电子烟用金属件中重金属的迁移
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摘要
为评估电子烟用金属件中重金属的迁移风险,依据金属件在储存和工作状态下与烟液、气溶胶及口腔接触的实际情况,开发了各金属件的迁移实验方法,确定了模拟物种类、模拟物体积、迁移时间和迁移温度。同时建立了气溶胶体系,丙二醇、丙三醇、烟碱和水的混合物体系,以及水体系中镍、铬、铅、砷和镉的电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分析方法,并对30个电子烟样品金属件中重金属的迁移量进行测定,同时对其来源进行分析。结果表明:①加热丝中的镍存在向气溶胶迁移的风险,迁移量为0.02～0.93μg/200口;②与烟液/气溶胶接触的金属件存在铅迁移的风险,迁移量为0.01～1.30 mg/kg,主要源于铜锌合金中杂质铅的迁移;③与口腔接触的金属件不存在重金属迁移的风险。
In order to assess the migration risk of heavy metals in metal assemblies of electronic cigarettes, a migration test method for identifying heavy metals was developed according to the actual conditions of metal assemblies' contacting with e-liquid, aerosol and mouth under storage and working conditions. The type and amount of simulant, the time and temperature of migration were determined. An ICP-MS(Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) analysis method was developed for identifying nickel, chromium, lead, arsenic and cadmium as potential migrants in the following three simulants: a) aerosols; b) the mixture of propylene glycol,glycerol, nicotine and water; c) water. The migration amounts of heavy metals from metal assemblies in 30 e-cigarette samples were detected in the simulants. The sources of migration metals were also discussed. The results showed that: 1) Nickel was migrated from heating coil to aerosols, and the migration amount was from 0.02 to 0.93 μg per 200 puffs. 2) Lead was migrated from the metal assemblies contacting with e-liquid and aerosol, the migration amounts were 0.01 to 1.30 mg/kg, which mainly came from the impurities of copper-zinc alloy. 3) There was no migration risk of heavy metals from the metal assemblies contacted with mouth.
In order to assess the migration risk of heavy metals in metal assemblies of electronic cigarettes, a migration test method for identifying heavy metals was developed according to the actual conditions of metal assemblies' contacting with e-liquid, aerosol and mouth under storage and working conditions. The type and amount of simulant, the time and temperature of migration were determined. An ICP-MS(Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) analysis method was developed for identifying nickel, chromium, lead, arsenic and cadmium as potential migrants in the following three simulants: a) aerosols; b) the mixture of propylene glycol,glycerol, nicotine and water; c) water. The migration amounts of heavy metals from metal assemblies in 30 e-cigarette samples were detected in the simulants. The sources of migration metals were also discussed. The results showed that: 1) Nickel was migrated from heating coil to aerosols, and the migration amount was from 0.02 to 0.93 μg per 200 puffs. 2) Lead was migrated from the metal assemblies contacting with e-liquid and aerosol, the migration amounts were 0.01 to 1.30 mg/kg, which mainly came from the impurities of copper-zinc alloy. 3) There was no migration risk of heavy metals from the metal assemblies contacted with mouth.
引文
[1]FCTC.COP/6/10:FCA policy briefing electronic nicotine delivery systems[EB/OL].(2014-09-01)[2018-06-15].http://apps.who.int/gb/fctc/PDF/cop6/FCTC_COP6_10-en.pdf.
[2]FCTC.COP/7/11:Electronic nicotine delivery systems and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems(ENDS/ENNDS)[EB/OL].(2016-08-01)[2018-01-22].http://www.who.int/fctc/cop/cop7/FCTC_COP_7_11_EN.pdf.
[3]樊美娟,赵乐,崔华鹏,等.国内外电子烟的管制现状及立法进展[J].中国烟草学报,2016,22(6):126-132.FAN Meijuan,ZHAO Le,CUI Huapeng,et al.Current situation of electronic cigarette regulation and development of legislation in various countries[J].Acta Tabacaria Sinica,2016,22(6):126-132.
[4]樊美娟,赵乐,崔华鹏,等.电子烟中化学成分风险研究进展[J].中国烟草学报,2018,24(3):153-162.FAN Meijuan,ZHAO Le,CUI Huapeng,et al.Research advances in risk evaluation of chemical components in e-cigarettes[J].Acta Tabacaria Sinica,2018,24(3):153-162.
