西南印度洋岩浆补给特征研究:来自洋壳厚度的证据
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摘要
西南印度洋中脊为典型的超慢速扩张洋中脊,其岩浆补给具有不均匀分布的特征.洋壳厚度是洋中脊和热点岩浆补给的综合反映,因此反演洋壳厚度是研究大尺度洋中脊和洋盆岩浆补给过程的一种有效方法.本文通过对全球公开的自由空气重力异常、水深、沉积物厚度和洋壳年龄数据处理得到剩余地幔布格重力异常,并反演西南印度洋地区洋壳厚度,定量地分析了西南印度洋的洋壳厚度分布及其岩浆补给特征.研究发现,西南印度洋洋壳平均厚度7.5km,但变化较大,标准差可达3.5km,洋壳厚度的频率分布具有双峰式的混合偏态分布特征.通过分离双峰统计的结果,将西南印度洋洋壳厚度分为0~4.8km的薄洋壳、4.8~9.8km的正常洋壳和9.8~24km的厚洋壳三种类型,洋中脊地区按洋壳厚度变化特征可划分为7个洋脊段.西南印度洋地区薄洋壳受转换断层控制明显,转换断层位移量越大,引起的洋壳减薄厚度越大,减薄范围与转换断层位移量不存在明显相关性.厚洋壳主要受控于该区众多的热点活动,其中布维热点、马里昂热点和克洛泽热点的影响范围分别约340km,550km和900km.Andrew Bain转换断层北部外角形成厚的洋壳,具有与快速扩张洋中脊相似的转换断层厚洋壳特征.
The Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR)is a typical ultraslow spreading ridge(<20 mm·a-1),symbolized by non-uniform magma supply and crustal accretion.Oceanic crustal thickness is a critical parameter to understand the magmatic process at mid-ocean ridges and near hotspots.Here,we present residual mantle oceanic crustal thickness distribution of the Southwest Indian Ocean(2°W—72°E,20°S—60°S).The gravity-derived crustal thickness model reveals a hugerange of crustal thickness in the Southwest Indian Ocean and the frequency of crustal thicknesses shows a bimodal mixed skewed distribution.The average of oceanic crustal thickness in the Southwest Indian Ocean is 7.5 km with a standard deviation 3.5 km.Three types of ocean crust are distinguished in this area by this thickness model.Overall 20.31% of the study area has the thickness of oceanic crust less than 4.8 km,designated as the thin crust type.The thickness of oceanic crust in majority of the region(60.99%)is between 4.8 km and 9.8 km,defined as the normal crust type.The remaining area(18.70%)where crustal thickness is greater than 9.8 km is known as the thick crust type.The southwest mid-ocean ridge is classified into seven segments by crustal thickness anomalies.Transform faults are the key factor in decreasing crustal thickness.The more reduction crustal thickness is produced by larger offsets of transform faults,while there is no obvious correlation between the reduction range and fault displacement.Meanwhile underlying cold and depleted mantle can also reduce oceanic crust.The active hotspots can provide abundant heat beneath mid-ocean ridges or ocean basins and thicken the oceanic crust.The influence ranges of Bouvet,Marion and Crozet hotspots are 340 km,550 km and 900 km respectively.Notably,the excess crustal thickness towards the north end of the Andrew Bain transform fault shows the characteristic is similar to fast spreading ridges.
The Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR)is a typical ultraslow spreading ridge(<20 mm·a-1),symbolized by non-uniform magma supply and crustal accretion.Oceanic crustal thickness is a critical parameter to understand the magmatic process at mid-ocean ridges and near hotspots.Here,we present residual mantle oceanic crustal thickness distribution of the Southwest Indian Ocean(2°W—72°E,20°S—60°S).The gravity-derived crustal thickness model reveals a hugerange of crustal thickness in the Southwest Indian Ocean and the frequency of crustal thicknesses shows a bimodal mixed skewed distribution.The average of oceanic crustal thickness in the Southwest Indian Ocean is 7.5 km with a standard deviation 3.5 km.Three types of ocean crust are distinguished in this area by this thickness model.Overall 20.31% of the study area has the thickness of oceanic crust less than 4.8 km,designated as the thin crust type.The thickness of oceanic crust in majority of the region(60.99%)is between 4.8 km and 9.8 km,defined as the normal crust type.The remaining area(18.70%)where crustal thickness is greater than 9.8 km is known as the thick crust type.The southwest mid-ocean ridge is classified into seven segments by crustal thickness anomalies.Transform faults are the key factor in decreasing crustal thickness.The more reduction crustal thickness is produced by larger offsets of transform faults,while there is no obvious correlation between the reduction range and fault displacement.Meanwhile underlying cold and depleted mantle can also reduce oceanic crust.The active hotspots can provide abundant heat beneath mid-ocean ridges or ocean basins and thicken the oceanic crust.The influence ranges of Bouvet,Marion and Crozet hotspots are 340 km,550 km and 900 km respectively.Notably,the excess crustal thickness towards the north end of the Andrew Bain transform fault shows the characteristic is similar to fast spreading ridges.
引文
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Dick H J B,Lin J,Schouten H.2003.An ultraslow-spreading class of ocean ridge.Nature,426(6965):405-412.
