灌溉方式和秸秆还田对设施番茄田CO_2排放的影响
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摘要
中国北方下沉式设施菜田表层土壤缺失,以及高温高湿的环境条件,导致耕层土壤有机质含量低、矿化快。如何减缓土壤有机质矿化,是该文所关注的焦点问题。该研究采用二因素试验设计,主因素为灌溉方式(传统畦灌施肥、滴灌施肥),副因素为秸秆(含C量为0、3 500 kg/hm2)。测定了48 h内每3 h的CO2排放通量,以及全生育期CO2日排放通量、土壤温度。结果表明:1)08:00-09:00测定的土壤CO2排放通量与CO2日均排放通量不存在显著差异,二者呈极显著线性正相关关系,其决定系数为0.987;而其他时段测定值与日均值均存在显著差异。2)与传统畦灌相比,无论是否添加秸秆,滴灌处理均显著降低了CO2累积排放量。3)CO2排放高峰出现在定植后8~15 d,随后逐渐降低并趋于平稳;定植后40 d内能检测到处理间CO2日排放通量的差异,此后处理间差异不显著。4)CO2累积排放通量和土壤积温呈显著正相关关系。综上所述,滴灌施肥栽培体系可显著降低土壤CO2排放量,有利于设施菜田土壤有机质的积累。
The greenhouse vegetable production has become one of the most promising agricultural industry in China with a rapid increase of planting area during the last two decades. Over-fertilization combined with improper irrigation dramatically increases nutrient losses and environmental pollution. However, the absence of surface soil, high temperature and moisture usually lead to low content on soil organic carbon and rapid soil mineralization in the sunken greenhouse vegetable production, northern China. Accumulation of soil organic carbon is slow even when straw is applied for a long period with conventional flooding irrigation. Promoting the sustainability of intensive used solar greenhouse vegetable production by optimizing irrigation and straw application management may have a positive impact. Our study in this paper focused on 1) whether straw returning can decrease mineralization rate of soil organic carbon and increase its accumulation with drip irrigation; and 2) suitable sampling schedule to measure daily CO_2 emission flux. A two-factor field experiment with three replicates was carried out which included two irrigation methods, i.e. conventional flooding irrigation fertilization and drip irrigation. Fertilization was combined with straw application rate of 0 and 3 500 kg/hm2. The four treatments are: conventional flooding irrigation with over-fertilization according to farmer's practice(CIF); CIF + maize straw(CIF+S), drip irrigation with optimizing fertilization(DIF); and DIF + maize straw(DIF+S). Each plot(6.7 m × 3.6 m) consisted of three raised beds(0.7 m in width) and the walk way was 0.5 m in width between the raised beds. One of the three raised beds was used for measuring the fruits yield, one for monitoring CO_2 emission and other one for collecting soil and plant samples. In order to minimize lateral seepage of water and nutrients, we separated the plots with impermeable film to the depth of 0.6 m. One-month-old tomato seedlings were transplanted on raised beds with a handheld transplanting tool. Four fruit clusters were retained at each growing season and each cluster reserved four fruits. Gas flux chambers were composed of a permanent frame(50 cm width × 50 cm length × 20 cm depth) that was pre-installed in each plot before transplanting, and the height of top sampling chambers was 50 cm. The CO_2 fluxes were on line determined daily by using of CO_2 infrared spectrometer over the growth period between 08:00 am and 09:00 am at 30-second intervals during the closure time of 4 min(i.e., at time 0 and after 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 240 s). The CO_2 gas fluxes were calculated from the slope of linear regressions of gas concentrations against the chamber closure time. The results showed that no significant difference on soil CO_2 emission flux was found between the measurements from 08:00-09:00 am and the daily average, and they were significant positively correlated, the coefficient of determination between was 0.987, while CO_2 emission measured in other time intervals were significantly different from daily average. Moreover, compared with conventional irrigation fertilization, the accumulated CO_2 emissions was significantly decreased in drip irrigation fertilization without reduction of the tomato fruit yield, regardless of whether straw was applied or not. In addition, the peak of CO_2 emission occurred during 8-15 d after transplanting, then CO_2 emission decreased and then stabilized. The difference of daily CO_2 emission flux among treatments can only be detected within 40 days after transplanting, and afterward there was no significant difference among treatments. Finally, there was a significant positive correlation between cumulative CO_2 emission and soil temperature. Our results demonstrated that drip irrigation fertilization can significantly reduce soil CO_2 emission and potentially improve the soil organic matter accumulation in the sunken solar greenhouse vegetable production.