[5]蔡君兰,陈黎,刘绍锋,等.电子烟气溶胶的研究进展[J].中国烟草学报,2016,22(1):138-146.CAI Junlan,CHEN Li,LIU Shaofeng,et al.Research advances in aerosol generated by electronic cigarette vaping[J].Acta Tabacaria Sinica,2016,22(1):138-146.
[6]AFNOR.XP 090-300-1:Electronic cigarettes and e-liquids-Part 1:Requirements and test methods for electronic cigarettes[EB/OL].(2015-03-11)[2015-05-20].http://www.afnor.org.
[7]Goniewicz M,Knysak J,Gawron M,et al.Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes[J].Tobacco Control,2014,23(2):133-139.
[8]Visser W.The health risks of using e-cigarettes[EB/OL].(2015-01)[2015-07-29].http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/2015-0144.pdf.
[9]Europa Union.Fact sheets for information on specific policy areas:E-cigarettes[EB/OL].(2014-01)[2018-08-22].https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/tobacco/docs/fs_ecigarettes_en.pdf.
[10]Williams M,Bozhilov K,Ghai S,et al.Elements including metals in the atomizer and aerosol of disposable electronic cigarettes and electronic hookahs[J].PLoS ONE,2017,12(4):1-24.
[11]韩书磊,朱风鹏,付亚宁,等.电子烟烟液接触金属材料主要成分及材质剖析[J].烟草科技,2018,51(11):73-78.HAN Shulei,ZHU Fengpeng,FU Yaning,et al.Analysis of main metallic components and material types of metallic materials in contact with e-liquids found in commercial electronic cigarettes[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2018,51(11):73-78.
[12]GB 4806.9-2016食品安全国家标准食品接触用金属材料及制品[S].GB 4806.9-2016 National food safety standardMetal materials and articles intended to come into contact with food[S].
[13]GB 31604.1-2015食品安全国家标准食品接触材料及制品迁移试验通则[S].GB 31604.1-2015 National food safety standard-General rules for the migration testing of materials and articles intended to come into contact with food[S].
[14]CUI Huapeng,ZHAO Le,FAN Meijuan,et al.Study on vaporization temperature of electronic cigarette[C]//Smoke-Techno Joint Study Groups Meeting(SSPT2017).Kitzbühel:CORESTA,2017:200.
[15]BSI.PAS 54115:2015 Manufacture,importation,testing,and labelling of vaping products,including electronic cigarettes,e-shisha and directly-related products-Code of practice[EB/OL].(2015-07)[2015-07-29].http://www.bsigroup.com/.
[16]Etter J F,Bullen C.Electronic cigarette:users profile,utilization,satisfaction and perceived efficacy[J].Addiction,2011,106(11):2017-2028.
[17]CORESTA.CORESTA recommended method No.81.Routine analytical machine for e-cigarette aerosol generation and collection-Definitions and standard conditions[EB/OL].(2015-06)[2017-12-29].https://www.coresta.org/routine-analytical-machine-e-cigarette-aerosolgeneration-and-collection-definitions-and-standard.
[18]GB 5009.156-2016食品安全国家标准食品接触材料及制品迁移试验预处理方法通则[S].GB 5009.156-2016 National food safety standardGeneral principle for the pretreatment of migration of materials and articles intended to come into contact with food[S].
[19]YC/T 379-2010卷烟主流烟气中铬、镍、砷、硒、镉、铅的测定电感耦合等离子体质谱法[S].YC/T 379-2010 Cigarettes-Determination of chromium,nickel,arsenic,selenium,cadmium,lead in mainstream cigarette smoke-Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method[S].
[20]亢若谷,计汉容.铜及铜合金中铅的形态与热加工[J].云南冶金,2004,33(5):24-28.KANG Ruogu,JI Hanrong.The form of lead in copper and its alloys and thermal processing[J].Yunnan Metallurgy,2004,33(5):24-28.
[21]GB 9685-2016食品安全国家标准食品接触材料及制品用添加剂使用标准[S].GB 9685-2016 National food safety standard-The additives used in materials and articles intended to come into contact with food[S].
[2]FCTC.COP/7/11:Electronic nicotine delivery systems and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems(ENDS/ENNDS)[EB/OL].(2016-08-01)[2018-01-22].http://www.who.int/fctc/cop/cop7/FCTC_COP_7_11_EN.pdf.
[3]樊美娟,赵乐,崔华鹏,等.国内外电子烟的管制现状及立法进展[J].中国烟草学报,2016,22(6):126-132.FAN Meijuan,ZHAO Le,CUI Huapeng,et al.Current situation of electronic cigarette regulation and development of legislation in various countries[J].Acta Tabacaria Sinica,2016,22(6):126-132.
