1974-2016年青海湖水面面积变化遥感监测
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摘要
位于青藏高原东北部的青海湖是我国最大的咸水湖和内陆湖,也是青藏高原东北部的重要水汽源,青海湖面积的动态变化是气候和周围生态环境状况的重要体现.本研究利用长时间序列中分辨率遥感影像数据,通过人工提取湖岸水涯线信息对青海湖水面面积进行监测.结果显示:1974-2016年期间,青海湖面积总体上呈先减后增的变化趋势.2004年水面积最小,为4223.73 km~2,比1974年减少253.80 km~2.其中1974-1987年期间面积骤减;2000-2009年期间青海湖水面面积变化幅度相对较小,平均变化幅度为6.85 km~2.2009-2016年7 a间,水面面积增加了128.27 km~2.2012年青海湖面积骤增,比2011年8月同期增加65.12 km~2;同年6月和9月的面积变化为2002-2016年最大,达到59.18 km~2.湖东岸沙岛的湖岸线变化最为显著,1974-2004年岸线后退最大距离达4.59 km,2012年的年内最大变化距离为0.39 km.青海湖流域内降水补给增加,生态环境治理措施促使入湖河流径流量增大,是近年来湖水面积增加的主要原因.
Lake Qinghai,the biggest inland lake and biggest saltwater lake in China,lies in the north-eastern part of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The lake is also an important vapour source for the special region. The dynamic variation of its water surface is a response of climate and environment around. In this study the long-time variation of Lake Qinghai was explored from time and space perspectives,based on the shoreline information which was extracted manually with moderate-high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery. The results showed that,as a whole the Lake Qinghai's area decreased from 1974 to 2004 and then increased till 2016. In2004 the area was smallest,4223.73 km~2,smaller by 253.80 km~2 than that in 1974. From 1974 to 1987 the water surface shrank sharply. While the variation range was relatively modest with mean value of 6.85 km~2 during the period from 2000 to 2009. During the last 7 years,the water surface increased by 128.27 km~2. In 2012,there was a sharp expansion with 65.12 km~2 larger than previous year; moreover the annual variation reached maximum,59. 18 km~2. The shoreline of Sand island,which lies in the east coast,varied significantly during the past few decades. From 1974 to 2004 the maximum back distance from the coastline was 4.59 km,and the value of annual variation was 0.39 km in 2012. The increase of precipitation in Lake Qinghai region,and the enlarging inflow runoff,which benefited directly from local ecological environment control measures implemented by government,are two important reasons to make the lake expanding in the last two decades.
Lake Qinghai,the biggest inland lake and biggest saltwater lake in China,lies in the north-eastern part of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The lake is also an important vapour source for the special region. The dynamic variation of its water surface is a response of climate and environment around. In this study the long-time variation of Lake Qinghai was explored from time and space perspectives,based on the shoreline information which was extracted manually with moderate-high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery. The results showed that,as a whole the Lake Qinghai's area decreased from 1974 to 2004 and then increased till 2016. In2004 the area was smallest,4223.73 km~2,smaller by 253.80 km~2 than that in 1974. From 1974 to 1987 the water surface shrank sharply. While the variation range was relatively modest with mean value of 6.85 km~2 during the period from 2000 to 2009. During the last 7 years,the water surface increased by 128.27 km~2. In 2012,there was a sharp expansion with 65.12 km~2 larger than previous year; moreover the annual variation reached maximum,59. 18 km~2. The shoreline of Sand island,which lies in the east coast,varied significantly during the past few decades. From 1974 to 2004 the maximum back distance from the coastline was 4.59 km,and the value of annual variation was 0.39 km in 2012. The increase of precipitation in Lake Qinghai region,and the enlarging inflow runoff,which benefited directly from local ecological environment control measures implemented by government,are two important reasons to make the lake expanding in the last two decades.
引文
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(1)数据由青海省水文水资源勘测局提供.
(1)数据由中国气象局气象数据中心提供.
(2)数据由青海省水文水资源勘测局提供.
[2]Yin Daosheng.The position and value of Qinghai Lake in scientific research.Qinghai Meteorology,1995,(2):2-3.[尹道声.青海湖在科学研究中的地位与价值.青海气象,1995,(2):2-3.]
[3]Fan Jianhua,Shi Yafeng.On the impact of climate change on Qinghai Lake hydrological analysis of the past 30 years period.Science in China:Chemistry,1992,22(5):537-542.[范建华,施雅风.气候变化对青海湖水情的影响——Ⅰ.近30年时期的分析.中国科学:化学,1992,22(5):537-542.]
[4]Feng Song,Tang Maocang,Zhou Lusheng.Level fluctuation in Qinghai Lake during the Last 600 Years.J Lake Sci,2000,12(3):205-210.DOI:10.18307/2000.0303.[冯松,汤懋苍,周陆生.青海湖近600年的水位变化.湖泊科学,2000,12(3):205-210.]
[5]Zhou Lihua,Chen Guichen,Peng Min.The impact of human activities on the water level of Qinghai Lake.J Lake Sci,1992,4(3):32-36.DOI:10.18307/1992.0305.[周立华,陈桂琛,彭敏.人类活动对青海湖水位下降的影响.湖泊科学,1992,4(3):32-36.]
