贵族视域下的中古政治危机——1258年英国贵族改革运动的发生
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摘要
1258年,格洛斯特伯爵理查·克莱尔、莱斯特伯爵西蒙·孟福尔联合其他贵族发起了一场声势浩大的改革运动。庞大的领地、巨大的家族威望为克莱尔和孟福尔在改革中取得领导地位奠定了基础。在反抗国王的行为还没有被视为叛国的情况下,贵族往往可以通过反叛来维护自身利益,并常常获利甚多。亨利三世对吕西涅兄弟的宠信,严重损害了克莱尔和孟福尔的利益,尤其不能满足他们对于土地的诉求。基于此,他们发起了这场贵族改革运动。
引文
①② 刘慧:《土地与叛乱——十三世纪中期英格兰贵族改革运动的一个面向》,《台大历史学报》2011年第47期,第108,108页。
③亦有国内学者对这场贵族改革运动进行过研究,如中山大学蔺志强认为,1258年的贵族改革运动之所以发生,是因为亨利三世对普瓦图人、吕西涅人等“外国人”的重用和“西西里事务”这两个问题上引起了国内贵族的严重不满(蔺志强:《一二五八年至一二六七年英国贵族改革运动》,《历史研究》2004年第6期);台湾大学刘慧分别从对外政策、宫廷斗争与对内统治三个方面分析了亨利三世的统治为何造成1258年的众叛亲离(刘慧:《十三世纪中期的英格兰王权——以1259—1260年英王滞留法国的经过为例》,《新史学》2005年16卷4期);笔者在探讨1258年的贵族改革运动进程时亦简略提及改革发生和贵族私家利欲之间的关系(金德宁:《中世纪英国大贵族私家利欲的历史样本——对1258年改革运动中贵族政治联盟的再认识》,《暨南学报》哲学社会科学版2017年第8期)。
(1)T. F. Tout, Edward the First, London and New York: Macmillan and Co.,1896, p. 2; T. F. Tout, The history of England from the accession of Henry III to the death of Edward III, London, New York [etc.]: Longmans, Green and Co., 1905, p. 52.
(2)T. F. Tout, The history of England from the accession of Henry III to the death of Edward III, p. 53; T. F. Tout, Edward the First, p. 3.
(3)T. F. Tout, Edward the First, p. 3.
(4)R. F. Treharne, The Baronial Plan of Reform, 1258-1263, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1971, p. 48.
(5)R. F. Treharne, The Significance of the Baronial Reform Movement, 1258-1267, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 1943, Fourth Series, Vol. 25.
(6)M. T. Clanchy, Did Henry III have a policy? History, 1968, Vol.53, No.178.
(7)David Carpenter, King, Magnates, and Society: The Personal Rule of King Henry III, 1234-1258, Speculum, 1985, No. 1, Vol. 60.
(8)W. H. Blaauw, The Baron's war including the battles of Lewes and Eversham, London: NICHOLS & SON, PARLIAMENT-STREET; [etc., etc.], 1844, p. 30.
(9)R. F. Treharne, The Baronial Plan of Reform, 1258-1263, p. viii; R. F. Treharne, Documents of the Baronial Movement of Reform and Rebellion, 1258-1267, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973, p. 1.
(10)B. Wilkinson, English Politics and Politicians of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, Speculum, 1955, Vol. 30, No. 1, Jan., p. 46.
(11)T. F. Tout, The history of England from the accession of Henry III to the death of Edward III, p. 52.
(12)Michael Prestwich, The three Edwards: war and state in England 1272-1377, London, New York: Routledge, 2006, p. 126.
(13)T. A. Archer, Clare, Richard de (1222-1262), in Leslie Stephen, ed. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 10, New York: Macmillan and CO.; London: Smith, Elder, & CO., 1887, p. 396.
(14)N. Denholm-Young, The personal role of Simon de Montfort in the period of baronial reform and rebellion (Book Review), Medium Aveum, 1956, Vol. 25, No. 2, p. 104.
