走向平行之共轭式断层成因模拟及其在南堡凹陷中的应用
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摘要
两组倾向相反、走向平行或非平行的正断层在剖面上相互交叉组成共轭式断层。理论模型证明走向平行的共轭式断层在平面上不发育交叉点,在剖面上发育的倾向交叉点的连线构成一条水平直线,其距离基底地垒顶面的高度(H)随着基底地垒顶面的宽度(Wh)和基底地垒边界断层的倾角(α)增加而增大。构造物理模拟结果表明,基底地垒顶面之上直接覆盖砂层时将产生标准的"X"型共轭式断层,其倾向交叉点之下砂层遭受不同程度的损失;基底地垒顶面之上直接覆盖滑脱层时产生的共轭式断层结构复杂,盖层地堑内部次级断层发育,地层产状发生明显旋转;当盖层内部夹有滑脱层时,地堑与地垒分层叠加,地堑内部次级断层发育,地层产状相背倾斜,构成低幅度的"背形负花状构造"。地震剖面解释与物理模拟结果对比表明,渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷2号构造带内发育走向平行的共轭式断层组合样式,经历了沙河街期(Es)地垒发育、东营期(Ed)地堑发育、馆陶期(Ng)背形构造发育、明化镇期(Nm)"背形负花状构造"形成四个阶段。盖层内部发育的东营组底部泥岩滑脱层是形成"背形负花状构造"的主控物质因素。
Two sets of parallel or non-parallel normal faults dipping in opposite directions are referred to as conjugate normal faults. The theoretical modelling demonstrated that parallel conjugate faults do not develop intersections on the plane, whereas the lines connecting the intersecting points on the section form a horizontal line. Moreover, the height from the crest of basement horst to the intersecting points increases with the width of the basement crest and the dip angle of basement faults. Results of our physical simulation results showed that the typical "X" shape of conjugate fault will develop with the loss of layers under the intersecting points when the sand layers directly cover the basement horst. In the presence of a ductile layer between the cover and basement such intersection patterns do not form, however, some secondary faults and rotation of sand layers will develop within both the horst and the graben. Otherwise, in the presence of a ductile layer in the middle of the cover layer, some secondary faults in the graben will cause the sand layers to dip in opposite directions and form a lower negative flower structure. Comparison of seismic profile interpretation and physical simulation shows that the parallel conjugate fault assemblages developed in the second fault-belt of the Nanpu Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin underwent four stages of development, which include the development of the horst in the Shahejie Formation(Es), the development of the graben in the Dongying Formation(Ed), the development of antiform in the Guantao Formation(Ng), and the development of the negative flower structure in the Minghuazhen Formation(Nm). The ductile layers of mudstone distributing close to the bottom of the Dongying Formation are responsible for development of the negative flower structure.
Two sets of parallel or non-parallel normal faults dipping in opposite directions are referred to as conjugate normal faults. The theoretical modelling demonstrated that parallel conjugate faults do not develop intersections on the plane, whereas the lines connecting the intersecting points on the section form a horizontal line. Moreover, the height from the crest of basement horst to the intersecting points increases with the width of the basement crest and the dip angle of basement faults. Results of our physical simulation results showed that the typical "X" shape of conjugate fault will develop with the loss of layers under the intersecting points when the sand layers directly cover the basement horst. In the presence of a ductile layer between the cover and basement such intersection patterns do not form, however, some secondary faults and rotation of sand layers will develop within both the horst and the graben. Otherwise, in the presence of a ductile layer in the middle of the cover layer, some secondary faults in the graben will cause the sand layers to dip in opposite directions and form a lower negative flower structure. Comparison of seismic profile interpretation and physical simulation shows that the parallel conjugate fault assemblages developed in the second fault-belt of the Nanpu Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin underwent four stages of development, which include the development of the horst in the Shahejie Formation(Es), the development of the graben in the Dongying Formation(Ed), the development of antiform in the Guantao Formation(Ng), and the development of the negative flower structure in the Minghuazhen Formation(Nm). The ductile layers of mudstone distributing close to the bottom of the Dongying Formation are responsible for development of the negative flower structure.
引文
范柏江,刘成林,柳广弟,朱杰.2010.南堡凹陷断裂系统形成机制及构造演化研究.西安石油大学学报(自然科学版),25(2):13-18.
