东北黑土典型坡耕地土壤呼吸特征的研究
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摘要
本研究以东北黑土典型坡耕地为研究对象,利用LI-8100土壤呼吸测量仪对玉米全生育期土壤呼吸进行了原位监测,分析了坡耕地不同部位(坡顶、坡肩、坡背、坡趾)土壤呼吸速率变化规律、土壤呼吸总量、土壤呼吸速率与土壤水热因子之间的关系。结果表明:该地区土壤呼吸速率呈现"春秋季低夏季高"的季节性变化规律,坡趾位置土壤呼吸峰值显著高于坡顶、坡肩、坡背位置(P<0.05)。不同部位土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈现显著线性关系(P<0.05),与土壤含水量相关性不显著(P>0.05)。土壤呼吸总量以坡趾位置最高[523.97 g(CO_2-C)×m~(-2)],显著高于坡背[443.13 g(CO_2-C)×m~(-2)]、坡肩[426.81 g(CO_2-C)·m~(-2)]、坡顶[388.5g(CO_2-C)·m~(-2)]3个位置18.5%、22.8%和34.9%(P<0.05)。说明黑土坡耕地不同位置土壤呼吸存在显著差异,准确评价黑土坡耕地土壤呼吸需要综合考虑坡耕地不同坡位的差异,减少引用平地监测结果来评估坡耕地土壤呼吸量所造成的偏差。
The characteristics of soil respiration in cropland slopes are different from those in cropland plains.In order to accurately evaluate greenhouse gases emission in Northeast China farmland,it was necessary to study the patterns and factors influencing soil respiration in different cropland slopes.The study was conducted on a typical cropland slope in a mollisol region in Northeast China.An entire cropland slope was divided into four slope positions based on change in gradient―summit,shoulder-slope,back-slope and toe-slope.The LI-8100 probe was used to monitor soil respiration throughout the maize growing period.Water content and temperature of the surface soil(0-20 cm soil layer) were respectively measured using soil moisture meter and thermometer.The relation-ship between soil carbon dioxide(CO_2) flux and the impact of temperature,soil moisture content were then analyzed for different slop positions(summit,shoulder-slope,back-slope and toe-slope).The study laid the basis for scientific evaluation of soil respiration and carbon balance in mollisol in cropland slopes.The results showed that CO_2 flux in summer was higher than in spring and autumn.Peak soil respiration occurred during the period from maize silking to tasseling,which was from July 3 to August 23 in the study area.During this period,the cumulative respiration was 58.7%–59.9% of total soil respiration for the whole growing period of maize across the four slope positions,indicating it was the main period of soil respiration in mollisol regions in Northeast China.The peak rate of soil respiration was significantly different in each slope position(P<0.05).It was significantly higher in the toe-slope position [7.56 μmol(CO_2)·m~(-2)·s~(-1)] than at the summit [5.60 μmol(CO_2)·m~(-2)·s~(-1)],shoulder-slope [6.08 μmol(CO_2)·m~(-2)·s~(-1)] and back-slope [6.47 μmol(CO_2)·m~(-2)·s~(-1)].The results showed that soil respiration rates among different slope positions in typical mollisol regions were significantly different,especially in summer.CO_2 flux had a positive,linear correlation with soil temperature for all the slope positions(P<0.05).The exponential equation best expressed the relationship between soil temperature and soil respiration rate.Then temperature sensitivity(Q10) was the strongest for the back-slope position,compared with the others.There was an insignificant correlation between soil respiration and soil volumetric water content.These results indicated that change in soil temperature significantly influenced soil respiration rate.The cumulative emission of CO_2 in toe-slope [523.97 g(CO_2-C)·m~(-2)] was 18.5%,22.8% and 34.9% higher than in back-slope [443.13 g(CO_2-C)·m~(-2)],shoulder-slope [426.81 g(CO_2-C)·m~(-2)] and summit [388.50 g(CO_2-C)·m~(-2)],respectively.This was caused by the migration and redistribution of organic carbon,the change in soil bulk density,and the related effect on soil under the different environmental factors.The results of the study suggested that it was necessary to consider the respiration characteristics of different slope positions in order to limit any deviations in the monitoring results based on cropland plains respiration in the scientific evaluation of soil respiration on cropland slopes.
