影响儿童选择性信任的社会性线索研究新进展
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摘要
选择性信任是指儿童根据不同线索对信息提供者的可信度进行判断,从而有选择性地相信其所提供的信息。研究影响儿童选择性信任的因素对于儿童社会化发展具有重要意义,已有研究表明,这些因素可分为认识性线索和社会性线索两类,近些年的研究重在社会性线索。为探讨社会性线索对儿童选择性信任的影响,研究者对选择性信任研究的基本范式作了补充和改进,本研究概括为两类:一类是用其他任务替代物品命名任务,另一类是在熟悉阶段增加信息提供者对寻找者行为结果的反馈环节。采用这些变式,近年来学者们对信息提供者的意图、可信度特质、亲社会特质和群体认同等社会性线索对儿童选择性信任的影响进行了探讨。未来关于儿童选择性信任的研究可从探寻新的研究范式或改善现有研究范式、"知""行"分离机制、群体认同与信息正确性的影响、意图与可信度特质的关系,以及选择性信任对儿童社会化进程的影响等方面进行。
Selective trust refers that children use multiple clues to infer one informant's reliability and then determine whether to trust the informant's past testimony or not. Many studies were carried out to explore the factors that influenced children's selective trusts,and the results showed that these factors can be classified as cognitive clues and social ones. In order to study the effects of the social clues on children's selective trust,researchers made some supplements and improvements on the basic researching paradigms which included two main types as: a) the objects naming task was replaced by other tasks; b) feedback of informant was added in the familiarization phase. In the last few years,the effects of social clues such as informant's intention,trustworthiness,pro- social trait and group identity on the children's selective trust were explored under these modified paradigms. The future study could explore new research paradigm or improve the existing research paradigm,probe in the mechanism of the separation between cognition and behavior,the impact of group identity and information accuracy,and the influence of selective trust on children's socialization process.
Selective trust refers that children use multiple clues to infer one informant's reliability and then determine whether to trust the informant's past testimony or not. Many studies were carried out to explore the factors that influenced children's selective trusts,and the results showed that these factors can be classified as cognitive clues and social ones. In order to study the effects of the social clues on children's selective trust,researchers made some supplements and improvements on the basic researching paradigms which included two main types as: a) the objects naming task was replaced by other tasks; b) feedback of informant was added in the familiarization phase. In the last few years,the effects of social clues such as informant's intention,trustworthiness,pro- social trait and group identity on the children's selective trust were explored under these modified paradigms. The future study could explore new research paradigm or improve the existing research paradigm,probe in the mechanism of the separation between cognition and behavior,the impact of group identity and information accuracy,and the influence of selective trust on children's socialization process.
引文
曹梦露,龚文进,汤永隆.(2012).旁观者非言语线索对幼儿选择性信任的影响.中国临床心理学杂志,20(05),613-615.
车翰博.(2014).基于亲社会特质的4~5岁幼儿选择性信任判断的发展特点.硕士学位论文.辽宁师范大学.
李庆功,徐芬,周小梅.(2012a).3~4岁儿童基于可信度特质的信任判断:特质间差异和年龄特点.心理发展与教育,(04),345-352.
李庆功,徐芬,周小梅.(2012b).3~5岁儿童基于能力特质进行信任判断的策略及其发展.心理发展与教育,(02),140-144.
马夏霞.(2013).学前儿童怀疑能力发展研究.硕士学位论文.南京师范大学.
王颖.(2012).3~5岁幼儿选择性信任能力的发展机制.硕士学位论文.沈阳师范大学.
杨娜.(2014).4~6岁儿童在道德和习俗领域的选择性信任的发展.硕士学位论文.南京师范大学.
袁鸣,邓铸,季培.(2013).儿童社会认识论:儿童对信息提供者的选择性信任.心理科学进展,21(03),480-486.
张兰萍,周晖.(2009).幼儿基于信息判断的选择性信任的发展---其持续性及与人际信任的关系.心理发展与教育,(03),9-14.
张耀华,朱莉琪.(2014).认识性信任:学龄前儿童的选择性学习.心理科学进展,22(01),86-96.
周海丽,周晖.(2014).4~7岁儿童基于不同可信度特质和情景的信任判断.心理发展与教育,(06),570-576.
Axelrod,R.,&Hamilton,W.D.(1981).The evolution of cooperation.Science,211,1390-1396.
Bascandziev,I.,&Harris,P.L.(2014).In beauty we trust:Children prefer information from more attractive informants.British Journal of Developmental Psychology,32(1),94-99.
Ben-Ner,A.,&Halldorsson,F.(2010).Trusting and trustworthiness:What are they,how to measure them,and what affects them.Journal of Economic Psychology,1,64-79.
Birch,S.,Vauthier,S.A.,&Bloom,P.(2008).Three-and four-year-olds spontaneously use others’past performance to guide their learning.Cognition,107(3),1018-1034.
Clement,F.,Koenig,M.,&Harris,P.(2004).The ontogenesis of trust.Mind&Language,19(4),360-379.
