrodes for high-performance optoelectronic devices.Nano Letters,2015,15(12):7933-7942.
[42]JASON N N,SHEN W,CHENG W.Copper nanowires as conductive ink for low-cost draw-on electronics.ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2015,7(30):16760-16766.
[43]GARNETT E C,CAI W,CHA J J,et al.Self-limited plasmonic welding of silver nanowire junctions.Nature Materials,2012,11(3):241-249.
[44]BELL A P,FAIRFIELD J A,MCCARTHY E K,et al.Quantitative study of the photothermal properties of metallic nanowire networks.ACS Nano,2015,9(5):5551-5558.
[45]HAN S,HONG S,HAM J,et al.Fast plasmonic laser nanowelding for a Cu-nanowire percolation network for flexible transparent conductors and stretchable electronics.Advanced Materials,2014,26(33):5808-5814.
[46]SONG T B,CHEN Y,CHUNG C H,et al.Nanoscale Joule heating and electromigration enhanced ripening of silver nanowire contacts.ACS Nano,2014,8(3):2804-2811.
[47]MAIZE K,DAS S R,SADEQUE S,et al.Super-Joule heating in graphene and silver nanowire network.Applied Physics Letters,2015,106(14):143104-1-6.
[48]WANG R,ZHAI H,WANG T,et al.Plasma-induced nanowelding of a copper nanowire network and its application in transparent electrodes and stretchable conductors.Nano Research,2016,9(7):2138-2148.
[49]LU H,ZHANG D,REN X,et al.Selective growth and integration of silver nanoparticles on silver nanowires at room conditions for transparent nano-network electrode.ACS Nano,2014,8(10):10980-10987.
[50]LU H F,ZHANG D,CHENG J Q,et al.Locally welded silver nano-network transparent electrodes with high operational stability by a simple alcohol-based chemical approach.Advanced Functional Materials,2015,25(27):4211-4218.
[51]XIONG W,LIU H,CHEN Y,et al.Highly conductive,air-stable silver nanowire@iongel composite films toward flexible transparent electrodes.Advanced Materials,2016,28(33):7167-7172.
[52]WANG X,WANG R,ZHAI H,et al.Room-temperature surface modification of Cu nanowires and their applications in transparent electrodes,SERS-based sensors,and organic solar cells.ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2016,8(42):28831-28837.
[53]ZHAI H,LI Y,CHEN L,et al.Copper nanowire-TiO2-polyacrylate composite electrodes with high conductivity and smoothness for flexible polymer solar cells.Nano Research,2018,11(4):1895-1904.
[54]ZHAI H,LI Y,CHEN L,et al.Semi-transparent polymer solar cells with all-copper nanowire electrodes.Nano Research,2018,11(4):1956-1966.
[55]ZHAI H,WANG R,WANG W,et al.Novel fabrication of copper nanowire/cuprous oxidebased semiconductor-liquid junction solar cells.Nano Research,2015,8(10):3205-3215.
[56]HSU P C,LIU X,LIU C,et al.Personal thermal management by metallic nanowire-coated textile.Nano Letters,2015,15(1):365-371.
[57]GUPTA R,RAO K D,KIRUTHIKA S,et al.Visibly transparent heaters.ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2016,8(20):12559-12575.
[58]KANG J,KIM H,KIM K S,et al.High-performance graphenebased transparent flexible heaters.Nano Letters,2011,11(12):5154-5158.
[59]JANAS D,KOZIOL K K.A review of production methods of carbon nanotube and graphene thin films for electrothermal applications.Nanoscale,2014,6(6):3037-3045.
[60]CELLE C,MAYOUSSE C,MOREAU E,et al.Highly flexible transparent film heaters based on random networks of silver nanowires.Nano Research,2012,5(6):427-433.
[61]ZHAI H,WANG R,WANG X,et al.Transparent heaters based on highly stable Cu nanowire films.Nano Research,2016,9(12):3924-3936.
[62]IM H G,JUNG S H,JIN J,et al.Flexible transparent conducting hybrid film using a surface-embedded copper nanowire network:a highly oxidation-resistant copper nanowire electrode for flexible optoelectronics.ACS Nano,2014,8(10):10973-10979.
[63]CHENG Y,WANG S,WANG R,et al.Copper nanowire based transparent conductive films with high stability and superior stretchability.Journal of Materials Chemistry C,2014,2(27):5309-5316.
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