The characteristics of soil respiration in cropland slopes are different from those in cropland plains.In order to accurately evaluate greenhouse gases emission in Northeast China farmland,it was necessary to study the patterns and factors influencing soil respiration in different cropland slopes.The study was conducted on a typical cropland slope in a mollisol region in Northeast China.An entire cropland slope was divided into four slope positions based on change in gradient―summit,shoulder-slope,back-slope and toe-slope.The LI-8100 probe was used to monitor soil respiration throughout the maize growing period.Water content and temperature of the surface soil(0-20 cm soil layer) were respectively measured using soil moisture meter and thermometer.The relation-ship between soil carbon dioxide(CO_2) flux and the impact of temperature,soil moisture content were then analyzed for different slop positions(summit,shoulder-slope,back-slope and toe-slope).The study laid the basis for scientific evaluation of soil respiration and carbon balance in mollisol in cropland slopes.The results showed that CO_2 flux in summer was higher than in spring and autumn.Peak soil respiration occurred during the period from maize silking to tasseling,which was from July 3 to August 23 in the study area.During this period,the cumulative respiration was 58.7%–59.9% of total soil respiration for the whole growing period of maize across the four slope positions,indicating it was the main period of soil respiration in mollisol regions in Northeast China.The peak rate of soil respiration was significantly different in each slope position(P<0.05).It was significantly higher in the toe-slope position [7.56 μmol(CO_2)·m~(-2)·s~(-1)] than at the summit [5.60 μmol(CO_2)·m~(-2)·s~(-1)],shoulder-slope [6.08 μmol(CO_2)·m~(-2)·s~(-1)] and back-slope [6.47 μmol(CO_2)·m~(-2)·s~(-1)].The results showed that soil respiration rates among different slope positions in typical mollisol regions were significantly different,especially in summer.CO_2 flux had a positive,linear correlation with soil temperature for all the slope positions(P<0.05).The exponential equation best expressed the relationship between soil temperature and soil respiration rate.Then temperature sensitivity(Q10) was the strongest for the back-slope position,compared with the others.There was an insignificant correlation between soil respiration and soil volumetric water content.These results indicated that change in soil temperature significantly influenced soil respiration rate.The cumulative emission of CO_2 in toe-slope [523.97 g(CO_2-C)·m~(-2)] was 18.5%,22.8% and 34.9% higher than in back-slope [443.13 g(CO_2-C)·m~(-2)],shoulder-slope [426.81 g(CO_2-C)·m~(-2)] and summit [388.50 g(CO_2-C)·m~(-2)],respectively.This was caused by the migration and redistribution of organic carbon,the change in soil bulk density,and the related effect on soil under the different environmental factors.The results of the study suggested that it was necessary to consider the respiration characteristics of different slope positions in order to limit any deviations in the monitoring results based on cropland plains respiration in the scientific evaluation of soil respiration on cropland slopes.