(15)⑤ J. R. Maddicott, “Montfort, Simon de, eighth earl of Leicester (c.1208-1265)”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan. 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19049, accessed 8 Aug 2017].
(16)Richard Mortimer, “Clare, Richard de (1030x35-1087x90)”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5445, accessed 25 Aug 2017].
(17)M. T. Clanchy, England and its rulers, 1066-1272, Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 2006, p. 249.
(18)④ J. R. Maddicott, “Montfort, Simon de, eighth earl of Leicester (c.1208-1265)”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004[online edn, Jan 2008 (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19049, accessed 8 Aug 2017)].
(19)Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris's English history from the year 1235 to 1273, vol. iii, Trans by J. A. Giles, William Rishanger, London: H.G. Bohn, 1854, p. 317.
(20)孟广林、裴沛:《〈大宪章〉的历史底蕴及其对英国封建君主政治的影响》,《史学史研究》2016年2期,第48页。
(21)⑥ 刘慧:《土地与叛乱——十三世纪中期英格兰贵族改革运动的一个面向》,《台大历史学报》2011年第47期,第113,112页。
(22)Claire Valente, The theory and practice of revolt in medieval England, Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate, 2003, pp. 34-35, 41- 42.
(23)M. A. Hicks, English Political Culture in the Fifteenth Century, London [u.a.]: Routledge, 2002, p. 64.
(24)Christine Carpenter, The Beauchamp Affinity: A Study of Bastard Feudalism at Work, The English Historical Review, 1980, Vol. 95, No. 376, pp. 520-521.
(25)② Michael Altschul, A baronial family in medieval England: the Clares, 1217-1314, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1965, p. 18.
(26)John Price, The History of Wales, London: Hard Press, 2012, p. 131.
(27)Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Charter Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1226-57, London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1903, p. 334, 348, 418; Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1247-58, London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1908, p. 12, 19, 21, 61, 124, 174, 346, 377.
(28)⑥(11) Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Charter Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1226-57, p.348, pp.438-439, p.418.
(29)⑧⑨ Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris's English history from the year 1235 to 1273, vol. iii, Trans by J. A. Giles, William Rishanger, p. 14, p. 14, p. 202.
(30)(12) Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1247-58, p.383, 385, 387, 388, 441, 451, 480, 481, 498, 499, 500, 508, 577. p.426, 455, 529, 579, 603.
(31)不过,此时英格兰尚未实现对苏格兰的有效控制,对克莱尔而言,亨利的这一承诺也只能是空头支票。
(32)T. A. Archer, Clare, Richard de (1222-1262), in Leslie Stephen, ed. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 10, pp. 395-396.
(33)倪世光:《西欧中世纪的比武大赛及其原因》,《东北师大学报》哲学社会科学版2003年第4期,第61页。
(34)③ Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris's English history from the year 1235 to 1273, vol. ii, Trans by J. A. Giles, William Rishanger, London: H.G. Bohn, 1852, p. 216, pp.246-247.
(35)⑤ T. F. Tout; James Tait, Historical essays, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1907, p. 88, p.88.
(36)⑧⑨ Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris's English history from the year 1235 to 1273, vol. iii, Trans by J. A. Giles, William Rishanger, p. 267, p. 476, pp. 485-486.
(37)J. R. Maddicott, Simon de Montfort, Edinburgh: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 121.
(38)Levi Fox, The Honor and Earldom of Leicester: Origin and Descent, 1066-1399, The English Historical Review, 1939, Vol. 54, No. 215, p. 395.
(39)T. H. Turner, Manners and household expenses of England in the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, London: W. Nicol, 1841, p. xviii.
(40)Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1232-47, London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1906, p. 419, 433, 485. Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1247-58, p. 25, 249. Henry III Fine Rolls Project, Calendar of the Fine Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1216-72, C 60/39B, M 2/561; C 60/41, M10/64; C 60/42, M14/108; C 60/47, M2/795; C 60/42, M8/334. Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Charter Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1226-57, p. 278, 293. 注:Henry III Fine Rolls Project, https://finerollshenry3.org.uk/content/calendar/calendar.Html,该工程于2005年启动,由路易丝·威尔金森(Louise Wilkinson)教授主持,伦敦国王学院历史系、英国国家档案馆等机构参与,并于2011年竣工。
(41)Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Charter Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1226-57, p. 278; Henry III Fine Rolls Project, Calendar of the Fine Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1216-72, C 60/42, M14/108.
