日本后福岛时期重启“核电复兴”的进展及启示
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摘要
福岛核灾难后的日本社会充斥核敏感与核厌恶情绪,日本政府被迫宣布暂停核能发电,日本社会一度进入"零核电"状态。核电的突然缺位导致电力短缺,严重影响民众生活和经济发展;为弥补电力不足,日本化石燃料进口激增,不但增加贸易赤字,而且对日本兑现国际减排承诺造成巨大压力;在国内核电发展前景不明的情况下,日本参与国际核电市场竞争更是困难重重。为此,日本"核村庄"(Nuclear Village)持续不断地为重启核能展开攻关活动,政府则积极推进核安全压力测试,重启停运核反应堆,并在国际市场上积极推销日本核能技术及其设备的出口。日本后福岛时期重启"核电复兴",凸显了构建人类核电安全命运共同体的重要性,表明国家能源转型绝不可能一蹴而就,国家的核电政策要保持一以贯之的稳定性和连续性,从而更好地服务于国家社会经济发展的大局。
After the Fukushima nuclear disaster, Japanese society was filled with nuclear sensitivity and nuclear aversion. The Japanese government was forced to announce a moratorium on nuclear power generation, and Japanese society once entered the state of "zero nuclear power". The sudden absence of nuclear power has led to a shortage of electricity, seriously affecting people′s lives and economic development; in order to compensate for the shortage of electricity, Japan′s import of fossil fuels has surged, not only increasing its trade deficit, but also putting tremendous pressure on Japan to fulfill its international emission reduction commitments; in the case of uncertain domestic nuclear power development prospects, Japan′s participation in international nuclear power market competition is even more difficult. To this end, Japan′s "Nuclear Village" continues to launch research activities to restart nuclear energy. The government actively promotes nuclear safety stress testing, restarts shutdown of nuclear reactors, and actively promotes the export of Japanese nuclear energy technology and equipment on the international market. Japan restarted the "nuclear power revival" in the post-Fukushima period, highlighting the importance of building a community of human nuclear power safety fate, indicating that the national energy transformation can never be achieved overnight. The national nuclear power policy should maintain consistent stability and continuity, so as to better serve the overall situation of national social and economic development.
After the Fukushima nuclear disaster, Japanese society was filled with nuclear sensitivity and nuclear aversion. The Japanese government was forced to announce a moratorium on nuclear power generation, and Japanese society once entered the state of "zero nuclear power". The sudden absence of nuclear power has led to a shortage of electricity, seriously affecting people′s lives and economic development; in order to compensate for the shortage of electricity, Japan′s import of fossil fuels has surged, not only increasing its trade deficit, but also putting tremendous pressure on Japan to fulfill its international emission reduction commitments; in the case of uncertain domestic nuclear power development prospects, Japan′s participation in international nuclear power market competition is even more difficult. To this end, Japan′s "Nuclear Village" continues to launch research activities to restart nuclear energy. The government actively promotes nuclear safety stress testing, restarts shutdown of nuclear reactors, and actively promotes the export of Japanese nuclear energy technology and equipment on the international market. Japan restarted the "nuclear power revival" in the post-Fukushima period, highlighting the importance of building a community of human nuclear power safety fate, indicating that the national energy transformation can never be achieved overnight. The national nuclear power policy should maintain consistent stability and continuity, so as to better serve the overall situation of national social and economic development.
引文
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[14] Atsuko Kitada.Public opinion changes after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident to nuclear power generation as seen in continuous polls over the past 30 years [J].Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology,2016(11):1686-1700.
[15] Lucy Craftjun.Amid Fierce Debate,Japan To Restart Nuclear Plants [EB/OL] .(2012-01-28),https://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/npr/155842047/amid-fierce-debate-japan-to-restart-nuclear-plants.[ 2019-05-15].
[16] Greenpeace warns Sendai nuclear restart will not end nuclear crisis facing Abe government[EB/OL] .Aug 11,2015,https://www.greenpeace.org/archive-international/en/press/releases/2015/Greenpeace-warns-Sendai-nuclear-restart-will-not-end-nuclear-crisis-facing-Abe-government/.[ 2019-05-15].