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Georgen J E,Lin J,Dick H J B.2001.Evidence from gravity anomalies for interactions of the Marion and Bouvet hotspots with the Southwest Indian Ridge:Effects of transform offsets.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,187(3-4):283-300.
Georgen J E,Lin J.2003.Plume-transform interactions at ultraslow spreading ridges:Implications for the southwest Indian ridge.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,4(9):9106,doi:10.1029/2003GC000542.
Gregg P M,Lin J,Behn M D,et al.2007.Spreading rate dependence of gravity anomalies along oceanic transform faults.Nature,448(7150):183-187.
Gregg P M,Hebert L B,Montési L G J,et al.2012.Geodynamic models of melt generation and extraction at mid-ocean ridges.Oceanography,25(1):78-88.
Hoernle K,Schwindrofska A,Werner R,et al.2016.Tectonic dissection and displacement of parts of Shona hotspot volcano3500km along the Agulhas-Falkland fracture zone.Geology,44(4):263-266.
Jian H C,Chen Y J,Singh S C,et al.2017.Seismic structure and magmatic construction of crust at the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge at 50!28′E.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,122(1):18-42.
Jokat W,Hagen C.2017.Crustal structure of the Agulhas Ridge(South Atlantic Ocean):Formation above a hotspot?Tectonophysics,716:21-32.
Kerr A C,Mahoney J J.2007.Oceanic plateaus:Problematic plumes,potential paradigms.Chemical Geology,241(3-4):332-353.
Klein E M,Langmuir C H.1987.Global correlations of ocean ridge basalt chemistry with axial depth and crustal thickness.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,92(B8):8089-8115.
Kuo B Y,Forsyth D W.1988.Gravity anomalies of the ridgetransform system in the South Atlantic between 31and 34.5°S:Upwelling centers and variations in crustal thickness.Marine Geophysical Research,10(3-4):205-232.
Li J B,Jian H B,Chen Y J,et al.2015.Seismic observation of an extremely magmatic accretion at the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge.Geophysical Research Letters,42(8):2656-2663.
Li S Z,Suo Y H,Yu S,et al.2015.Morphotectonics and tectonic processes of the southwest IndianOcean.Geotectonica et Metallogenia(in Chinese),39(1):15-29.
Lin J,Morgan J P.1992.The spreading rate dependence of threedimensional mid-ocean ridge gravity structure.Geophysical Research Letters,19(1):13-16.
Lu L,Yan L L,Li Q H,et al.2016.Oceanic plateau and its significances on the Earth system:A review.Acta Petrologica Sinica(in Chinese),32(6):1851-1876.
Mendel V,Sauter D,Rommevaux-Jestin C,et al.2003.Magmatotectonic cyclicity at the ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge:Evidence from variations of axial volcanic ridge morphology and abyssal hills pattern.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,4(5):09102,doi:10.1029/2002GC000417.
Meyzen C M,Toplis M J,Humler E,et al.2003.A discontinuity in mantle composition beneath the southwest Indian ridge.Nature,421(6924):731-733.
Minshull T A,Muller M R,White R S.2006.Crustal structure of the Southwest Indian Ridge at 66°E:Seismic constraints.Geophysical Journal International,166(1):135-147.
Morgan J P,Forsyth D W.1988.Three-dimensional flow and temperature perturbations due to a transform offset:Effects on oceanic crustal and upper mantle structure.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,93(B4):2955-2966.
Muller M R,Robinson C J,Minshull T A,et al.1997.Thin crust beneath ocean drilling program borehole 735Bat the Southwest Indian Ridge?.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,148(1-2):93-107.
Muller M R,Minshull T A,White R S,et al.1999.Segmentation and melt supply at the Southwest Indian Ridge.Geology,27(10):267-273.
Müller R D,Sdrolias M,Gaina C,et al.2008.Age,spreading rates,and spreading asymmetry of the world′s ocean crust.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,9(4):Q04006,doi:10.1029/2007GC1743.
Niu X W,Ruan A G,Li J B,et al.2015.Along-axis variation in crustal thickness at the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge(50°E)from a wide-angle seismic experiment.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,16(2):468-485.
Niu Y L,O′Hara M J.2008.Global correlations of ocean ridge basalt chemistry with axial depth:A new perspective.Journal of Petrology,49(4):633-664.
Sandwell D T,Müller R D,Smith W H F,et al.2014.New global marine gravity model from CryoSat-2and Jason-1reveals buried tectonic structure.Science,346(6205):65-67.
Sauter D,Cannat M,Meyzen C,et al.2009.Propagation of a melting anomaly along the ultraslow Southwest Indian Ridge between 46°E and 52°20′E:Interaction with the Crozet hotspot?.Geophysical Journal International,179(2):687-699.
Sauter D,Cannat M.2010.The ultraslow spreading southwest Indian ridge.∥Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Ocean Ridges.Washington,DC:American Geophysical Union,188:153-173.
Sauter D,Cannat M,Rouméjon S,et al.2013.Continuous exhumation of mantle-derived rocks at the Southwest Indian Ridge for 11million years.Nature Geoscience,6(4):314-320.
Schmidt-Aursch M C,Jokat W.2016.3Dgravity modelling reveals off-axis crustal thickness variations along the western Gakkel Ridge(Arctic Ocean).Tectonophysics,691:85-97.
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