铜纳米线复合透明电极的构筑及应用研究进展
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摘要
铜纳米线(Cu NWs)作为透明导电层,具有良好的光透过性、导电性、柔性以及低成本等特点,受到了研究者及工业界的广泛关注。然而,Cu NWs极易被氧化,严重限制了其在光电器件中的应用。针对这一难题,研究者普遍采用构筑Cu NWs复合透明电极的方式提高其稳定性。本文综述了近年来国内外在构筑Cu NWs复合透明电极方面的研究进展,重点介绍了不同构筑方式对Cu NWs透明电极结构、光电性能和稳定性的影响,简述了Cu NWs复合透明电极的应用研究进展。最后,对Cu NWs复合透明电极的应用前景和发展方向进行了展望。
As a transparent conductive layer,copper nanowires(Cu NWs)have aroused great interests of researchers and industries for its high optical transmittance,super electrical conductivity,favorable flexibility and low cost.Nevertheless,Cu NWs can be easily oxidized,which severely blocked theirs practical application in optoelectronic devices.Aiming at enhancing the stability and reducing oxidation of Cu NWs,composite Cu NWs are usually constructed by researchers.In this article,the research progress of constructing composite Cu NWs transparent electrodes at home and abroad in recent years is reviewed.The influences of different composite construction methods on structure,optoelectronic properties and stability of Cu NWs based transparent electrodes are introduced with emphasis.Besides,the advances in application of composite Cu NWs transparent electrodes are also presented.Finally,the future development direction and prospective of composite Cu NWs transparent electrodes are proposed.
As a transparent conductive layer,copper nanowires(Cu NWs)have aroused great interests of researchers and industries for its high optical transmittance,super electrical conductivity,favorable flexibility and low cost.Nevertheless,Cu NWs can be easily oxidized,which severely blocked theirs practical application in optoelectronic devices.Aiming at enhancing the stability and reducing oxidation of Cu NWs,composite Cu NWs are usually constructed by researchers.In this article,the research progress of constructing composite Cu NWs transparent electrodes at home and abroad in recent years is reviewed.The influences of different composite construction methods on structure,optoelectronic properties and stability of Cu NWs based transparent electrodes are introduced with emphasis.Besides,the advances in application of composite Cu NWs transparent electrodes are also presented.Finally,the future development direction and prospective of composite Cu NWs transparent electrodes are proposed.
引文
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8 Kim Y H,Sachse C,Machala M L,et al.Highly conductive PEDOT:PSS electrode with optimized solvent and thermal post-treatment for ITO-free organic solar cells[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2011,21(6):1076.
9 Vosgueritchian M,Lipomi D J,Bao Z.Highly conductive and transparent PEDOT:PSS films with a fluorosurfactant for stretchable and flexible transparent electrodes[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2012,22(2):421.
10 Pasquier AD,Unalan HE,Kanwal A,et al.Conducting and transparent single-wall carbon nanotube electrodes for polymer-fullerene solar cells[J].Applied Physics Letters,2005,87(20):203511.
11 Rowell M W,Topinka M A,McGehee M D,et al.Organic solar cells with carbon nanotube network electrodes[J].Applied Physics Letters,2006,88(23):233506.
12 Wu Z,Chen Z,Du X,et al.Transparent,conductive carbon nanotube films[J].Science,2004,305(27):1273.
13 Bae S,Kim H,Lee Y,et al.Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes[J].Nature Nanotechnology,2010,5(8):574.
14 Li X,Zhu Y,Cai W,et al.Transfer of large-area graphene films for high-performance transparent conductive electrodes[J].Nano Letters,2009,9(12):4359.
15 Hatton R A,Willis M R,Chesters M A,et al.A robust ultrathin,transparent gold electrode tailored for hole injection into organic light-emitting diodes[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,2003,13(4):722.
16 Ghosh D S,Martinez L,Vergani P,et al.Widely transparent electrodes based on ultrathin metals[J].Optics Letters,2009,34(3):325.
17 Zhong Z,Lee H,Kang D,et al.Continuous patterning of copper nanowire-based transparent conducting electrodes for use in flexible electronic applications[J].ACS Nano,2016,10(8):7847.