(42)D. A. Carpenter, Simon de Montfort: The First Leader of a Political Movement in English History, History, 1991, No.246, Vol.76, p. 10.
(43)J. R. Maddicott, Simon de Montfort, Edinburgh: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 129-137.
(44)如因寡妇产问题,亨利在1244年命令每年支付孟福尔夫妇500马克,直到为他们提供等价的土地,但是在1244—53年间,实际支付4次,共计750马克。Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Liberate Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1240-45, London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1930, p. 273, 298-299; Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Liberate Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1245-51, London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1937, p. 197, 226.
(45)1245年,马歇尔家族的男嗣绝迹后,家产由女性后裔所继承,并沿袭了理查·马歇尔时期伊琳那寡妇产的解决方案。
(46)Michael Prestwich, The three Edwards: war and state in England 1272-1377, p. 137.
(47)J. R. Maddicott, Simon de Montfort, pp. 17-18.
(48)婚后不久,孟福尔夫妇的经济状况不容乐观。1238年9月,为平衡开支,孟福尔夫妇不得不要求佃户予以援助。1242年,在孟福尔未偿还佛兰德斯公爵的债务之前,亨利三世命令财政署暂缓收取其所欠国王的债务;1244年,孟福尔夫妇欠牛津的犹太人大卫20马克。Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1232-47, p. 231; Henry III Fine Rolls Project, Calendar of the Fine Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1216-72, C 60/38, M4/297; Henry III Fine Rolls Project, Calendar of the Fine Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1216-72, C 60/42, M14/108.
(49)约安娜所继承的彭布洛克伯爵的遗产包括彭布洛克领主的身份和彭布洛克城堡,以及在爱尔兰的威克斯福德(Wexford)伯爵领。H. W. Ridgeway, Valence, William de, earl of Pembroke (d. 1296), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29481, accessed 4 Sept 2017].
(50)Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1232-47, p. 415, 416.实际上,经常发生遗产受益人不能及时支付的情形。
(51)J. R. Maddicott, Simon de Montfort, p. 146.
(52)Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1247-58, p. 175.
(53)Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris's English history from the year 1235 to 1273, vol. ii, Trans by J. A. Giles, William Rishanger, p. 230.
(54)Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Charter Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1226-57, p. 278.
(55)据载,遗产受益人未能及时支付所欠伊琳那的年金,如1245—1258年孟福尔夫妇从他们那里得到赔偿金仅有4次,总计约1 000马克。Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1232-47, p. 449, 453, 456; Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1247-58, p.113.
(56)Chris Given-Wilson, The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages: the fourteenth-century political community, [S.l.]: Routledge, 1996, p. 37.
(57)④⑦⑨ Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1247-58, p. 195, p. 249, p. 632, p. 664.
(58)⑥ Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris's English history from the year 1235 to 1273, vol. ii, Trans by J. A. Giles, William Rishanger, p. 530, p. 267.
(59)刘慧:《十三世纪中期的英格兰王权——以1259—1260年英王滞留法国的经过为例》,《新史学》2005年16卷4期,第126页。改革初期,亨利的王权被架空的史实,见R. F. Treharne, Documents of the Baronial Movement of Reform and Rebellion, 1258-1267, pp. 219-239。
(60)③⑦⑧⑨⑩ Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1247-58, p. 640, p. 625, p. 651, pp. 636-637, p. 640, p. 654.
(61)⑥ Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris's English history from the year 1235 to 1273, vol. iii, Trans by J. A. Giles, William Rishanger, p. 291, p. 291.
(62)Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1258-66, London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1910, p. 150.
(63)1262年1—7月,吕西涅人所受到的赏赐,见Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1258-66, p. 205, 206, 209, 211, 214, 215。
(64)Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1258-66, p. 11.
(65)(13) Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Charter Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1257-1300, London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1906, p. 16, p. 19.
