秦岭地区土壤侵蚀时空变化及景观格局
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摘要
土壤侵蚀是制约秦岭地区可持续发展的重要因素,为了解秦岭地区的土壤侵蚀状况及景观格局的变化,基于2005年、2010年和2015年遥感解译结果,采用通用土壤侵蚀方程RUSLE计算各年的土壤侵蚀量,分析研究区土壤侵蚀的时空变化特征,量化秦岭地区5个流域的土壤侵蚀状况,探讨土壤侵蚀与土地利用及地形因子之间的关系,并对研究区土壤侵蚀景观格局变化进行分析。结果表明:2005—2015年秦岭地区土壤侵蚀强度及面积均有明显改善,2005年和2015年总侵蚀量分别为0.90×10~8和0.33×10~8t,减少了63.33%;研究区内土壤侵蚀在空间上呈现由西向东、由南至北减弱的特征;位于研究区西部的嘉陵江流域土壤侵蚀最为严重,其2005年、2010年和2015年土壤侵蚀模数分别为3872. 80、1454.31和1461.91 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1);土壤侵蚀模数与坡度、高程等地形因子呈正相关,具有明显的时空变化特征;区内不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀均有减弱的趋势,其中未利用土地土壤侵蚀的降低最为明显;秦岭地区的整体侵蚀景观破碎化程度有所降低,斑块总数减少,破碎度指数变小,景观异质性降低,人类活动对秦岭地区景观的干扰随时间而减弱,生态环境向良性方向发展。
Soil erosion is an important factor restricting the sustainable development of Qinling Mountains region. This study aims to explore the soil erosion status and landscape pattern change in Qinling Mountains. Based on the results of remote sensing interpretation in 2005,2010 and2015,the general soil erosion equation( RUSLE) was used to calculate the soil erosion in those three years. After that,soil erosion status of the five major watersheds in Qinling Mountains was quantified. The relationships among soil erosion,land use,and topographic factors were analyzed,and the changes of soil erosion landscape pattern in the study area were clarified. Intensity and area of the soil erosion in Qinling Mountains significantly decreased from 2005 to 2015. The total erosion amounts in 2005 and 2015 were 0. 90 × 10~8 and 0. 33 × 10~8 t respectively,with a reduction of 63.33%. Soil erosion decreased from west to east and from south to north. Soil erosion was the most serious in the Jialing River basin,situated in the western part of the study area.The soil erosion modulus in 2005,2010 and 2015 were 3872.80,1454.31 and 1461.91 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1),respectively. The soil erosion modulus was positively correlated with topographic factors such as slope and elevation,and showed obvious temporal and spatial variations. Soil erosion showed a weakening trend in different land use types in the region,with the most obvious reduction for the unused land. The fragmentation degree of the overall erosion landscape and the total number of patches in Qinling Mountains reduced,and the fragmentation index and the landscape heterogeneity decreased. The anthropogenic disturbance on the landscape of Qinling Mountains weakened over time,and the ecological environment was developing in a benign direction.
Soil erosion is an important factor restricting the sustainable development of Qinling Mountains region. This study aims to explore the soil erosion status and landscape pattern change in Qinling Mountains. Based on the results of remote sensing interpretation in 2005,2010 and2015,the general soil erosion equation( RUSLE) was used to calculate the soil erosion in those three years. After that,soil erosion status of the five major watersheds in Qinling Mountains was quantified. The relationships among soil erosion,land use,and topographic factors were analyzed,and the changes of soil erosion landscape pattern in the study area were clarified. Intensity and area of the soil erosion in Qinling Mountains significantly decreased from 2005 to 2015. The total erosion amounts in 2005 and 2015 were 0. 90 × 10~8 and 0. 33 × 10~8 t respectively,with a reduction of 63.33%. Soil erosion decreased from west to east and from south to north. Soil erosion was the most serious in the Jialing River basin,situated in the western part of the study area.The soil erosion modulus in 2005,2010 and 2015 were 3872.80,1454.31 and 1461.91 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1),respectively. The soil erosion modulus was positively correlated with topographic factors such as slope and elevation,and showed obvious temporal and spatial variations. Soil erosion showed a weakening trend in different land use types in the region,with the most obvious reduction for the unused land. The fragmentation degree of the overall erosion landscape and the total number of patches in Qinling Mountains reduced,and the fragmentation index and the landscape heterogeneity decreased. The anthropogenic disturbance on the landscape of Qinling Mountains weakened over time,and the ecological environment was developing in a benign direction.
引文
蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华.2000.应用USLE模型与地理信息系统IDRISI预测小流域土壤侵蚀量的研究.水土保持学报,14(2):19-24.
陈思旭,杨小唤,肖林林.2014.基于RUSLE模型的南方丘陵山区土壤侵蚀研究.资源科学,36(6):1288-1297.
冯强,赵文武.2014.USLE/RUSLE中植被覆盖与管理因子研究进展.生态学报,34(16):4 461-4472.