[4]樊美娟,赵乐,崔华鹏,等.电子烟中化学成分风险研究进展[J].中国烟草学报,2018,24(3):153-162.FAN Meijuan,ZHAO Le,CUI Huapeng,et al.Research advances in risk evaluation of chemical components in e-cigarettes[J].Acta Tabacaria Sinica,2018,24(3):153-162.
[5]蔡君兰,陈黎,刘绍锋,等.电子烟气溶胶的研究进展[J].中国烟草学报,2016,22(1):138-146.CAI Junlan,CHEN Li,LIU Shaofeng,et al.Research advances in aerosol generated by electronic cigarette vaping[J].Acta Tabacaria Sinica,2016,22(1):138-146.
[6]AFNOR.XP 090-300-1:Electronic cigarettes and e-liquids-Part 1:Requirements and test methods for electronic cigarettes[EB/OL].(2015-03-11)[2015-05-20].http://www.afnor.org.
[7]Goniewicz M,Knysak J,Gawron M,et al.Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes[J].Tobacco Control,2014,23(2):133-139.
[8]Visser W.The health risks of using e-cigarettes[EB/OL].(2015-01)[2015-07-29].http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/2015-0144.pdf.
[9]Europa Union.Fact sheets for information on specific policy areas:E-cigarettes[EB/OL].(2014-01)[2018-08-22].https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/tobacco/docs/fs_ecigarettes_en.pdf.
[10]Williams M,Bozhilov K,Ghai S,et al.Elements including metals in the atomizer and aerosol of disposable electronic cigarettes and electronic hookahs[J].PLoS ONE,2017,12(4):1-24.
[11]韩书磊,朱风鹏,付亚宁,等.电子烟烟液接触金属材料主要成分及材质剖析[J].烟草科技,2018,51(11):73-78.HAN Shulei,ZHU Fengpeng,FU Yaning,et al.Analysis of main metallic components and material types of metallic materials in contact with e-liquids found in commercial electronic cigarettes[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2018,51(11):73-78.
[12]GB 4806.9-2016食品安全国家标准食品接触用金属材料及制品[S].GB 4806.9-2016 National food safety standardMetal materials and articles intended to come into contact with food[S].
[13]GB 31604.1-2015食品安全国家标准食品接触材料及制品迁移试验通则[S].GB 31604.1-2015 National food safety standard-General rules for the migration testing of materials and articles intended to come into contact with food[S].
[14]CUI Huapeng,ZHAO Le,FAN Meijuan,et al.Study on vaporization temperature of electronic cigarette[C]//Smoke-Techno Joint Study Groups Meeting(SSPT2017).Kitzbühel:CORESTA,2017:200.
[15]BSI.PAS 54115:2015 Manufacture,importation,testing,and labelling of vaping products,including electronic cigarettes,e-shisha and directly-related products-Code of practice[EB/OL].(2015-07)[2015-07-29].http://www.bsigroup.com/.
[16]Etter J F,Bullen C.Electronic cigarette:users profile,utilization,satisfaction and perceived efficacy[J].Addiction,2011,106(11):2017-2028.
[17]CORESTA.CORESTA recommended method No.81.Routine analytical machine for e-cigarette aerosol generation and collection-Definitions and standard conditions[EB/OL].(2015-06)[2017-12-29].https://www.coresta.org/routine-analytical-machine-e-cigarette-aerosolgeneration-and-collection-definitions-and-standard.
[18]GB 5009.156-2016食品安全国家标准食品接触材料及制品迁移试验预处理方法通则[S].GB 5009.156-2016 National food safety standardGeneral principle for the pretreatment of migration of materials and articles intended to come into contact with food[S].
[19]YC/T 379-2010卷烟主流烟气中铬、镍、砷、硒、镉、铅的测定电感耦合等离子体质谱法[S].YC/T 379-2010 Cigarettes-Determination of chromium,nickel,arsenic,selenium,cadmium,lead in mainstream cigarette smoke-Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method[S].
[20]亢若谷,计汉容.铜及铜合金中铅的形态与热加工[J].云南冶金,2004,33(5):24-28.KANG Ruogu,JI Hanrong.The form of lead in copper and its alloys and thermal processing[J].Yunnan Metallurgy,2004,33(5):24-28.
[21]GB 9685-2016食品安全国家标准食品接触材料及制品用添加剂使用标准[S].GB 9685-2016 National food safety standard-The additives used in materials and articles intended to come into contact with food[S].