[17] Japan′s Sendai nuclear plant gets all-clear to restart despite volcanic eruption concerns [EB/OL] .(2014-10-28),https://www.power-technology.com/news/newsjapans-sendai-nuclear-plant-gets-nod-for-restart-despite-volcanic-eruption-concerns-4420171/.[ 2019-05-15].
(1)核保安旨在保护核设施、核材料、放射性材料免受人为攻击和动用,重在防止核恐怖主义的发生。
(2)核平安旨在确保核设施、核材料不出事故和防止核事故伤害。
[2] Christopher Lena,Victor Niana.Nuclear Versus Natural Gas:An Assessment on the Drivers Influencing Japan′s Energy Future[J].Energy Procedia,2014(61):194-197.
[3] World Nuclear Association.Nuclear Power in Japan[EB/OL].February 2019,http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/japan-nuclear-power.aspx.[ 2019-05-15]
[4] Christopher Lena,Victor Niana.Nuclear Versus Natural Gas:An Assessment on the Drivers Influencing Japan′s Energy Future[J].Energy Procedia,2014(61):194-197.
[5] Washington Post.After the Fukushima meltdown,Japan′s nuclear restart is stalled [EB/OL].(2014-08-08),https://www.intellasia.net/after-the-fukushima-meltdown-japans-nuclear-restart-is-stalled-381493.[ 2019-05-15].
[6] World Nuclear Association.Nuclear Power in Japan [EB/OL].February 2019,http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/japan-nuclear-power.aspx.[ 2019-05-15].
[7] Nuclear Energy Institute.Germany and Japan Rethink Nuclear Policies[EB/OL].Summer 2012,http://www.nei.org/News-Media/News/News-Archives/germany-and-japan-rethink-nuclear-policies,2016-07-28.[ 2019-07-28].
[8] Zarrar Niazi.Role of Nuclear Energy in Japan Post-Fukushima:Alternatives and their Impact on Japan′s GHG Emission Targets [EB/OL] .http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:638155/FULLTEXT01.pdf.[ 2019-05-15].
[9] The Japan Times Online.Energy report calls for reliance on nuclear power [EB/OL] .(2014-06-17),http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/06/17/national/energy-report-calls-for-reliance-on-nuclear-power/#.WAg6lvmep8Y.[ 2019-05-15].
[10] World Nuclear Association.Nuclear Power in Japan," [EB/OL] .August 2016,http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/japan-nuclear-power.aspx.[ 2019-05-15].
[11] Kazuko Goto.Japan′s Role as Leader for Nuclear Nonproliferation[EB/OL] .http://fas.org /_docs /2012IssueBrief_Japan.pdf.[ 2019-05-15].
[12] 日经新闻网.日本疯狂推销核电:拿下英国超级订单[EB/OL] .http://news.mydrivers.com/1/467/467918.htm.[ 2019-05-15].
[13] Angus Gillespie.Bruce Power Ceo Talk About The Future of Nuclear Energy[EB/OL] .Mar 2019,http://www.cbj.ca/bruce_power_ceo_talk_about_the_future_of_nuclear_energy/.[ 2019-05-15].
[14] Atsuko Kitada.Public opinion changes after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident to nuclear power generation as seen in continuous polls over the past 30 years [J].Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology,2016(11):1686-1700.
[15] Lucy Craftjun.Amid Fierce Debate,Japan To Restart Nuclear Plants [EB/OL] .(2012-01-28),https://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/npr/155842047/amid-fierce-debate-japan-to-restart-nuclear-plants.[ 2019-05-15].
[16] Greenpeace warns Sendai nuclear restart will not end nuclear crisis facing Abe government[EB/OL] .Aug 11,2015,https://www.greenpeace.org/archive-international/en/press/releases/2015/Greenpeace-warns-Sendai-nuclear-restart-will-not-end-nuclear-crisis-facing-Abe-government/.[ 2019-05-15].
[17] Japan′s Sendai nuclear plant gets all-clear to restart despite volcanic eruption concerns [EB/OL] .(2014-10-28),https://www.power-technology.com/news/newsjapans-sendai-nuclear-plant-gets-nod-for-restart-despite-volcanic-eruption-concerns-4420171/.[ 2019-05-15].
(1)核保安旨在保护核设施、核材料、放射性材料免受人为攻击和动用,重在防止核恐怖主义的发生。
(2)核平安旨在确保核设施、核材料不出事故和防止核事故伤害。