Corriveau,K.H.,&Harris,P.L.(2009a).Choosing your informant:weighing familiarity and recent accuracy.Developmental Science,12(3),426-437.
Corriveau,K.H.,&Harris,P.L.(2009b).Young Children’s trust in their mother’s claims:Longitudinal links with attachment security in infancy.Child Development,80(3),750-761.
Corriveau,K.H.,&Kinzler,K.D.(2013).Accuracy trumps accent in children’s endorsement of object labels.Developmental Psychology,49(3),470-479.
Deutsch,M.(1958).Trust and suspicion.Journal of Conflict Resolution,2,265-279.
Doebel,S.,&Koenig,M.A.(2013).Children’s use of moral behavior in selective trust:Discrimination versus learning.Developmental Psychology,49(3),462-469.
Fusaro,M.,&Harris,P.L.(2008).Children assess informant reliability using by standers’non-verbal cues.Developmental Science,11(5),771-777.
Fusaro,M.,&Harris,P.L.(2013).Dax gets the hod:Toddlers detect and use social cues to evaluate Testimony.Developmental Psychology,49(3),514-522.
Heyman,G.D.,&Gelman,S.A.(2000).Preschool children’s use of novel predicates to make inductive inferences about people.Cognitive Development,15(3),263-280.
Heyman,G.D.,Sritanyaratana,L.,&Vanderbilt,K.E.(2013).Young children’s trust in overtly misleading.Cognitive Science,37,646-667.
Jetten,J.,Postmes,T.,&McA uliV e,B.J.(2002).We’re all individuals:Group norms of individualism and collectivism,levels of identification,and identity threat.European Journal of Social Psychology,32,189-207.
Kinzler,K.D.,Corriveau,K.H.,&Harris,P.L.(2011).Children’s selective trust in native-accented speakers.Developmental Science,14(1),106-111.
Koenig,M.A.,&Harris,P.L.(2005).Preschoolers mistrust ignorant and inaccurate speakers.Child Development,76(6),1261-1277.
Liu,D.,Gelman,S.A.,&Wellman,H.M.(2007).Components of young children’s trait understanding:Behavior to trait inferences and trait to behavior predictions.Child Development,78(5),1543-1558.
Liu,D.,Vanderbilt,K.E.,&Heyman,G.D.(2013).Selective trust:Children’s use of intention and outcome of past testimony.Developmental Psychology,49(3),439-445.
Li,Q-G.,Heyman,G.D.,Xu,F.,&Lee,K.(2014).Young children’s use of honesty as a basis for selective trust.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,117,59-72.
Mascaro,O.,&Sperber,D.(2009).The moral,epistemic,and mindreading components of children’s vigilance towards deception.Cognition,112,367-380.
MacD onalda,K.,Schug,M.,Chase,E.,&Barth,H.(2013).My people,right or wrong Minimal group membership disrupts preschoolers’selective trust.Cognitive Development,28,247-259.
Pasquini,E.S.,Corriveau,K.H.,Koenig,M.,&Harris,P.L.(2007).Preschoolers monitor the relative accuracy of informants.Developmental Psychology,43(5),1216-1226.
Rotter,J.B.(1967).A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust.Journal of Personality,35,651-665.
Rousseau,D.M.,Sitkin,S.B.,Burt,R.S.,&Camerer,C.F.(1998).Not so different after all:A cross-discipline view o trust.Academy of Management Review,23,393-404.
Schug,M.G.,Shusterman,A.,Barth,H.,&Patalano,A.L.(2013).Minimal-group membership influences children’s responses to novel experience with group members.Developmental Science,16(1),47-55.
Scofield,J.,Gilpin,A.T.,Pierucci,J.,&Morgan,R.(2013).Matters of accuracy and conventionality:Prior accuracy guides children’s evaluations of others’actions.Developmental Psycholgoy,49(3),432-438.
Vanderbilt,K.E.,Liu,D.,&Heyman,G.D.(2011).The development of distrust.Child Development,82(5),1372-1380.
车翰博.(2014).基于亲社会特质的4~5岁幼儿选择性信任判断的发展特点.硕士学位论文.辽宁师范大学.
李庆功,徐芬,周小梅.(2012a).3~4岁儿童基于可信度特质的信任判断:特质间差异和年龄特点.心理发展与教育,(04),345-352.
李庆功,徐芬,周小梅.(2012b).3~5岁儿童基于能力特质进行信任判断的策略及其发展.心理发展与教育,(02),140-144.
马夏霞.(2013).学前儿童怀疑能力发展研究.硕士学位论文.南京师范大学.
王颖.(2012).3~5岁幼儿选择性信任能力的发展机制.硕士学位论文.沈阳师范大学.
杨娜.(2014).4~6岁儿童在道德和习俗领域的选择性信任的发展.硕士学位论文.南京师范大学.
袁鸣,邓铸,季培.(2013).儿童社会认识论:儿童对信息提供者的选择性信任.心理科学进展,21(03),480-486.
张兰萍,周晖.(2009).幼儿基于信息判断的选择性信任的发展---其持续性及与人际信任的关系.心理发展与教育,(03),9-14.