(66)②③④⑤⑥⑧ Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1258-66, p. 10, p. 30, p. 40, p. 42, p. 61, p.108, p. 16.
(67)Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1247-58, pp. 628-629.
(68)Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris's English history from the year 1235 to 1273, vol. iii, Trans by J. A. Giles, William Rishanger, p. 327.
(69)(11) Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1258-66, 1910, pp. 52-53, pp. 24-25.
③亦有国内学者对这场贵族改革运动进行过研究,如中山大学蔺志强认为,1258年的贵族改革运动之所以发生,是因为亨利三世对普瓦图人、吕西涅人等“外国人”的重用和“西西里事务”这两个问题上引起了国内贵族的严重不满(蔺志强:《一二五八年至一二六七年英国贵族改革运动》,《历史研究》2004年第6期);台湾大学刘慧分别从对外政策、宫廷斗争与对内统治三个方面分析了亨利三世的统治为何造成1258年的众叛亲离(刘慧:《十三世纪中期的英格兰王权——以1259—1260年英王滞留法国的经过为例》,《新史学》2005年16卷4期);笔者在探讨1258年的贵族改革运动进程时亦简略提及改革发生和贵族私家利欲之间的关系(金德宁:《中世纪英国大贵族私家利欲的历史样本——对1258年改革运动中贵族政治联盟的再认识》,《暨南学报》哲学社会科学版2017年第8期)。
(1)T. F. Tout, Edward the First, London and New York: Macmillan and Co.,1896, p. 2; T. F. Tout, The history of England from the accession of Henry III to the death of Edward III, London, New York [etc.]: Longmans, Green and Co., 1905, p. 52.
(2)T. F. Tout, The history of England from the accession of Henry III to the death of Edward III, p. 53; T. F. Tout, Edward the First, p. 3.
(3)T. F. Tout, Edward the First, p. 3.
(4)R. F. Treharne, The Baronial Plan of Reform, 1258-1263, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1971, p. 48.
(5)R. F. Treharne, The Significance of the Baronial Reform Movement, 1258-1267, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 1943, Fourth Series, Vol. 25.
(6)M. T. Clanchy, Did Henry III have a policy? History, 1968, Vol.53, No.178.
(7)David Carpenter, King, Magnates, and Society: The Personal Rule of King Henry III, 1234-1258, Speculum, 1985, No. 1, Vol. 60.
(8)W. H. Blaauw, The Baron's war including the battles of Lewes and Eversham, London: NICHOLS & SON, PARLIAMENT-STREET; [etc., etc.], 1844, p. 30.
(9)R. F. Treharne, The Baronial Plan of Reform, 1258-1263, p. viii; R. F. Treharne, Documents of the Baronial Movement of Reform and Rebellion, 1258-1267, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973, p. 1.
(10)B. Wilkinson, English Politics and Politicians of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, Speculum, 1955, Vol. 30, No. 1, Jan., p. 46.
(11)T. F. Tout, The history of England from the accession of Henry III to the death of Edward III, p. 52.
(12)Michael Prestwich, The three Edwards: war and state in England 1272-1377, London, New York: Routledge, 2006, p. 126.
(13)T. A. Archer, Clare, Richard de (1222-1262), in Leslie Stephen, ed. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 10, New York: Macmillan and CO.; London: Smith, Elder, & CO., 1887, p. 396.
(14)N. Denholm-Young, The personal role of Simon de Montfort in the period of baronial reform and rebellion (Book Review), Medium Aveum, 1956, Vol. 25, No. 2, p. 104.
(15)⑤ J. R. Maddicott, “Montfort, Simon de, eighth earl of Leicester (c.1208-1265)”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan. 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19049, accessed 8 Aug 2017].
(16)Richard Mortimer, “Clare, Richard de (1030x35-1087x90)”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5445, accessed 25 Aug 2017].
(17)M. T. Clanchy, England and its rulers, 1066-1272, Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 2006, p. 249.
(18)④ J. R. Maddicott, “Montfort, Simon de, eighth earl of Leicester (c.1208-1265)”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004[online edn, Jan 2008 (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19049, accessed 8 Aug 2017)].
