辅以ERP实验技术的隐喻研究:回眸与前瞻
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摘要
本文述评了隐喻的ERP实证研究进展,总结了ERP成分的指示功能,初步揭示了隐喻现象背后的认知心理机制,指出存在的不足并对未来的发展予以展望,以期为今后基于ERP技术的隐喻加工机制研究提供启示和借鉴。本文提议隐喻的研究要:1)充分利用多种成分,从感觉通道入手,综合视觉、听觉、触觉通道探索隐喻加工过程,积极运用多种技术;2)关注个体差异性;3)注意跨语言、跨文化隐喻加工异同。
This paper reviews the progress of the empirical research on ERP in metaphor,summarizes the indicative function of ERP components,and initially reveals the cognitive and psychological mechanism behind the metaphorical phenomenon. It also points out existing demerits and forecasts the future development in hopes of providing enlightenment and insight for the research on the metaphorical processing mechanism based on ERP technology. This paper proposes that the study of metaphor should: 1) make full use of component variables,and start from the sensory channel,comprehensively explore the processing process of metaphor through visual,auditory and tactile channels,and actively apply a spectrum of technologies; 2) focus on individual differences; 3) pay attention to the similarities and differences of cross-language and cross-cultural metaphor processing.
This paper reviews the progress of the empirical research on ERP in metaphor,summarizes the indicative function of ERP components,and initially reveals the cognitive and psychological mechanism behind the metaphorical phenomenon. It also points out existing demerits and forecasts the future development in hopes of providing enlightenment and insight for the research on the metaphorical processing mechanism based on ERP technology. This paper proposes that the study of metaphor should: 1) make full use of component variables,and start from the sensory channel,comprehensively explore the processing process of metaphor through visual,auditory and tactile channels,and actively apply a spectrum of technologies; 2) focus on individual differences; 3) pay attention to the similarities and differences of cross-language and cross-cultural metaphor processing.
引文
[1]Arzouan,Y.,A.Goldstein&M.Faust.2007.Brain waves are stethoscopes:ERP correlates of novel metaphor comprehension[J].Brain Research,(1160):69-81.
[2]Balconi,M.&S.Tutino.2007.The iconic representation of metaphor:An event-related potentials analysis of figurative language[J].Neuropsychological Trends,(2):41-61.
[3]Bambini,V.,C.Bertini,W.Schaeken,A.Stella&F.Di Russo.2016.Disentangling metaphor from context:An ERP study[J].Frontiers in Psychology,(5):1-14.
[4]Bambini,V.,P.Canal,D.Resta&M.Grimaldi.2018.Time course and neurophysiological underpinnings of metaphor in literary context[J].Discourse Processes,(1):1-21.
[5]Blasko,D.&V.Kazmerski.2006.ERP correlates of individual differences in the comprehension of nonliteral language[J].Metaphor and Symbol,(4):267-284.
[6]Bonnaud,V.,R.Gil&P.Ingrand.2002.Metaphorical and non-metaphorical links:A behaviorial and ERPstudy in young and elderly adults[J].Clinical Neurophysiology,(4):258-268.
[7]Boot,L.&D.Pecher.2010.Similarity is closeness:Metaphorical mapping in a conceptual task[J].The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,(5):942-954.
[8]Boroditsky,L.2000.Metaphorical structuring:Understanding time through spatial metaphors[J].Cognition,(1):1-28.
[9]Bottini,G.,R.Corcoran,R.Sterzi,E.Paulesu,P.Schenone,P.Scarpa,R.Frackowiak&C.Firth.1994.The role of the right hemisphere in the interpretation of figurative aspects of language:A positron emission tomography activation study[J].Brain,(2):1241-1253.
[10]Bowdle,B.&D.Gentner.2005.The career of metaphor[J].Psychological Review,(1):193-216.
[11]Burgess,C.&C.Chiarello.1996.Neurocognitive mechanism underlying metaphor comprehension and other figurative language[J].Metaphor and Symbolic Activity,(2):67-84.
[12]Casasanto,D.2008.Similarity and proximity:When does close in space mean close in mind?[J].Memory&Cognition,(6):1047-1056.