梁杰,于福生,刘国玺,王童奎,李定华,马奎.2014.南堡凹陷分期异向伸展变形叠加特征:来自砂箱物理模拟实验的启示.现代地质,28(1):1-10.
刘晓峰,董月霞,王华.2010.渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷的背形负花状构造.地球科学,35(6):1029-1034.
马乾,张军勇,李建林,李文华,刘国勇,冯朝荣.2011.南堡凹陷扭动构造特征及其对油气成藏的控制作用.大地构造与成矿学,35(2):183-189.
童亨茂,赵宝银,曹哲,刘国玺,顿小妹,赵丹.2013.渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷断裂系统成因的构造解析.地质学报,87(11):1647-1661.
于福生,李国志,杨光达,马宝军,陈书平.2009.准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱-冲断带变形特征及成因机制模拟.大地构造与成矿学,33(3):386-395.
于福生,张芳峰,杨长清,李学良,冯自成.2010.龙门山前缘关口断裂典型构造剖面的物理模拟实验及其变形主控因素研究.大地构造与成矿学,34(2):147-158.
于福生,王彦华,李学良,李晓剑,冯自成.2011.柴达木盆地狮子沟?油砂山构造带变形特征及成因模拟.大地构造与成矿学,35(2):207-215.
于福生,李定华,赵进雍,董长华.2012.双层滑脱构造的物理模拟:对准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱冲断带的启示.地球科学与环境学报,34(2):15-24.
周天伟,周建勋.2008.南堡凹陷晚新生代X型断层形成机制及其对油气运聚的控制.大地构造与成矿学,32(1):20-27.
周天伟,周建勋,董月霞,王旭东,常洪卫.2009.渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷新生代断裂系统形成机制.中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),33(1):12-18.
Acocella V.2007.Understanding caldera structure and development:An overview of analogue models compared to natural calderas.Earth-Science Reviews,85:125-160.
?ift?i N B and Bozkurt E.2009.Pattern of normal faulting in the Gediz Graben,SW Turkey.Tectonophysics,473:234-260.
?ift?i N B and Langhi L.2012.Evolution of the hourglass structures in the Laminaria High,Timor Sea:Implications for hydrocarbon traps.Journal of Structural Geology,36:55-70.
Ferrill D A,Morris A P,Stamatakos J A and Sims D W.2000.Crossing conjugate normal faults.AAPG Bulletin,84:1543-1559.
Horsfield W T.1977.An experimental approach to basementcontrolled faulting.Geologie en Mijnbouw,56:363-370.
Horsfield W T.1980.Contemporaneous movement along crossing conjugate normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,2:305-310.
Koyi H A and Cotton J.2004.Experimental insights on the geometry and kinematics of fold-and-thrust belts above weak,viscous evaporitic decollement;a discussion.Journal of Structural Geology,26(11):2139-2143.
Nicol A,Walsh J J,Watterson J and Bretan P G.1995.Three-dimensional geometry and growth of conjugate normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,17:847-862.
Odonne F and Massonnat G.1992.Volume loss and deformation around conjugate fractures:Comparison between a natural example and analogue experiments.Journal of Structural Geology,14:963-972.
Panien M,Schreurs G and Pfiffner A.2006.Mechanical behaviour of granular material used in analogue modelling:Insights from grain characterisation,ring shear tests and analogue experiments.Journal of Structural Geology,28(9):1710-1724.
Watterson J,Nicol A,Walsh J J and Meier D.1998.Strains at the intersections of synchronous conjugate normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,20:363-370.
Woods E P.1988.Extensional structures of the Jabiru Terrace,Vulcan subbasin//Purcell P G and Purcell R R.The North West Shelf Australia.Proceedings of Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia Symposium:311-330.
Woods E P.1992.Vulcan sub-basin fault styles-implications for hydrocarbon migration and entrapment.Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association Journal,32:138-158.
Yu F S and Koyi H A.2016.Cenozoic tectonic model of the Bohai Bay Basin in China.Geological Magazine,153(5/6):866-886.
Yu F S and Koyi H A.2017.Theoretical and experimental estimation of geometric relationship of non-parallel conjugate normal faults.Tectonophysics,703-704:85-97.