18 Hwang C,An J,Choi B D,et al.Controlled aqueous synthesis of ultra-long copper nanowires for stretchable transparent conducting electrode[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry C,2016,4(7):1441.
19 De S,Higgins T M,Lyons P E,et al.Silver nanowire networks as flexible,transparent,conducting films:Extremely high DC to optical conductivity ratios[J].ACS Nano,2009,3(7):1767.
20 Yang Y,Wang J L,Lin L,et al.A room-temperature environmentally friendly solution process to assemble silver nanowire architectures for flexible transparent electrodes[J].Nanoscale,2017,9:52.
21 Kirchmeyer S,Reuter K.Scientific importance,properties and growing applications of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,2005,15(21):2077.
22 Dai H.Carbon nanotubes:Opportunities and challenges[J].Surface Science,2002,500(1-3):218.
23 Eigler S.A new parameter based on graphene for characterizing transparent,conductive materials[J].Carbon,2009,47(12):2936.
24 Hecht D S,Hu L,Irvin G.Emerging transparent electrodes based on thin films of carbon nanotubes,graphene,and metallic nanostructures[J].Advanced Materials,2011,23(13):1482.
25 Kou P,Yang L,Chi K,et al.Large-area and uniform silver nanowires based transparent on rigid and flexible substrates fabricated by polymethylmethacrylate-assisted spin-coating[J].Progress In Electromagnetic Research Symposium,2016,8(11):1592.
26 Lonne Q,Endrino J,Huang Z.UV treatment of flexible copper nanowire mesh films for transparent conductor applications[J].Nanoscale Research Letters,2017,12(1):577.
27 Stewart I E,et al.Solution-processed copper-nickel nanowire anodes for organic solar cells[J].Nanoscale,2014,6(11):5980.
28 Wang R,Ruan H.Synthesis of copper nanowires and its application to flexible transparent electrode[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2016,656:936.
29 Dou L,Cui F,Yu Y,et al.Solution-processed copper/reduced-graphene-oxide core/shell nanowire transparent conductors[J].ACS Nano,2016,10(2):2600.
30 Yang X,Hu X,Wang Q,et al.Large-scale stretchable semiembedded copper nanowire transparent conductive films by an electrospinning template[J].ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2017,9(31):26468.
31 Ahn Y,Jeong Y,Lee D,et al.Copper nanowire-graphene core-shell nanostructure for highly stable transparent conducting electrodes[J].ACS Nano,2015,9(3):3125.
32 Manikandan A,Lee L,Wang Y C,et al.Graphene-coated copper nanowire networks as a highly stable transparent electrode in harsh environments toward efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2017,5(26):13320.
33 Kholmanov I N,Domingues S H,Chou H,et al.Reduced graphene oxide/copper nanowire hybrid films as high-performance transparent electrodes[J].ACS Nano,2013,7(2):1811.
34 Rathmell A R,Nguyen M,Chi M,et al.Synthesis of oxidation-resistant cupronickel nanowires for transparent conducting nanowire networks[J].Nano Letters,2012,12(6):3193.
35 Song J,Li J,Xu J,et al.Superstable transparent conductive Cu@Cu4Ni nanowire elastomer composites against oxidation,bending,stretching,and twisting for flexible and stretchable optoelectronics[J].Nano Letters,2014,14(11):6298.
36 Stewart I E,Ye S,Chen Z,et al.Synthesis of Cu-Ag,Cu-Au,and Cu-Pt core-shell nanowires and their use in transparent conducting films[J].Chemistry of Materials,2015,27(22):7788.
37 Kim J,Lim J W,et al.Reduced graphene oxide wrapped core-shell metal nanowires as promising flexible transparent conductive electrodes with enhanced stability[J].Nanoscale,2016,8(45):18938.
38 Chen Z,Ye S,Stewart I E,et al.Copper nanowire networks with transparent oxide shells that prevent oxidation without reducing transmittance[J].ACS Nano,2014,8(9):9673.
39 Wang H,Wu C,Huang Y,et al.One-pot synthesis of superfine core-shell Cu@metal nanowires for highly tenacious transparent led dimmer[J].ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2016,8(42):28709.
40 Hsu P C,Hui W,Carney T J,et al.Passivation coating on electrospun copper nanofibers for stable transparent electrodes[J].ACS Nano,2012,6(6):5150.
