民航初始飞行员的风险认知与违规行为相关性研究
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摘要
飞行员驾驶舱违规行为是不安全事件的主要诱因之一,为此基于风险认知心理变量对民航初始飞行员的违规行为成因进行研究。首先通过对事故/事件中飞行员驾驶舱违规导致的事故/事件占比进行分析,然后设计并实施驾驶舱违规行为和风险认知调查问卷,统计分析初始飞行员的违规行为频次和分布,并进一步通过相关性分析探索违规和风险认知变量之间的关系。机组驾驶舱违规诱发的事故占20%以上,并在近年来呈逐渐上升趋势;调查的40%驾驶舱行为中初始飞行员发生过违规行为;初始飞行员的风险容忍和危险态度对违规行为有显著的正向预测作用。驾驶舱违规行为和初始飞行员个体的风险容忍水平和危险态度水平相关,实施有针对性的培训和教育可以减弱初始飞行员违规行为意向,减少驾驶舱违规行为的发生。
The violation of flight crew is one of the major causes of incidents.The causes of novice pilots' violation were studied based on risk-cognitive psychology variables.First,this study analyzes the proportion of accidents or incidents caused by flight crew's violation in accidents or incidents with the designs and implements of the questionnaire on violation behaviors and risk perception.The frequency and distribution of novice pilots' violation behaviors are statistically analyzed to explore the relationship between violations and elements of risk perception by correlation analysis.The results show that the accidents caused by pilots' violation accounted for more than 20% and showed a gradual upward trend in recent years.Novice pilots had committed 40%violation in the investigation of the cockpit behaviors.The risk tolerance and hazardous attitude of novice pilot has a significant positive prediction effect on the violation.The conclusion of the study is that the violation of flight crew is common among airline pilots and novice pilots,and related to the level of risk tolerance and hazardous attitude of the individual.Targeted training and education is implemented to reduce the novice pilots' level of risk tolerance and hazardous attitude,then it can weaken the intention of the violation behaviors.
The violation of flight crew is one of the major causes of incidents.The causes of novice pilots' violation were studied based on risk-cognitive psychology variables.First,this study analyzes the proportion of accidents or incidents caused by flight crew's violation in accidents or incidents with the designs and implements of the questionnaire on violation behaviors and risk perception.The frequency and distribution of novice pilots' violation behaviors are statistically analyzed to explore the relationship between violations and elements of risk perception by correlation analysis.The results show that the accidents caused by pilots' violation accounted for more than 20% and showed a gradual upward trend in recent years.Novice pilots had committed 40%violation in the investigation of the cockpit behaviors.The risk tolerance and hazardous attitude of novice pilot has a significant positive prediction effect on the violation.The conclusion of the study is that the violation of flight crew is common among airline pilots and novice pilots,and related to the level of risk tolerance and hazardous attitude of the individual.Targeted training and education is implemented to reduce the novice pilots' level of risk tolerance and hazardous attitude,then it can weaken the intention of the violation behaviors.
引文
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[22]潘菽.教育心理学[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2001.
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[24]曹慧娟,古仁华,姚舒仪,等.“中国式过马路”行为意向成因分析及预测[J].中国安全科学学报,2014,24(11):47-52.
[25]Hunter D R.Risk Perception and Risk Tolerance in Aircraft Pilots[R].FAA,2002.
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[27]Ajzen I.The theory of planned behavior[J].Research in Nursing&Health,1991,14(2):137.
[28]姬鸣,刘真,杨仕云,等.航线飞行员危险态度测量及对驾驶安全行为的影响[J].心理科学,2012,35(1):202-207.
[29]LESTER L,CONNOLLY T.The measurement of hazardous thought patterns and the relationship to pilot personality[C]//International Symposium on Aviation Psychology,4th,Columbus,OH.1987:286-292.