The greenhouse vegetable production has become one of the most promising agricultural industry in China with a rapid increase of planting area during the last two decades. Over-fertilization combined with improper irrigation dramatically increases nutrient losses and environmental pollution. However, the absence of surface soil, high temperature and moisture usually lead to low content on soil organic carbon and rapid soil mineralization in the sunken greenhouse vegetable production, northern China. Accumulation of soil organic carbon is slow even when straw is applied for a long period with conventional flooding irrigation. Promoting the sustainability of intensive used solar greenhouse vegetable production by optimizing irrigation and straw application management may have a positive impact. Our study in this paper focused on 1) whether straw returning can decrease mineralization rate of soil organic carbon and increase its accumulation with drip irrigation; and 2) suitable sampling schedule to measure daily CO_2 emission flux. A two-factor field experiment with three replicates was carried out which included two irrigation methods, i.e. conventional flooding irrigation fertilization and drip irrigation. Fertilization was combined with straw application rate of 0 and 3 500 kg/hm2. The four treatments are: conventional flooding irrigation with over-fertilization according to farmer's practice(CIF); CIF + maize straw(CIF+S), drip irrigation with optimizing fertilization(DIF); and DIF + maize straw(DIF+S). Each plot(6.7 m × 3.6 m) consisted of three raised beds(0.7 m in width) and the walk way was 0.5 m in width between the raised beds. One of the three raised beds was used for measuring the fruits yield, one for monitoring CO_2 emission and other one for collecting soil and plant samples. In order to minimize lateral seepage of water and nutrients, we separated the plots with impermeable film to the depth of 0.6 m. One-month-old tomato seedlings were transplanted on raised beds with a handheld transplanting tool. Four fruit clusters were retained at each growing season and each cluster reserved four fruits. Gas flux chambers were composed of a permanent frame(50 cm width × 50 cm length × 20 cm depth) that was pre-installed in each plot before transplanting, and the height of top sampling chambers was 50 cm. The CO_2 fluxes were on line determined daily by using of CO_2 infrared spectrometer over the growth period between 08:00 am and 09:00 am at 30-second intervals during the closure time of 4 min(i.e., at time 0 and after 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 240 s). The CO_2 gas fluxes were calculated from the slope of linear regressions of gas concentrations against the chamber closure time. The results showed that no significant difference on soil CO_2 emission flux was found between the measurements from 08:00-09:00 am and the daily average, and they were significant positively correlated, the coefficient of determination between was 0.987, while CO_2 emission measured in other time intervals were significantly different from daily average. Moreover, compared with conventional irrigation fertilization, the accumulated CO_2 emissions was significantly decreased in drip irrigation fertilization without reduction of the tomato fruit yield, regardless of whether straw was applied or not. In addition, the peak of CO_2 emission occurred during 8-15 d after transplanting, then CO_2 emission decreased and then stabilized. The difference of daily CO_2 emission flux among treatments can only be detected within 40 days after transplanting, and afterward there was no significant difference among treatments. Finally, there was a significant positive correlation between cumulative CO_2 emission and soil temperature. Our results demonstrated that drip irrigation fertilization can significantly reduce soil CO_2 emission and potentially improve the soil organic matter accumulation in the sunken solar greenhouse vegetable production.
引文
[1]董静,赵志伟,梁斌,等.我国设施蔬菜产业发展现状[J].中国园艺文摘,2017,33(1):75-77.
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[3]Fialho R C,Zinn Y L.Changes in soil organic carbon under eucalyptus plantations in Brazil:A comparative analysis[J].Land Degradation&Development,2015,25(5):428-437.
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[6]Lal R.Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security[J].Science,2004,304(5677):1623-1627.
[7]Chen Z,Tian T,Gao L,et al.Nutrients,heavy metals and phthalate acid esters in solar greenhouse soils in Round-Bohai Bay-Region,China:Impacts of cultivation year and biogeography[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2016,23(13):13076.
[8]王敬国.设施菜田退化土壤修复与资源高效利用[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2011.
[9]巨晓棠,李生秀.土壤氮素矿化的温度水分效应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1):37-42.Ju Xiaotang,Li Shengxiu.The effect of temperature and moisture on nitrogen mineralization in soils[J].Plant Nutrition&Fertilizenence,1998,4(1):37-42.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Jenkinson D S.The turnover of organic carbon and nitrogen in soil[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,1990,329:361-367.
[11]Chang C T,SabatéS,Sperlich D,et al.Does soil moisture overrule temperature dependency of soil respiration in Mediterranean riparian forests?[J].Biogeosciences Discussions,2014,11(21):7991-8022.