41 Won Y,Kim A,Lee D,et al.Annealing-free fabrication of highly oxidation-resistive copper nanowire composite conductors for photovoltaics[J].NPG Asia Materials,2014,6(6):e105.
42 Zhu Z,Mankowski T,Balakrishnan K,et al.Hybrid transparent conductive electrodes with copper nanowires embedded in a zinc oxide matrix and protected by reduced graphene oxide platelets[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2016,119(8):085303.
43 Celle C,Cabos A,Fontecave T,et al.Oxidation of copper nanowire based transparent electrodes in ambient conditions and their stabilization by encapsulation:Application to transparent film heaters[J].Nanotechnology,2018,29(8):085701.
44 Wang Y,Liu P,Zeng B,et al.Facile synthesis of ultralong and thin copper nanowires and its application to high-performance flexible transparent conductive electrodes[J].Nanoscale Research Letters,2018,13(1):78.
45 Liu K,Li Y,Zhang H,et al.Synthesis of the polypyrrole encapsulated copper nanowires with excellent oxidation resistance and temporal stability[J].Applied Surface Science,2018,439:226.
46 Han S,et al.Fast plasmonic laser nanowelding for a Cu-nanowire percolation network for flexible transparent conductors and stretchable electronics[J].Advanced Materials,2014,26(33):5808.
47 Lee J W,Seol D J,Cho A N,et al.High-efficiency perovskite solar cells based on the black polymorph of HC(NH2)2PBI3[J].Advanced Materials,2014,26(29):4991.
48 Zhou W,et al.Copper mesh templated by breath-figure polymer films as flexible transparent electrodes for organic photovoltaic devices[J].ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2016,8(17):11122.
49 Wang X,Wang R,Zhai H,et al.Room-temperature surface modification of Cu nanowires and their applications in transparent electrodes,sers-based sensors and organic solar cells[J].ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2016,8(42):28831.
50 Zhu Y,Hu Y,Zhu P,et al.Enhanced oxidation resistance and electrical conductivity copper nanowires-graphene hybrid films for flexible strain sensors[J].New Journal Chemistry,2017,41(12):4950.
51 Zhang W,Yin Z,Chun A,et al.Bridging oriented copper nanowiregraphene composites for solution-processable,annealing-free,and air-stable flexible electrodes[J].ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2016,8(3):1733.
52 Guo H,Chen Y,Ping H,et al.Facile synthesis of Cu and Cu@CuNi nanocubes and nanowires in hydrophobic solution in the presence of nickel and chloride ions[J].Nanoscale,2013,5(6):2394.
53 Kim H J,Song M,Jeong J H,et al.Highly efficient and stable cupronickel nanomesh electrode for flexible organic photovoltaic devices[J].Journal of Power Sources,2016,331:22.
2 Sekitani T,Nakajima H,Maeda H,et al.Stretchable active-matrix organic light-emitting diode display using printable elastic conductors[J].Nature Materials,2009,8(6):494.
3 Rogers J A,Someya T,Huang Y.Materials and mechanics for stretchable electronics[J].Materials for Electronics,2010,327:1603.
4 Lai Y C,Huang Y C,Lin T Y,et al.Stretchable organic memory:Toward learnable and digitized stretchable electronic applications[J].NPG Asia Materials,2014,6(2):e87.
5 Lipomi D J,Bao Z.Stretchable,elastic materials and devices for solar energy conversion[J].Energy&Environmental Science,2011,4(9):3314.
6 Rathmell A R,Bergin S M,Hua Y L,et al.The growth mechanism of copper nanowires and their properties in flexible,transparent conducting films[J].Advanced Materials,2010,22(32):3558.
7 Ober J A,Strontium U.Geological survey mineral commodity summaries[R].US:US Geological Survey,2013:156.
8 Kim Y H,Sachse C,Machala M L,et al.Highly conductive PEDOT:PSS electrode with optimized solvent and thermal post-treatment for ITO-free organic solar cells[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2011,21(6):1076.
9 Vosgueritchian M,Lipomi D J,Bao Z.Highly conductive and transparent PEDOT:PSS films with a fluorosurfactant for stretchable and flexible transparent electrodes[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2012,22(2):421.