[13]Chen,H.X.Peng&Y.Zhao.2013.An ERP study on metaphor comprehension in the bilingual brain[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics,(4):505-517.
[14]Clark,H.&P.Lucy.1975.Understanding what is meant from what is said:A study in conversationally conveyed requests[J].Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,(1):356-372.
[15]Coulson,S.&C.Van Peteen.2002.Conceptual integration and metaphor:An event-related potential study[J].Memory&Cognition,(6):958-968.
[16]Daltrozzo,J.,B.Tillmann,H.Platel&D.Sch9n.2010.Temporal aspects of the feeling of familiarity for music and the emergence of conceptual processing[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,(8):1754-1769.
[17]Forgács,B.,M.Bardolph,B.Amsel,K.De Long&M.Kutas.2015.Metaphors are physical and abstract:ERPs to metaphorically modified nouns resemble ERPs to abstract language[J].Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,(9):1-11.
[18]Friederici,A.1995.The time course of syntactic activation during language processing:A model based on neuropsychological and neuropsysiological data[J].Brain and Language,(3):259-281.
[19]Gentner,D.2001.Spatial metaphors in temporal reasoning[A].In M.Gattis(ed.).Spatial Schemas in Abstract Thought[C].Cambridge:The M IT Press.
[20]Gibbs,Jr.,R.1981.Your wish is my command:Convention and context in interpreting indirect requests[J].Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,(4):435-444.
[21]Giora,R.1997.Understanding figurative and literal Language:The graded salience hypothesis[J].Cognitive Linguistics,(3):183-206.
[22]Gissner,S.&T.Schubert.2007.High in the hierarchy:How vertical location and judgment of leaders’pow er are interrelated[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,(1):30-44.
[23]Goldstein,A.,Y.Arzouan&M.Faust.2012.Killing a novel metaphor and reviving a dead one:ERP correlates of metaphor conventionalization[J].Brain&Language,(2):137-142.
[24]Hagoort,P.,C.Brown&J.Groothusen.1993.The syntactic positive shift as an ERP measure of syntactic processing[J].Language and Cognitive Processes,(4):439-483.
[25]Hamilton,A.2000.Metaphor in theory and practice:The influence of metaphors on expectations[J].ACMJournal of Computer Documentation,(4):237-253.
[26]Harris,R.1976.Comprehension of metaphors:A test of the two-stage processing model[J].Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society,(4):312-314.
[27]Jackson,G.,R.Swainson,R.Cunnington&S.Jackson.2001.Bilingualism[J].Language and Cognition,(4):169-178.
[28]Janus,R.&G.Thomas.1985.Processing of metaphoric language:An investigation of the three-stage model of metaphor comprehension[J].Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,(5):473-487.
[29]Kutas,M.&S.Hillyard.1980.Reading senseless sentences:Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity[J].Science,(4427):203-205.
[30]Kutas,M.,C.Van Petten&M.Besson.1988.Event-related asymmetries during the reading of sentences[J].Electroenceph Clin.Neurophysiol,(3):218-233.
[31]Lai,V.&T.Curran.2013.ERP evidence for conceptual mapping and comparison processes during the comprehension of conventional and novel metaphors[J].Brain and language,(3):484-496.
[32]Lakoff,G.&M.Johnson.1980.Metaphors We Live By[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
[33]Lu,A.&J.Zhang.2012.Event-related potential evidence for the early activation of literal meaning during comprehension of conventional lexical metaphors[J].Neuropsychologia,(8):1730-1738.
[34]Luck,S.&S.Hillyard.1995.The role of attention in feature detection and conjunction discrimination:An electrophysiological analysis[J].International Journal of Neuroscience,(1-4):281-297.
[35]Mangun,G.1995.Neural mechanisms of visual selective attention[J].Psychophysiology,(1):4-18.
[36]Marshal,N.&M.Faust.2008.Right hemisphere sensitivity to novel metaphoric relations:Application of the signal detection theory[J].Brain and Language,(2):103-112.
[37]Murphy,G.1996.On metaphoric representation[J].Cognition,(2):173-204.