张耀华,朱莉琪.(2014).认识性信任:学龄前儿童的选择性学习.心理科学进展,22(01),86-96.
周海丽,周晖.(2014).4~7岁儿童基于不同可信度特质和情景的信任判断.心理发展与教育,(06),570-576.
Axelrod,R.,&Hamilton,W.D.(1981).The evolution of cooperation.Science,211,1390-1396.
Bascandziev,I.,&Harris,P.L.(2014).In beauty we trust:Children prefer information from more attractive informants.British Journal of Developmental Psychology,32(1),94-99.
Ben-Ner,A.,&Halldorsson,F.(2010).Trusting and trustworthiness:What are they,how to measure them,and what affects them.Journal of Economic Psychology,1,64-79.
Birch,S.,Vauthier,S.A.,&Bloom,P.(2008).Three-and four-year-olds spontaneously use others’past performance to guide their learning.Cognition,107(3),1018-1034.
Clement,F.,Koenig,M.,&Harris,P.(2004).The ontogenesis of trust.Mind&Language,19(4),360-379.
Corriveau,K.H.,&Harris,P.L.(2009a).Choosing your informant:weighing familiarity and recent accuracy.Developmental Science,12(3),426-437.
Corriveau,K.H.,&Harris,P.L.(2009b).Young Children’s trust in their mother’s claims:Longitudinal links with attachment security in infancy.Child Development,80(3),750-761.
Corriveau,K.H.,&Kinzler,K.D.(2013).Accuracy trumps accent in children’s endorsement of object labels.Developmental Psychology,49(3),470-479.
Deutsch,M.(1958).Trust and suspicion.Journal of Conflict Resolution,2,265-279.
Doebel,S.,&Koenig,M.A.(2013).Children’s use of moral behavior in selective trust:Discrimination versus learning.Developmental Psychology,49(3),462-469.
Fusaro,M.,&Harris,P.L.(2008).Children assess informant reliability using by standers’non-verbal cues.Developmental Science,11(5),771-777.
Fusaro,M.,&Harris,P.L.(2013).Dax gets the hod:Toddlers detect and use social cues to evaluate Testimony.Developmental Psychology,49(3),514-522.
Heyman,G.D.,&Gelman,S.A.(2000).Preschool children’s use of novel predicates to make inductive inferences about people.Cognitive Development,15(3),263-280.
Heyman,G.D.,Sritanyaratana,L.,&Vanderbilt,K.E.(2013).Young children’s trust in overtly misleading.Cognitive Science,37,646-667.
Jetten,J.,Postmes,T.,&McA uliV e,B.J.(2002).We’re all individuals:Group norms of individualism and collectivism,levels of identification,and identity threat.European Journal of Social Psychology,32,189-207.
Kinzler,K.D.,Corriveau,K.H.,&Harris,P.L.(2011).Children’s selective trust in native-accented speakers.Developmental Science,14(1),106-111.
Koenig,M.A.,&Harris,P.L.(2005).Preschoolers mistrust ignorant and inaccurate speakers.Child Development,76(6),1261-1277.
Liu,D.,Gelman,S.A.,&Wellman,H.M.(2007).Components of young children’s trait understanding:Behavior to trait inferences and trait to behavior predictions.Child Development,78(5),1543-1558.
Liu,D.,Vanderbilt,K.E.,&Heyman,G.D.(2013).Selective trust:Children’s use of intention and outcome of past testimony.Developmental Psychology,49(3),439-445.
Li,Q-G.,Heyman,G.D.,Xu,F.,&Lee,K.(2014).Young children’s use of honesty as a basis for selective trust.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,117,59-72.
Mascaro,O.,&Sperber,D.(2009).The moral,epistemic,and mindreading components of children’s vigilance towards deception.Cognition,112,367-380.
MacD onalda,K.,Schug,M.,Chase,E.,&Barth,H.(2013).My people,right or wrong Minimal group membership disrupts preschoolers’selective trust.Cognitive Development,28,247-259.
Pasquini,E.S.,Corriveau,K.H.,Koenig,M.,&Harris,P.L.(2007).Preschoolers monitor the relative accuracy of informants.Developmental Psychology,43(5),1216-1226.
Rotter,J.B.(1967).A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust.Journal of Personality,35,651-665.
Rousseau,D.M.,Sitkin,S.B.,Burt,R.S.,&Camerer,C.F.(1998).Not so different after all:A cross-discipline view o trust.Academy of Management Review,23,393-404.
Schug,M.G.,Shusterman,A.,Barth,H.,&Patalano,A.L.(2013).Minimal-group membership influences children’s responses to novel experience with group members.Developmental Science,16(1),47-55.
Scofield,J.,Gilpin,A.T.,Pierucci,J.,&Morgan,R.(2013).Matters of accuracy and conventionality:Prior accuracy guides children’s evaluations of others’actions.Developmental Psycholgoy,49(3),432-438.
Vanderbilt,K.E.,Liu,D.,&Heyman,G.D.(2011).The development of distrust.Child Development,82(5),1372-1380.