[12]Kuzyakov Y.Sources of CO2 efflux from soil and review of partitioning methods[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2006,38(3):425-448.
[13]康跃虎.实用型滴灌灌溉计划制定方法[J].节水灌溉,2004(3):11-12.Kang Yuehu.Applied method for drip irrigation scheduling[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2004(3):11-12.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]Pumpanen J,Kolari P,Ilvesniemi H,et al.Comparison of different chamber techniques for measuring soil CO2efflux[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,2004,123(3/4):159-176.
[15]任涛,李俊良,张宏威,等.设施菜田土壤呼吸速率日变化特征分析[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(10):1217-1224.Ren Tao,Li Junliang,Zhang Hongwei,et al.Analysis of daily dynamics of soil respiration rate in greenhouse vegetable fields[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(10):1217-1224.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]曾睿,梁银丽,要晓玮,等.不同水分条件下温室番茄土壤呼吸变异性分析[J].灌溉排水学报,2011,30(6):111-114.Zeng Rui,Liang Yinli,Yao Xiaowei,et al.Variation of tomato soil respiration in greenhouse under different soil moisture[J].Journal of Irrigation&Drainage,2011,30(6):111-114.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Lavigne M B,Foster R J,Goodine G.Seasonal and annual changes in soil respiration in relation to soil temperature,water potential and trenching[J].Tree Physiology,2004,24(4):415.
[18]杨洋,张玉龙,祁金虎,等.灌溉方法对日光温室土壤呼吸的影响[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(11):2890-2895.Yang Yang,Zhang Yulong,Qi Jinhu,et al.Effects of irrigation methods on soil respiration rate in sunlight greenhouse[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(11):2890-2895.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]王健波.耕作方式对旱地冬小麦土壤有机碳转化及水分利用影响[D].北京:中国农业大学,2014.Wang Jianbo.Effect of Different Tillage Practices on Soil Organic Carbon Transformation and Water use in Dryland Winter Wheat[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]Kechavarzi C,Dawson Q,Bartlett M,et al.The role of soil moisture,temperature and nutrient amendment on CO2 efflux from agricultural peat soil microcosms[J].Geoderma,2010,154(3/4):203-210.
[21]Adviento-Borbe M A A,Haddix M L,Binder D L,et al.Soil greenhouse gas fluxes and global warming potential in four high-yielding maize systems[J].Global Change Biology,2007,13(9):1972-1988.
[22]宋秋来,赵泽松,龚振平,等.东北黑土区旱作农田土壤CO2排放规律[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(23):200-207.Song Qiulai,Zhao Zesong,Gong Zhenping,et al.CO2emission law of dry farmland soil in black soil region of Northeast China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(23):200-207.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]陈玉章.不同覆盖和秸秆还田方式对旱作小麦土壤温度的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2013.Chen Yuzhang.Effects of Different Mulching and Straw Returning Methods of Wheat on Soil Temperatures in Dryland Area[D].Lanzhou:Gan Su Agricultural University,2013.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]张庆忠,吴文良,王明新,等.秸秆还田和施氮对农田土壤呼吸的影响[J].生态学报,2005,25(11):2883-2887.Zhang Qingzhong,Wu Wenliang,Wang Mingxin,et al.The effects of crop residue amendment and N rate on soil respiration[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(11):2883-2887.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]刘军,黄金花,杨志兰,等.长期连作及秸秆还田棉田土壤呼吸变化特征[J].生态环境学报,2015(5):791-796.Liu Jun,Huang Jinhua,Yang Zhilan,et al.Soil respiration variation characteristics of continuous cropping and straw incorporation cotton field[J].Ecology&Environmental Sciences,2015(5):791-796.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]Fan Z B,Lin S,Zhang X M,et al.Conventional flooding irrigation causes an overuse of nitrogen fertilizer and low nitrogen use efficiency in intensively used solar greenhouse vegetable production[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,144(2):11-19.
[3]Fialho R C,Zinn Y L.Changes in soil organic carbon under eucalyptus plantations in Brazil:A comparative analysis[J].Land Degradation&Development,2015,25(5):428-437.
[4]Loveland P,Webb J.Is there a critical level of organic matter in the agricultural soils of temperate regions:A review[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2003,70(1):1-18.
[5]Reeve J R,Smith J L,Carpenter-Boggs L,et al.Soil-based cycling and differential uptake of amino acids by three species of strawberry(Fragaria,spp.)plants[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2008,40(10):2547-2552.
[6]Lal R.Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security[J].Science,2004,304(5677):1623-1627.