(19)Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris's English history from the year 1235 to 1273, vol. iii, Trans by J. A. Giles, William Rishanger, London: H.G. Bohn, 1854, p. 317.
(20)孟广林、裴沛:《〈大宪章〉的历史底蕴及其对英国封建君主政治的影响》,《史学史研究》2016年2期,第48页。
(21)⑥ 刘慧:《土地与叛乱——十三世纪中期英格兰贵族改革运动的一个面向》,《台大历史学报》2011年第47期,第113,112页。
(22)Claire Valente, The theory and practice of revolt in medieval England, Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate, 2003, pp. 34-35, 41- 42.
(23)M. A. Hicks, English Political Culture in the Fifteenth Century, London [u.a.]: Routledge, 2002, p. 64.
(24)Christine Carpenter, The Beauchamp Affinity: A Study of Bastard Feudalism at Work, The English Historical Review, 1980, Vol. 95, No. 376, pp. 520-521.
(25)② Michael Altschul, A baronial family in medieval England: the Clares, 1217-1314, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1965, p. 18.
(26)John Price, The History of Wales, London: Hard Press, 2012, p. 131.
(27)Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Charter Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1226-57, London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1903, p. 334, 348, 418; Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1247-58, London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1908, p. 12, 19, 21, 61, 124, 174, 346, 377.
(28)⑥(11) Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Charter Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1226-57, p.348, pp.438-439, p.418.
(29)⑧⑨ Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris's English history from the year 1235 to 1273, vol. iii, Trans by J. A. Giles, William Rishanger, p. 14, p. 14, p. 202.
(30)(12) Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1247-58, p.383, 385, 387, 388, 441, 451, 480, 481, 498, 499, 500, 508, 577. p.426, 455, 529, 579, 603.
(31)不过,此时英格兰尚未实现对苏格兰的有效控制,对克莱尔而言,亨利的这一承诺也只能是空头支票。
(32)T. A. Archer, Clare, Richard de (1222-1262), in Leslie Stephen, ed. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 10, pp. 395-396.
(33)倪世光:《西欧中世纪的比武大赛及其原因》,《东北师大学报》哲学社会科学版2003年第4期,第61页。
(34)③ Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris's English history from the year 1235 to 1273, vol. ii, Trans by J. A. Giles, William Rishanger, London: H.G. Bohn, 1852, p. 216, pp.246-247.
(35)⑤ T. F. Tout; James Tait, Historical essays, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1907, p. 88, p.88.
(36)⑧⑨ Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris's English history from the year 1235 to 1273, vol. iii, Trans by J. A. Giles, William Rishanger, p. 267, p. 476, pp. 485-486.
(37)J. R. Maddicott, Simon de Montfort, Edinburgh: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 121.
(38)Levi Fox, The Honor and Earldom of Leicester: Origin and Descent, 1066-1399, The English Historical Review, 1939, Vol. 54, No. 215, p. 395.
(39)T. H. Turner, Manners and household expenses of England in the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, London: W. Nicol, 1841, p. xviii.
(40)Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1232-47, London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1906, p. 419, 433, 485. Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1247-58, p. 25, 249. Henry III Fine Rolls Project, Calendar of the Fine Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1216-72, C 60/39B, M 2/561; C 60/41, M10/64; C 60/42, M14/108; C 60/47, M2/795; C 60/42, M8/334. Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Charter Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1226-57, p. 278, 293. 注:Henry III Fine Rolls Project, https://finerollshenry3.org.uk/content/calendar/calendar.Html,该工程于2005年启动,由路易丝·威尔金森(Louise Wilkinson)教授主持,伦敦国王学院历史系、英国国家档案馆等机构参与,并于2011年竣工。
(41)Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Charter Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1226-57, p. 278; Henry III Fine Rolls Project, Calendar of the Fine Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1216-72, C 60/42, M14/108.
(42)D. A. Carpenter, Simon de Montfort: The First Leader of a Political Movement in English History, History, 1991, No.246, Vol.76, p. 10.