梁杰,于福生,刘国玺,王童奎,李定华,马奎.2014.南堡凹陷分期异向伸展变形叠加特征:来自砂箱物理模拟实验的启示.现代地质,28(1):1-10.
刘晓峰,董月霞,王华.2010.渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷的背形负花状构造.地球科学,35(6):1029-1034.
马乾,张军勇,李建林,李文华,刘国勇,冯朝荣.2011.南堡凹陷扭动构造特征及其对油气成藏的控制作用.大地构造与成矿学,35(2):183-189.
童亨茂,赵宝银,曹哲,刘国玺,顿小妹,赵丹.2013.渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷断裂系统成因的构造解析.地质学报,87(11):1647-1661.
于福生,李国志,杨光达,马宝军,陈书平.2009.准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱-冲断带变形特征及成因机制模拟.大地构造与成矿学,33(3):386-395.
于福生,张芳峰,杨长清,李学良,冯自成.2010.龙门山前缘关口断裂典型构造剖面的物理模拟实验及其变形主控因素研究.大地构造与成矿学,34(2):147-158.
于福生,王彦华,李学良,李晓剑,冯自成.2011.柴达木盆地狮子沟?油砂山构造带变形特征及成因模拟.大地构造与成矿学,35(2):207-215.
于福生,李定华,赵进雍,董长华.2012.双层滑脱构造的物理模拟:对准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱冲断带的启示.地球科学与环境学报,34(2):15-24.
周天伟,周建勋.2008.南堡凹陷晚新生代X型断层形成机制及其对油气运聚的控制.大地构造与成矿学,32(1):20-27.
周天伟,周建勋,董月霞,王旭东,常洪卫.2009.渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷新生代断裂系统形成机制.中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),33(1):12-18.
Acocella V.2007.Understanding caldera structure and development:An overview of analogue models compared to natural calderas.Earth-Science Reviews,85:125-160.
?ift?i N B and Bozkurt E.2009.Pattern of normal faulting in the Gediz Graben,SW Turkey.Tectonophysics,473:234-260.
?ift?i N B and Langhi L.2012.Evolution of the hourglass structures in the Laminaria High,Timor Sea:Implications for hydrocarbon traps.Journal of Structural Geology,36:55-70.
Ferrill D A,Morris A P,Stamatakos J A and Sims D W.2000.Crossing conjugate normal faults.AAPG Bulletin,84:1543-1559.
Horsfield W T.1977.An experimental approach to basementcontrolled faulting.Geologie en Mijnbouw,56:363-370.
Horsfield W T.1980.Contemporaneous movement along crossing conjugate normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,2:305-310.
Koyi H A and Cotton J.2004.Experimental insights on the geometry and kinematics of fold-and-thrust belts above weak,viscous evaporitic decollement;a discussion.Journal of Structural Geology,26(11):2139-2143.
Nicol A,Walsh J J,Watterson J and Bretan P G.1995.Three-dimensional geometry and growth of conjugate normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,17:847-862.
Odonne F and Massonnat G.1992.Volume loss and deformation around conjugate fractures:Comparison between a natural example and analogue experiments.Journal of Structural Geology,14:963-972.
Panien M,Schreurs G and Pfiffner A.2006.Mechanical behaviour of granular material used in analogue modelling:Insights from grain characterisation,ring shear tests and analogue experiments.Journal of Structural Geology,28(9):1710-1724.
Watterson J,Nicol A,Walsh J J and Meier D.1998.Strains at the intersections of synchronous conjugate normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,20:363-370.
Woods E P.1988.Extensional structures of the Jabiru Terrace,Vulcan subbasin//Purcell P G and Purcell R R.The North West Shelf Australia.Proceedings of Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia Symposium:311-330.
Woods E P.1992.Vulcan sub-basin fault styles-implications for hydrocarbon migration and entrapment.Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association Journal,32:138-158.
Yu F S and Koyi H A.2016.Cenozoic tectonic model of the Bohai Bay Basin in China.Geological Magazine,153(5/6):866-886.
Yu F S and Koyi H A.2017.Theoretical and experimental estimation of geometric relationship of non-parallel conjugate normal faults.Tectonophysics,703-704:85-97.
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