10 Pasquier AD,Unalan HE,Kanwal A,et al.Conducting and transparent single-wall carbon nanotube electrodes for polymer-fullerene solar cells[J].Applied Physics Letters,2005,87(20):203511.
11 Rowell M W,Topinka M A,McGehee M D,et al.Organic solar cells with carbon nanotube network electrodes[J].Applied Physics Letters,2006,88(23):233506.
12 Wu Z,Chen Z,Du X,et al.Transparent,conductive carbon nanotube films[J].Science,2004,305(27):1273.
13 Bae S,Kim H,Lee Y,et al.Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes[J].Nature Nanotechnology,2010,5(8):574.
14 Li X,Zhu Y,Cai W,et al.Transfer of large-area graphene films for high-performance transparent conductive electrodes[J].Nano Letters,2009,9(12):4359.
15 Hatton R A,Willis M R,Chesters M A,et al.A robust ultrathin,transparent gold electrode tailored for hole injection into organic light-emitting diodes[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,2003,13(4):722.
16 Ghosh D S,Martinez L,Vergani P,et al.Widely transparent electrodes based on ultrathin metals[J].Optics Letters,2009,34(3):325.
17 Zhong Z,Lee H,Kang D,et al.Continuous patterning of copper nanowire-based transparent conducting electrodes for use in flexible electronic applications[J].ACS Nano,2016,10(8):7847.
18 Hwang C,An J,Choi B D,et al.Controlled aqueous synthesis of ultra-long copper nanowires for stretchable transparent conducting electrode[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry C,2016,4(7):1441.
19 De S,Higgins T M,Lyons P E,et al.Silver nanowire networks as flexible,transparent,conducting films:Extremely high DC to optical conductivity ratios[J].ACS Nano,2009,3(7):1767.
20 Yang Y,Wang J L,Lin L,et al.A room-temperature environmentally friendly solution process to assemble silver nanowire architectures for flexible transparent electrodes[J].Nanoscale,2017,9:52.
21 Kirchmeyer S,Reuter K.Scientific importance,properties and growing applications of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,2005,15(21):2077.
22 Dai H.Carbon nanotubes:Opportunities and challenges[J].Surface Science,2002,500(1-3):218.
23 Eigler S.A new parameter based on graphene for characterizing transparent,conductive materials[J].Carbon,2009,47(12):2936.
24 Hecht D S,Hu L,Irvin G.Emerging transparent electrodes based on thin films of carbon nanotubes,graphene,and metallic nanostructures[J].Advanced Materials,2011,23(13):1482.
25 Kou P,Yang L,Chi K,et al.Large-area and uniform silver nanowires based transparent on rigid and flexible substrates fabricated by polymethylmethacrylate-assisted spin-coating[J].Progress In Electromagnetic Research Symposium,2016,8(11):1592.
26 Lonne Q,Endrino J,Huang Z.UV treatment of flexible copper nanowire mesh films for transparent conductor applications[J].Nanoscale Research Letters,2017,12(1):577.
27 Stewart I E,et al.Solution-processed copper-nickel nanowire anodes for organic solar cells[J].Nanoscale,2014,6(11):5980.
28 Wang R,Ruan H.Synthesis of copper nanowires and its application to flexible transparent electrode[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2016,656:936.
29 Dou L,Cui F,Yu Y,et al.Solution-processed copper/reduced-graphene-oxide core/shell nanowire transparent conductors[J].ACS Nano,2016,10(2):2600.
30 Yang X,Hu X,Wang Q,et al.Large-scale stretchable semiembedded copper nanowire transparent conductive films by an electrospinning template[J].ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2017,9(31):26468.
31 Ahn Y,Jeong Y,Lee D,et al.Copper nanowire-graphene core-shell nanostructure for highly stable transparent conducting electrodes[J].ACS Nano,2015,9(3):3125.
32 Manikandan A,Lee L,Wang Y C,et al.Graphene-coated copper nanowire networks as a highly stable transparent electrode in harsh environments toward efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2017,5(26):13320.
33 Kholmanov I N,Domingues S H,Chou H,et al.Reduced graphene oxide/copper nanowire hybrid films as high-performance transparent electrodes[J].ACS Nano,2013,7(2):1811.