引文
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[2]骆亦其,周旭辉.土壤呼吸与环境[M].姜丽芬,曲来夜,周玉梅,等译.北京:高等教育出版社,2007:63–133LUO Y Q,ZHOU X H.Soil Respiration and the Environment[M].Jiang L F,Qu L Y,Zhou Y M,et al,Trans.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2007:63–133
[3]李嵘,李勇,李俊杰,等.黄土丘陵侵蚀坡地土壤呼吸初步研究[J].中国农业气象,2008,29(2):123–126LI R,LI Y,LI J J,et al.A preliminary study on soil respiration of eroded sloping land in Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2008,29(2):123–126
[4]LIU S G,BLISS N,SUNDQUIST E,et al.Modeling carbon dynamics in vegetation and soil under the impact of soil erosion and deposition[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2003,17(2):1074
[5]VANDENBYGAART A J,KROETSCH D,GREGORICH E G,et al.Soil C erosion and burial in cropland[J].Global Change Biology,2012,18(4):1441–1452
[6]LAL R.Soil erosion and carbon dynamics[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2005,81(2):137–142
[7]LAL R.Soil erosion and the global carbon budget[J].Envi-ronment International,2003,29(4):437–450
[8]魏守才.水土流失对黑土坡耕地土壤有机碳的影响[D].长春:中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,2015:3–17WEI S C.Effect of soil erosion on soil organic carbon on sloping field of black soil area in northeast China[D].Changchun:Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015:3–17
[9]李志刚,侯扶江.管理方式与地形对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区草地土壤呼吸的影响[J].土壤通报,2009,40(4):721–724LI Z G,HOU F J.Effects of management and topography on soil respiration of grassland in gullied-hilly area of the Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2009,40(4):721–724
[10]杨玲,廖允成,高茂盛,等.不同耕作措施下旱作麦田CO2排放速率与土壤水热关系分析[J].西北农业学报,2011,20(1):70–75YANG L,LIAO Y C,GAO M S,et al.Relationship analysis of CO2 emission fluxes and soil temperature and moisture in rainfed wheat field with different tillage[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2011,20(1):70–75
[11]梁贻仓,李佩茹.农田土壤呼吸研究进展[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(S2):279–281LIANG Y C,LI P R.Research advances of soil respiration in farmland[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2014,24(S2):279–281
[12]张宇,张海林,陈继康,等.耕作措施对华北农田CO2排放影响及水热关系分析[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(4):47–53ZHANG Y,ZHANG H L,CHEN J K,et al.Effects of different tillage practices on CO2 emission fluxes from farmland in North China Plain and the analysis of soil temperature and moisture[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2009,25(4):47–53
[13]刘爽,严昌荣,何文清,等.不同耕作措施下旱地农田土壤呼吸及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2010,30(11):2919–2924LIU S,YAN C R,HE W Q,et al.Soil respiration and it's affected factors under different tillage systems in dryland production systems[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(11):2919–2924
[14]王立刚,邱建军,李维炯.黄淮海平原地区夏玉米农田土壤呼吸的动态研究[J].土壤肥料,2002,(6):13–17WANG L G,QIU J J,LI W J.Study on the dynamics of soil respiration in the field of summer-corn in Huanghuaihai region in China[J].Soils and Fertilizers,2002,(6):13–17
[15]B??TH E,ARNEBRANT K.Growth rate and response of bacterial communities to p H in limed and ash treated forest soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1994,26(8):995–1001
[16]JIANG G F,LIU C,LI J Q,et al.Soil respiration and driving factors of farmland ecosystems in China[J].Scientia Sinica Vitae,2014,44(7):725–735
[17]HAMDI S,MOYANO F,SALL S,et al.Synthesis analysis of the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration from laboratory studies in relation to incubation methods and soil conditions[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2013,58:115–126
[18]陈盖,许明祥,张亚锋,等.黄土丘陵区不同有机碳背景下侵蚀坡面土壤呼吸特征[J].环境科学,2015,36(9):3383–3392CHEN G,XU M X,ZHANG Y F,et al.Characteristics of soil respiration along eroded sloping land with different SOC background on the hilly Loess Plateau[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(9):3383–3392
[19]WEI S C,ZHANG X P,MCLAUGHLIN N B,et al.Effect of soil temperature and soil moisture on CO2 flux from eroded landscape positions on black soil in Northeast China[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2014,144:119–125
[20]刘兴土,阎百兴.东北黑土区水土流失与粮食安全[J].中国水土保持,2009,(1):17–19LIU X T,YAN B X.Soil and water loss and grain security of black soil region in Northeast[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2009,(1):17–19
[21]康日峰,任意,吴会军,等.26年来东北黑土区土壤养分演变特征[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(11):2113–2125KANG R F,REN Y,WU H J,et al.Changes in the nutrients and fertility of black soil over 26 years in Northeast China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(11):2113–2125
[22]XU X Z,XU Y,CHEN S C,et al.Soil loss and conservation in the black soil region of Northeast China:A retrospective study[J].Environmental Science&Policy,2010,13(8):793–800
[23]高燕.黑土区不同侵蚀方式对土壤团聚体和泥沙颗粒流失的影响研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014:1–7GAO Y.Impacts of soil erosion on soil aggregates and particles losses in the black soil region[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2014:1–7
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