[6]Fan Jianhua,Shi Yafeng.On the impact of climate change on the Qinghai Lake water.Historical analysis and future research situation.Science in China:Chemistry,1992,22(6):657-662.[范建华,施雅凤.气候变化对青海湖水情的影响——Ⅱ.历史时期分析和未来情景研究.中国科学:化学,1992,22(6):657-662.]
[7]Li Yan,Duan Shuiqiang,Jin Yongming.Analysis of features and causes of Qinghai Lake during the period of 1956-2011.Yellow River,2014,(6):87-89.[李燕,段水强,金永明.1956-2011年青海湖变化特征及原因分析.人民黄河,2014,(6):87-89.]
[8]Zhou Lusheng,Wang Qingchun.Analysis and forecast for interannual variation of the Qinghai Lake's water level.Plateau Meteorology,1996,(4):478-484.[周陆生,汪青春.青海湖水位年际变化规律的分析和预测.高原气象,1996,(4):478-484.]
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[10]Peng Min,Chen Guichen,Zhou Lihua.Relationship between descending of Qinghai Lake level and human activities.Scientia Geographica Sinica,1994,14(2):127-135.[彭敏,陈桂琛,周立华.青海湖水位下降与湖区人为耗水关系的研究.地理科学,1994,14(2):127-135.]
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[12]Jia Yulian,Shi Yafeng,Fan Yunqi.Water balance of paleolake Qinghai and its precipitation estimation at three high lakelevel stages since 40 ka BP.J Lake Sci,2000,12(3):211-218.DOI:10.18307/2000.0304.[贾玉连,施雅风,范云崎.四万年以来青海湖的三期高湖面及其降水量研究.湖泊科学,2000,12(3):211-218.]
[13]Liu Ruixia,Liu Yujie.Area changes of Lake Qinghai in the latest 20 years based on remote sensing study.J Lake Sci,2008,20(1):135-138.DOI:10.18307/2008.0121.[刘瑞霞,刘玉洁.近20年青海湖湖水面积变化遥感.湖泊科学,2008,20(1):135-138.]
[14]Yin Qingjun,Yang Yinglian.Remote sensing monitoring of lake qinghai based on EOS/MODIS data.J Lake Sci,2005,17(4):356-360.DOI:10.18307/2005.0413.[殷青军,杨英莲.基于EOS/MODIS数据的青海湖遥感监测.湖泊科学,2005,17(4):356-360.]
[15]Li Xiaodong,Xiao Jianshe,Li Fengxia et al.Remote sensing monitoring of the Qinghai Lake based on EOS/MODIS Data in recent 10 years.Journal of Natural Resources,2012,27(11):1962-1970.[李晓东,肖建设,李凤霞等.基于EOS/MODIS数据的近10a青海湖遥感监测.自然资源学报,2012,27(11):1962-1970.]
[16]Shen Fang,Kuang Dingbo.Remote sensing investigation and survey of Qinghai Lake in the past 25 years.J Lake Sci,2003,15(4):289-296.DOI:10.18307/2003.0401.[沈芳,匡定波.青海湖最近25年变化的遥感调查与研究.湖泊科学,2003,15(4):289-296.]
[17]Liu Baokang,Wei Xuli,Du Yu'e et al.Dynamics of Qinghai Lake area based on environmental mitigation satellite data.Pratacultural Science,2013,30(2):178-184.[刘宝康,卫旭丽,杜玉娥等.基于环境减灾卫星数据的青海湖面积动态.草业科学,2013,30(2):178-184.]
[18]Feng Zhongkui,Li Xiaohui.Remote sensing monitoring study for water area change and lakeshore evolution of Qinghai Lake in last 20 years.Journal of Palaeogeography,2006,8(1):131-141.[冯钟葵,李晓辉.青海湖近20年水域变化及湖岸演变遥感监测研究.古地理学报,2006,8(1):131-141.]
[19]Sun Jianchu.Qinghai Lake.Geology Review,1938,3(5):507-512.[孙健初.青海湖.地质论评,1938,3(5):507-512.]
[20]Water Resources Department of Qinghai Province,Bureau of Statistics of Qinghai Province.The communiquéof first Water Resources Census of Qinghai Province.Qinghai Daily,2013.05.28.[青海省水利厅,青海省统计局.青海省第一次水利普查公报.青海日报,2013.05.28.]
[21]Zhu Yan,Cui Guangbo,Yang Jue.Causes of shrinking and drying up of Qinghaihu Lake,trend of development and its impact on ecological environment.Journal of Hohai University:Natural Sciences,2001,29(4):104-108.[朱琰,崔广柏,杨珏.青海湖萎缩干涸原因、发展趋势及对生态环境的影响.河海大学学报:自然科学版,2001,29(4):104-108.]
[22]Qinghai Province Water Resources Committee Office ed.Rivers of Qinghai.Xining:Qinghai people's Publishing House,1995:125-139.[青海省水利志编委会办公室.青海河流.西宁:青海人民出版社,1995:125-139.]
[23]Li Fengxia,Fu Yang,Yang Qiong et al.Climate change and its environmental effects in the surrounding area of Qinghai Lake.Resources Science,2008,30(3):348-353.[李凤霞,伏洋,杨琼等.环青海湖地区气候变化及其环境效应.资源科学,2008,30(3):348-353.]
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(1)数据由青海省水文水资源勘测局提供.
(1)数据由中国气象局气象数据中心提供.
(2)数据由青海省水文水资源勘测局提供.