34 Rathmell A R,Nguyen M,Chi M,et al.Synthesis of oxidation-resistant cupronickel nanowires for transparent conducting nanowire networks[J].Nano Letters,2012,12(6):3193.
35 Song J,Li J,Xu J,et al.Superstable transparent conductive Cu@Cu4Ni nanowire elastomer composites against oxidation,bending,stretching,and twisting for flexible and stretchable optoelectronics[J].Nano Letters,2014,14(11):6298.
36 Stewart I E,Ye S,Chen Z,et al.Synthesis of Cu-Ag,Cu-Au,and Cu-Pt core-shell nanowires and their use in transparent conducting films[J].Chemistry of Materials,2015,27(22):7788.
37 Kim J,Lim J W,et al.Reduced graphene oxide wrapped core-shell metal nanowires as promising flexible transparent conductive electrodes with enhanced stability[J].Nanoscale,2016,8(45):18938.
38 Chen Z,Ye S,Stewart I E,et al.Copper nanowire networks with transparent oxide shells that prevent oxidation without reducing transmittance[J].ACS Nano,2014,8(9):9673.
39 Wang H,Wu C,Huang Y,et al.One-pot synthesis of superfine core-shell Cu@metal nanowires for highly tenacious transparent led dimmer[J].ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2016,8(42):28709.
40 Hsu P C,Hui W,Carney T J,et al.Passivation coating on electrospun copper nanofibers for stable transparent electrodes[J].ACS Nano,2012,6(6):5150.
41 Won Y,Kim A,Lee D,et al.Annealing-free fabrication of highly oxidation-resistive copper nanowire composite conductors for photovoltaics[J].NPG Asia Materials,2014,6(6):e105.
42 Zhu Z,Mankowski T,Balakrishnan K,et al.Hybrid transparent conductive electrodes with copper nanowires embedded in a zinc oxide matrix and protected by reduced graphene oxide platelets[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2016,119(8):085303.
43 Celle C,Cabos A,Fontecave T,et al.Oxidation of copper nanowire based transparent electrodes in ambient conditions and their stabilization by encapsulation:Application to transparent film heaters[J].Nanotechnology,2018,29(8):085701.
44 Wang Y,Liu P,Zeng B,et al.Facile synthesis of ultralong and thin copper nanowires and its application to high-performance flexible transparent conductive electrodes[J].Nanoscale Research Letters,2018,13(1):78.
45 Liu K,Li Y,Zhang H,et al.Synthesis of the polypyrrole encapsulated copper nanowires with excellent oxidation resistance and temporal stability[J].Applied Surface Science,2018,439:226.
46 Han S,et al.Fast plasmonic laser nanowelding for a Cu-nanowire percolation network for flexible transparent conductors and stretchable electronics[J].Advanced Materials,2014,26(33):5808.
47 Lee J W,Seol D J,Cho A N,et al.High-efficiency perovskite solar cells based on the black polymorph of HC(NH2)2PBI3[J].Advanced Materials,2014,26(29):4991.
48 Zhou W,et al.Copper mesh templated by breath-figure polymer films as flexible transparent electrodes for organic photovoltaic devices[J].ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2016,8(17):11122.
49 Wang X,Wang R,Zhai H,et al.Room-temperature surface modification of Cu nanowires and their applications in transparent electrodes,sers-based sensors and organic solar cells[J].ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2016,8(42):28831.
50 Zhu Y,Hu Y,Zhu P,et al.Enhanced oxidation resistance and electrical conductivity copper nanowires-graphene hybrid films for flexible strain sensors[J].New Journal Chemistry,2017,41(12):4950.
51 Zhang W,Yin Z,Chun A,et al.Bridging oriented copper nanowiregraphene composites for solution-processable,annealing-free,and air-stable flexible electrodes[J].ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2016,8(3):1733.
52 Guo H,Chen Y,Ping H,et al.Facile synthesis of Cu and Cu@CuNi nanocubes and nanowires in hydrophobic solution in the presence of nickel and chloride ions[J].Nanoscale,2013,5(6):2394.
53 Kim H J,Song M,Jeong J H,et al.Highly efficient and stable cupronickel nanomesh electrode for flexible organic photovoltaic devices[J].Journal of Power Sources,2016,331:22.