[2] Shappell S,Detwiler C,Holcomb K,et al.Human error and commercial aviation accidents:an analysis using the human factors analysis and classification system[J].Human Factors,2007,49(2):227.
[3]中国民航局.中国航空安全年报(2016年)[R].北京:中国民航局,2016.
[4] Ruishan S,Lei W,Ling Z.Analysis of human factors integration aspects for aviation accidents and incidents[C]//Engineering Psychology&Cognitive Ergonomics,International Conference,Epce,Held As.DBLP,2007.
[5]罗晓利.近12年中国民航人因事故与事故征候的分类研究[J].航天医学与医学工程,2004,17(5):318-321.
[6]马锐,李敬,袁修干,等.中国民航1980-2009年间运输飞行事故人的失误分析[J].航天医学与医学工程,2011,24(2):111-115.
[7] International Air Transport Association.Safety Report 2015[R].Montreal:IATA,2016.
[8] Reason J.Human error[M].Cambridge:Cambridge university press,1992.
[9] Shappell S A,Wiegmann D A.The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System-HFACS[J].American Libraries,2000,1(1):20-46.
[10]陈俊,杨家忠,李倩,等.机组资源管理与飞行不安全行为关系的研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2010,20(3):92-96.
[11]王永刚,吴立鹏.基于SEM的机组资源管理对机组人为差错的影响研究[J].安全与环境学报,2015,15(3):170-175.
[12]贺青,张林英.飞行自动化中人的因素[J].中华航空航天医学杂志,1998,9(3):184-184.
[13]Wang Lei,Ren Yong,Wu C.Effects of Flare Operation on Landing Safety:A Study Based on ANOVA of Real Flight Data[J].Saftey Science,2018,102:14-25.
[14]王云丰.民航飞行员违章飞行人为因素研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2008.
[15]聂小飞.基于计划行为理论的边缘气象条件下违规飞行分析[D].广汉:中国民用航空飞行学院,2012.
[16]Icek Ajzen.The theory of planned behavior[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1991,50(2):179-211.
[17]HildeIversen.Risk-taking attitudes and risky driving behaviour[J].Transportation Research Part F:Psychology and Behaviour,2004,7(3):135-150.
[18]姬鸣,杨仕云,赵小军,等.风险容忍对飞行员驾驶安全行为的影响:风险知觉和危险态度的作用[J].心理学报,2011,43(11):1308-1319.
[19]蒋丽,李永娟,马峻峰.不安全驾驶行为及其影响因素[J].人类工效学,2011,17(2):85-88.
[20]Ranney,Thomas A.Models of driving behavior:A review of their evolution.[J].Accident;analysis and prevention,1994,26(6):733.
[21]O’Hare D.Pilots’perception of risks and hazards in general aviation.[J].Aviation Space&Environmental Medicine,1990,61(7):599.
[22]潘菽.教育心理学[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2001.
[23]罗帆,佘廉,顾必冲.民航机组行为失误的心理分析[J].武汉理工大学学报:交通科学与工程版,2002,26(2):191-194.
[24]曹慧娟,古仁华,姚舒仪,等.“中国式过马路”行为意向成因分析及预测[J].中国安全科学学报,2014,24(11):47-52.
[25]Hunter D R.Risk Perception and Risk Tolerance in Aircraft Pilots[R].FAA,2002.
[26]Jensen R S.Pilot Judgment:Training and Evaluation[J].Human Factors the Journal of the Human Factors&Ergonomics Society,1982,24(1):61-73.
[27]Ajzen I.The theory of planned behavior[J].Research in Nursing&Health,1991,14(2):137.
[28]姬鸣,刘真,杨仕云,等.航线飞行员危险态度测量及对驾驶安全行为的影响[J].心理科学,2012,35(1):202-207.
[29]LESTER L,CONNOLLY T.The measurement of hazardous thought patterns and the relationship to pilot personality[C]//International Symposium on Aviation Psychology,4th,Columbus,OH.1987:286-292.