(43)J. R. Maddicott, Simon de Montfort, Edinburgh: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 129-137.
(44)如因寡妇产问题,亨利在1244年命令每年支付孟福尔夫妇500马克,直到为他们提供等价的土地,但是在1244—53年间,实际支付4次,共计750马克。Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Liberate Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1240-45, London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1930, p. 273, 298-299; Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Liberate Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1245-51, London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1937, p. 197, 226.
(45)1245年,马歇尔家族的男嗣绝迹后,家产由女性后裔所继承,并沿袭了理查·马歇尔时期伊琳那寡妇产的解决方案。
(46)Michael Prestwich, The three Edwards: war and state in England 1272-1377, p. 137.
(47)J. R. Maddicott, Simon de Montfort, pp. 17-18.
(48)婚后不久,孟福尔夫妇的经济状况不容乐观。1238年9月,为平衡开支,孟福尔夫妇不得不要求佃户予以援助。1242年,在孟福尔未偿还佛兰德斯公爵的债务之前,亨利三世命令财政署暂缓收取其所欠国王的债务;1244年,孟福尔夫妇欠牛津的犹太人大卫20马克。Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1232-47, p. 231; Henry III Fine Rolls Project, Calendar of the Fine Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1216-72, C 60/38, M4/297; Henry III Fine Rolls Project, Calendar of the Fine Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1216-72, C 60/42, M14/108.
(49)约安娜所继承的彭布洛克伯爵的遗产包括彭布洛克领主的身份和彭布洛克城堡,以及在爱尔兰的威克斯福德(Wexford)伯爵领。H. W. Ridgeway, Valence, William de, earl of Pembroke (d. 1296), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29481, accessed 4 Sept 2017].
(50)Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1232-47, p. 415, 416.实际上,经常发生遗产受益人不能及时支付的情形。
(51)J. R. Maddicott, Simon de Montfort, p. 146.
(52)Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1247-58, p. 175.
(53)Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris's English history from the year 1235 to 1273, vol. ii, Trans by J. A. Giles, William Rishanger, p. 230.
(54)Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Charter Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1226-57, p. 278.
(55)据载,遗产受益人未能及时支付所欠伊琳那的年金,如1245—1258年孟福尔夫妇从他们那里得到赔偿金仅有4次,总计约1 000马克。Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1232-47, p. 449, 453, 456; Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1247-58, p.113.
(56)Chris Given-Wilson, The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages: the fourteenth-century political community, [S.l.]: Routledge, 1996, p. 37.
(57)④⑦⑨ Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1247-58, p. 195, p. 249, p. 632, p. 664.
(58)⑥ Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris's English history from the year 1235 to 1273, vol. ii, Trans by J. A. Giles, William Rishanger, p. 530, p. 267.
(59)刘慧:《十三世纪中期的英格兰王权——以1259—1260年英王滞留法国的经过为例》,《新史学》2005年16卷4期,第126页。改革初期,亨利的王权被架空的史实,见R. F. Treharne, Documents of the Baronial Movement of Reform and Rebellion, 1258-1267, pp. 219-239。
(60)③⑦⑧⑨⑩ Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1247-58, p. 640, p. 625, p. 651, pp. 636-637, p. 640, p. 654.
(61)⑥ Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris's English history from the year 1235 to 1273, vol. iii, Trans by J. A. Giles, William Rishanger, p. 291, p. 291.
(62)Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1258-66, London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1910, p. 150.
(63)1262年1—7月,吕西涅人所受到的赏赐,见Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1258-66, p. 205, 206, 209, 211, 214, 215。
(64)Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1258-66, p. 11.
(65)(13) Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Charter Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1257-1300, London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1906, p. 16, p. 19.
(66)②③④⑤⑥⑧ Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1258-66, p. 10, p. 30, p. 40, p. 42, p. 61, p.108, p. 16.
(67)Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1247-58, pp. 628-629.
(68)Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris's English history from the year 1235 to 1273, vol. iii, Trans by J. A. Giles, William Rishanger, p. 327.
(69)(11) Great Britain Public Record Office, Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the public record office, Henry III, A. D. 1258-66, 1910, pp. 52-53, pp. 24-25.