天目山国家级自然保护区旅游公路对节肢动物群落的影响及其动物致死特征
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摘要
2016年8月和2017年8月,在天目山国家级自然保护区采用样线法和样方法调查了旅游公路的运营对节肢动物群落的影响及道路致死状况。结果表明,公路两侧昆虫的遇见率(14.55±4.45只·km~(–1))显著的高于林中(8.27±2.22只·km~(–1);P=0.018),公路两侧0—5m区域内节肢动物的捕获数(33.45±3.23只·m~(–2))也显著的高于20—30m区域(23.92±4.72只·m~(–2); P=0.027);并且距离公路0—5m区域内的节肢动物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(2.21)也高于20—30 m区域(1.90),说明公路运营对节肢动物群落产生正的边缘效应。动物的平均道路致死率为9.01±3.17只·km~(–1),其中昆虫的道路致死数量最高,占总数的69.44%。说明道路边缘可能由于车辆的行驶而变成生态陷阱。另外还记录到大量的脊椎动物被车辆撞死,造成动物非自然死亡,进而对当地的野生动物群落产生明显的负面效应。
The effects of scenic highway on arthropod communities and its road kill rates for local animals species were investigated by line transect method and quadrate method in the Tianmushan National Nature Reserve during August 2016 and August 2017. The results showed that the meeting rate of insects in areas surrounding the highway(14.55 ± 4.45 ind.km~(-1)) was significantly higher than that within the forest(8.27 ± 2.22 Ind. km~(-1); P=0.018). The catches of arthropod within the area(33.45 ± 3.23 ind.m~(-2)) of 0-5 meters from the highway were significantly higher than those within the area(23.92 ±4.72 ind.m~(-2); P=0.027) of 20-30 meters from the highway, and the Shannon-Wiener index of arthropod communities within the 0-5 meters area(2.21) was also higher than that of the 20-30 meters region(1.90). It indicated that scenic highway had a positive edge effect on arthropod community in the Tianmushan National Nature Reserve. Meanwhile, a large number of animals have been killed by vehicles. The average road kill rate of animals was 9.01 ± 3.17 ind.km~(-1). Among them, the number of road fatal insects was the highest, accounting for 69.44% of the total. In addition, many vertebrates were also killed due to vehicles collisions. It indicated that road edge may become an ecological trap causing the animals to die unnaturally, and then making a significantly negative effect on the local wildlife communities.
The effects of scenic highway on arthropod communities and its road kill rates for local animals species were investigated by line transect method and quadrate method in the Tianmushan National Nature Reserve during August 2016 and August 2017. The results showed that the meeting rate of insects in areas surrounding the highway(14.55 ± 4.45 ind.km~(-1)) was significantly higher than that within the forest(8.27 ± 2.22 Ind. km~(-1); P=0.018). The catches of arthropod within the area(33.45 ± 3.23 ind.m~(-2)) of 0-5 meters from the highway were significantly higher than those within the area(23.92 ±4.72 ind.m~(-2); P=0.027) of 20-30 meters from the highway, and the Shannon-Wiener index of arthropod communities within the 0-5 meters area(2.21) was also higher than that of the 20-30 meters region(1.90). It indicated that scenic highway had a positive edge effect on arthropod community in the Tianmushan National Nature Reserve. Meanwhile, a large number of animals have been killed by vehicles. The average road kill rate of animals was 9.01 ± 3.17 ind.km~(-1). Among them, the number of road fatal insects was the highest, accounting for 69.44% of the total. In addition, many vertebrates were also killed due to vehicles collisions. It indicated that road edge may become an ecological trap causing the animals to die unnaturally, and then making a significantly negative effect on the local wildlife communities.
引文
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[24]汪洋,王刚,杜瑛琪,等.农林复合生态系统防护林斑块边缘效应对节肢动物的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(20):6186-6193.
[25]HUSBY M.Factors affecting road mortality in birds[J].Ornis Fennica,2016,93:212-224.
[2]FORMAN R T T,SPERLING D,BISSONETTE J A,et al.Road Ecology:Science and Solutions[M].Washington:Island Press,2003.
[3]FORMER R G,BROOKS R J.Integrated risk factors for vertebrate roadkill in southern Ontario[J].Wildlife Management,2012,76(6):1215-1224.
[4]EBERHARDT E,FAHRIG L.Road kill hotspots do not effectively indicate mitigation locations when past road kill has depressed populations[J].Journal of Wildlife Management,2013,77(7):1353-1359.
[5]TEIXEIRA F Z,KINDEL A,HARTZ S M,et al.When road-kill hotspots do not indicate the best sites for road-kill mitigation[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,54(5):1544-1551.
[6]SPELLERBERG I F.Ecological effects of roads[M].Enfield:Science Publishers Inc,2002.
[7]殷宝法,淮虎银,张镱锂,等.青藏铁路、公路对野生动物活动的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(12):3917-3923.
[8]殷宝法,于智勇,杨生妹,等.青藏公路对藏羚羊、藏原羚和藏野驴活动的影响[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(6):810-816.
[9]BARTHELMESS E L,BROOKS M S.The influence of body-size and diet on road-kill trends in mammals[J].Biodiversity Conservation,2010,19(6):1611-1629.
[10]GU Haijun,DAI Qiang,WANG Qian,et al.Factors contributing to amphibian road mortality in a wetland[J].Current Zoology,2011,57(6):768-774.
[11]JONES D N,GRIFFITHS M R,GRIFFITHS J R,et al.Implications of upgrading a minor forest road on traffic and road-kill in southeast Queensland[J].Australasian Journal of Environmental Management,2014,21(4):429-440.
[12]KIOKO J,KIFFNER C,JENKINS N,et al.Wildlife roadkill patterns on a major highway in northern Tanzania[J].Zoologica Africana,2015,50(1):17-22.
[13]SANTOS S M,MIRA A,SALGUEIRO P A,et al.Avian trait-mediated vulnerability to road traffic collisions[J].Biological Conservation,2016,200(8):122-130.
[14]FORMAN R T T,ALEXANDER L E.Roads and their major ecological effects[J].Annual Review of Ecological Systems,1998,29(4):207-230
[15]宗跃光,周尚意,彭萍,等.道路生态学研究进展[J].生态学报,2003,23(11):2396-2405.
[16]朴正吉,金永焕,李善龙,等.长白山自然保护区兽类道路交通致死的初步分析[J].兽类学报,2012,32(2):124-129.
[17]王云,朴正吉,关磊,等.环长白山旅游公路对野生动物的影响[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(2):425-435.
[18]SAEKI M,MACDONALD D W.The effects of traffic on the raccoon dog(Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus)and other mammals in Japan[J].Biological Conservation,2004,118(5):559-571.
[19]BEEBEE T J C.Effects of road mortality and mitigation measures on amphibian populations[J].Conservation Biology,2013,27(4):657-668.
[20]吴鸿,王义平,杨星科,等.天目山动物志[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2014.
[21]刘兴平,刘向辉,王国红,等.多样化松林中昆虫群落多样性特征[J].生态学报,2005,25(11):2976-2985.
[22]周婷,彭少麟,林真光.鼎湖山森林道路边缘效应[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(3):433-437.
[23]杨生妹,淮虎银,张镱锂,等.青藏铁路温性草原区铁路运营对啮齿动物群落结构的影响[J].兽类学报,2006,26(3):267-273.
[24]汪洋,王刚,杜瑛琪,等.农林复合生态系统防护林斑块边缘效应对节肢动物的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(20):6186-6193.
[25]HUSBY M.Factors affecting road mortality in birds[J].Ornis Fennica,2016,93:212-224.