傅伯杰,徐延达,吕一河.2010.景观格局与水土流失的尺度特征与耦合方法.地球科学进展,25(7):673-681.
黄凤琴,第宝锋,黄成敏.2013.基于日降雨量的年均降雨侵蚀力估算模型及其应用---以四川省凉山州为例.山地学报,31(1):55-64.
李婷,刘康,胡胜,等.2014.基于In VEST模型的秦岭山地土壤流失及土壤保持生态效益评价.长江流域资源与环境,23(9):1242-1250.
李天宏,郑丽娜.2012.基于RUSLE模型的延河流域2001-2010年土壤侵蚀动态变化.自然资源学报,27(7):1164-1175.
林芳,朱兆宇,曾全超.2017.延河流域三种土壤可蚀性K值估算方法比较.土壤学报,54(5):1136-1146.
刘宇,吕一河,傅伯杰.2011.景观格局-土壤侵蚀研究中景观指数的意义解释及局限性.生态学报,31(1):267-275.
刘宇.2017.景观指数耦合景观格局与土壤侵蚀的有效性.生态学报,37(15):4923-4935.
刘宝元.2002.中国土壤侵蚀预报模型研究.第12届国际水土保持大会论文集.北京:国际水土保持组织.
潘竟虎,文岩.2013.基于RUSLE-SMA的黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀评价及景观格局分析---以庆城县蔡家庙流域为例.生态学杂志,32(2):436-444.
任坤,梅琨,朱慧敏,等.2015.基于RUSLE模型的珊溪水库流域土壤侵蚀定量估算.生态学杂志,34(7):1950-1958.
邵祎婷,何毅,穆兴民,等.2019.秦巴山区降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征.长江流域资源与环境,28(2):416-425.
覃杰香,王兆礼.2011.基于GIS和RUSLE的从化市土壤侵蚀量预测研究.人民珠江,32(2):37-41.
谭炳香,李增元,王彦辉.2005.基于遥感数据的流域土壤侵蚀强度快速估测方法.遥感技术与应用,20(2):215-220.
汪邦稳,杨勤科,刘志红.2007.基于DEM和GIS的修正通用土壤流失方程地形因子值的提取.中国水土保持科学,5(2):18-23.
邬建国.2000.景观生态学:格局、过程、尺度与等级.北京:高等教育出版社.
谢余初,巩杰,赵彩霞.2014.甘肃白龙江流域水土流失的景观生态风险评价.生态学杂志,33(3):702-708.
章文波,谢云,刘宝元.2002.利用日降雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究.地理科学,2(6):705-711.
赵文武,傅伯杰,郭旭东.2008.多尺度土壤侵蚀评价指数的技术与方法.地理科学进展,27(2):47-52.
赵明松,李德成,张甘霖.2016.基于RUSLE模型的安徽省土壤侵蚀及其养分流失评估.土壤学报,53(1):28-38.
中华人民共和国水利部.2007.SL190-2007土壤侵蚀分类分级标准.北京:中国水利水电出版社.
周来,李艳洁,孙玉军.2018.修正的通用土壤流失方程中各因子单位的确定.水土保持通报,38(1):169-174.
Diodato N,Bellocchi G.2010.MedREM,a rainfall erosivity model for the Mediterranean region.Journal of Hydrology,387:119-127.
Ganasri BP,Ramesh H.2016.Assessment of soil erosion by RUSLE model using remote sensing and GIS:A case study of Nethravathi Basin.Geoscience Frontiers,7:953-961.
Tang Q,Xu Y,Bennett SJ.2015.Assessment of soil erosion using RUSLE and GIS:A case study of the Yangou watershed in the Loess Plateau,China.Environmental Earth Sciences,73:1715-1724.
Toubal AK,Achite M,Ouillon S.2018.Soil erodibility mapping using the RUSLE model to prioritize erosion control in the Wadi Sahouat basin,North-West of Algeria.Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,190:210.
Wang B,Zheng F,Romkens MJM.2013.Comparison of soil erodibility factors in USLE,RUSLE2,EPIC and Dg models based on a Chinese soil erodibility database.Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B:Soil and Plant Science,63:69-79.
Wu L,Liu X,Ma XY.2016.Tracking soil erosion changes in an easily-eroded watershed of the Chinese Loess Plateau.Polish Journal of Environmental Studies,25:351-363.
Xu L,Xu X,Meng X.2013.Risk assessment of soil erosion in different rainfall scenarios by RUSLE model coupled with Information Diffusion Model:A case study of Bohai Rim,China.Catena,100:74-82.
Zhao WW,Fu BJ,Chen LD.2012.A comparison between soil loss evaluation index and the C-factor of RUSLE:A case study in the Loess Plateau of China.Hydrology&Earth System Science,16:2739-2748.
陈思旭,杨小唤,肖林林.2014.基于RUSLE模型的南方丘陵山区土壤侵蚀研究.资源科学,36(6):1288-1297.