[7]Chen Z,Tian T,Gao L,et al.Nutrients,heavy metals and phthalate acid esters in solar greenhouse soils in Round-Bohai Bay-Region,China:Impacts of cultivation year and biogeography[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2016,23(13):13076.
[8]王敬国.设施菜田退化土壤修复与资源高效利用[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2011.
[9]巨晓棠,李生秀.土壤氮素矿化的温度水分效应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1):37-42.Ju Xiaotang,Li Shengxiu.The effect of temperature and moisture on nitrogen mineralization in soils[J].Plant Nutrition&Fertilizenence,1998,4(1):37-42.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Jenkinson D S.The turnover of organic carbon and nitrogen in soil[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,1990,329:361-367.
[11]Chang C T,SabatéS,Sperlich D,et al.Does soil moisture overrule temperature dependency of soil respiration in Mediterranean riparian forests?[J].Biogeosciences Discussions,2014,11(21):7991-8022.
[12]Kuzyakov Y.Sources of CO2 efflux from soil and review of partitioning methods[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2006,38(3):425-448.
[13]康跃虎.实用型滴灌灌溉计划制定方法[J].节水灌溉,2004(3):11-12.Kang Yuehu.Applied method for drip irrigation scheduling[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2004(3):11-12.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]Pumpanen J,Kolari P,Ilvesniemi H,et al.Comparison of different chamber techniques for measuring soil CO2efflux[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,2004,123(3/4):159-176.
[15]任涛,李俊良,张宏威,等.设施菜田土壤呼吸速率日变化特征分析[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(10):1217-1224.Ren Tao,Li Junliang,Zhang Hongwei,et al.Analysis of daily dynamics of soil respiration rate in greenhouse vegetable fields[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(10):1217-1224.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]曾睿,梁银丽,要晓玮,等.不同水分条件下温室番茄土壤呼吸变异性分析[J].灌溉排水学报,2011,30(6):111-114.Zeng Rui,Liang Yinli,Yao Xiaowei,et al.Variation of tomato soil respiration in greenhouse under different soil moisture[J].Journal of Irrigation&Drainage,2011,30(6):111-114.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Lavigne M B,Foster R J,Goodine G.Seasonal and annual changes in soil respiration in relation to soil temperature,water potential and trenching[J].Tree Physiology,2004,24(4):415.
[18]杨洋,张玉龙,祁金虎,等.灌溉方法对日光温室土壤呼吸的影响[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(11):2890-2895.Yang Yang,Zhang Yulong,Qi Jinhu,et al.Effects of irrigation methods on soil respiration rate in sunlight greenhouse[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(11):2890-2895.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]王健波.耕作方式对旱地冬小麦土壤有机碳转化及水分利用影响[D].北京:中国农业大学,2014.Wang Jianbo.Effect of Different Tillage Practices on Soil Organic Carbon Transformation and Water use in Dryland Winter Wheat[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]Kechavarzi C,Dawson Q,Bartlett M,et al.The role of soil moisture,temperature and nutrient amendment on CO2 efflux from agricultural peat soil microcosms[J].Geoderma,2010,154(3/4):203-210.
[21]Adviento-Borbe M A A,Haddix M L,Binder D L,et al.Soil greenhouse gas fluxes and global warming potential in four high-yielding maize systems[J].Global Change Biology,2007,13(9):1972-1988.
[22]宋秋来,赵泽松,龚振平,等.东北黑土区旱作农田土壤CO2排放规律[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(23):200-207.Song Qiulai,Zhao Zesong,Gong Zhenping,et al.CO2emission law of dry farmland soil in black soil region of Northeast China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(23):200-207.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]陈玉章.不同覆盖和秸秆还田方式对旱作小麦土壤温度的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2013.Chen Yuzhang.Effects of Different Mulching and Straw Returning Methods of Wheat on Soil Temperatures in Dryland Area[D].Lanzhou:Gan Su Agricultural University,2013.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]张庆忠,吴文良,王明新,等.秸秆还田和施氮对农田土壤呼吸的影响[J].生态学报,2005,25(11):2883-2887.Zhang Qingzhong,Wu Wenliang,Wang Mingxin,et al.The effects of crop residue amendment and N rate on soil respiration[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(11):2883-2887.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]刘军,黄金花,杨志兰,等.长期连作及秸秆还田棉田土壤呼吸变化特征[J].生态环境学报,2015(5):791-796.Liu Jun,Huang Jinhua,Yang Zhilan,et al.Soil respiration variation characteristics of continuous cropping and straw incorporation cotton field[J].Ecology&Environmental Sciences,2015(5):791-796.(in Chinese with English abstract)