冯强,赵文武.2014.USLE/RUSLE中植被覆盖与管理因子研究进展.生态学报,34(16):4 461-4472.
傅伯杰,徐延达,吕一河.2010.景观格局与水土流失的尺度特征与耦合方法.地球科学进展,25(7):673-681.
黄凤琴,第宝锋,黄成敏.2013.基于日降雨量的年均降雨侵蚀力估算模型及其应用---以四川省凉山州为例.山地学报,31(1):55-64.
李婷,刘康,胡胜,等.2014.基于In VEST模型的秦岭山地土壤流失及土壤保持生态效益评价.长江流域资源与环境,23(9):1242-1250.
李天宏,郑丽娜.2012.基于RUSLE模型的延河流域2001-2010年土壤侵蚀动态变化.自然资源学报,27(7):1164-1175.
林芳,朱兆宇,曾全超.2017.延河流域三种土壤可蚀性K值估算方法比较.土壤学报,54(5):1136-1146.
刘宇,吕一河,傅伯杰.2011.景观格局-土壤侵蚀研究中景观指数的意义解释及局限性.生态学报,31(1):267-275.
刘宇.2017.景观指数耦合景观格局与土壤侵蚀的有效性.生态学报,37(15):4923-4935.
刘宝元.2002.中国土壤侵蚀预报模型研究.第12届国际水土保持大会论文集.北京:国际水土保持组织.
潘竟虎,文岩.2013.基于RUSLE-SMA的黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀评价及景观格局分析---以庆城县蔡家庙流域为例.生态学杂志,32(2):436-444.
任坤,梅琨,朱慧敏,等.2015.基于RUSLE模型的珊溪水库流域土壤侵蚀定量估算.生态学杂志,34(7):1950-1958.
邵祎婷,何毅,穆兴民,等.2019.秦巴山区降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征.长江流域资源与环境,28(2):416-425.
覃杰香,王兆礼.2011.基于GIS和RUSLE的从化市土壤侵蚀量预测研究.人民珠江,32(2):37-41.
谭炳香,李增元,王彦辉.2005.基于遥感数据的流域土壤侵蚀强度快速估测方法.遥感技术与应用,20(2):215-220.
汪邦稳,杨勤科,刘志红.2007.基于DEM和GIS的修正通用土壤流失方程地形因子值的提取.中国水土保持科学,5(2):18-23.
邬建国.2000.景观生态学:格局、过程、尺度与等级.北京:高等教育出版社.
谢余初,巩杰,赵彩霞.2014.甘肃白龙江流域水土流失的景观生态风险评价.生态学杂志,33(3):702-708.
章文波,谢云,刘宝元.2002.利用日降雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究.地理科学,2(6):705-711.
赵文武,傅伯杰,郭旭东.2008.多尺度土壤侵蚀评价指数的技术与方法.地理科学进展,27(2):47-52.
赵明松,李德成,张甘霖.2016.基于RUSLE模型的安徽省土壤侵蚀及其养分流失评估.土壤学报,53(1):28-38.
中华人民共和国水利部.2007.SL190-2007土壤侵蚀分类分级标准.北京:中国水利水电出版社.
周来,李艳洁,孙玉军.2018.修正的通用土壤流失方程中各因子单位的确定.水土保持通报,38(1):169-174.
Diodato N,Bellocchi G.2010.MedREM,a rainfall erosivity model for the Mediterranean region.Journal of Hydrology,387:119-127.
Ganasri BP,Ramesh H.2016.Assessment of soil erosion by RUSLE model using remote sensing and GIS:A case study of Nethravathi Basin.Geoscience Frontiers,7:953-961.
Tang Q,Xu Y,Bennett SJ.2015.Assessment of soil erosion using RUSLE and GIS:A case study of the Yangou watershed in the Loess Plateau,China.Environmental Earth Sciences,73:1715-1724.
Toubal AK,Achite M,Ouillon S.2018.Soil erodibility mapping using the RUSLE model to prioritize erosion control in the Wadi Sahouat basin,North-West of Algeria.Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,190:210.
Wang B,Zheng F,Romkens MJM.2013.Comparison of soil erodibility factors in USLE,RUSLE2,EPIC and Dg models based on a Chinese soil erodibility database.Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B:Soil and Plant Science,63:69-79.
Wu L,Liu X,Ma XY.2016.Tracking soil erosion changes in an easily-eroded watershed of the Chinese Loess Plateau.Polish Journal of Environmental Studies,25:351-363.
Xu L,Xu X,Meng X.2013.Risk assessment of soil erosion in different rainfall scenarios by RUSLE model coupled with Information Diffusion Model:A case study of Bohai Rim,China.Catena,100:74-82.
Zhao WW,Fu BJ,Chen LD.2012.A comparison between soil loss evaluation index and the C-factor of RUSLE:A case study in the Loess Plateau of China.Hydrology&Earth System Science,16:2739-2748.
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