[38]Obert,A.,F.Gierski&S.Caillies.2018.He catapulted his words from the dais:An ERP investigation of novel verbal metaphors[J].Journal of Neurolinguistics,(47):59-70.
[39]Ortony,A.,D.Schallert,R.Reynords&S.Antos.1978.Interpreting metaphors and idioms:Some effects of context on comprehension[J].Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavio r,(4):465-477.
[40]Proverbio,A.&E.Riva.2009.ERP and N400 ERP components reflect semantic violations in visual processing of human actions[J].Neuroscience Letters,(3):142-146.
[41]Pynte,J.,M.Besson,F.Robichon&J.Poli,1996.The time-course of metaphor comprehension:An event-related potential study[J].Brain and Language,(3):293-316.
[42]Sotillo,M.,L.Carretie,J.Hinojosa,M.Tapia,F.Mercado,S.Lopez-Martin,&J.Albert.2005.Neural activity associated w ith metaphor comprehension:Spatial analysis[J].Neuroscience Letters,(1):5-9.
[43]Tang,X.,S.,Qi,X.,Jia,B.,Wang&W.,Ren.2017.Comprehension of scientific metaphors:Complementary processes revealed by ERP[J].Journal of Neurolinguistics,(42):12-22.
[44]Tartter,V.,H.Gomes&B.Dubrovsky.2002.Novel metaphors appear anomalous at least momentarily:Evidence from N400[J].Brain and Language,(3):488-509.
[45]Teuscher,U.,M.Mc Quire,J.Collins&S.Coulson.2008.Congruity effects in time and space:Behavioral and ERP measures[J].Cognitive Science,(3):563-578.
[46]Wang,W.,M.Lu&H.Peng,2018.Brain mechanism contrastive study of Chinese and English metaphor based on ERP[J].Neuro Quantology,(5):664-668.
[47]West,W.&P.Holcomb.2002.Event-related potentials during discourse-level semantic integration of complex picture[J].Cognitive Brain Research,(3):363-375.
[48]Yang,F.,K.Bradley,M.Huq,D.Wu&D.Krawczyk.2013.Contextual effects on conceptual blending in metaphors:An event-related potential study[J].Journal of Neurolinguistics,(26):312-326.
[49]Zanolie,K.,S.van Dantzig,I.Boot,J.Wijnen,T.Schubert,S.Giessner&D.Pecher.2012.Mighty metaphors:Behavioral and ERP evidence that pow er shifts attention on vertical dimension[J].Brain and Cognition,(1):50-58.
[50]范琪.2014.汉语隐喻具身加工神经机制的ERP研究[D].南京:南京师范大学.
[51]王小潞.2009.汉语隐喻认知与ERP神经成像[M].北京:高等教育出版社.
[52]张辉.2014.二语学习者句法加工的ERP研究[J].解放军外国语学院学报,(1):88-99.
[53]周海波.2011.中文隐喻加工神经机制的ERP研究[D].长沙:湖南师范大学.
[2]Balconi,M.&S.Tutino.2007.The iconic representation of metaphor:An event-related potentials analysis of figurative language[J].Neuropsychological Trends,(2):41-61.
[3]Bambini,V.,C.Bertini,W.Schaeken,A.Stella&F.Di Russo.2016.Disentangling metaphor from context:An ERP study[J].Frontiers in Psychology,(5):1-14.
[4]Bambini,V.,P.Canal,D.Resta&M.Grimaldi.2018.Time course and neurophysiological underpinnings of metaphor in literary context[J].Discourse Processes,(1):1-21.
[5]Blasko,D.&V.Kazmerski.2006.ERP correlates of individual differences in the comprehension of nonliteral language[J].Metaphor and Symbol,(4):267-284.
[6]Bonnaud,V.,R.Gil&P.Ingrand.2002.Metaphorical and non-metaphorical links:A behaviorial and ERPstudy in young and elderly adults[J].Clinical Neurophysiology,(4):258-268.
[7]Boot,L.&D.Pecher.2010.Similarity is closeness:Metaphorical mapping in a conceptual task[J].The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,(5):942-954.
[8]Boroditsky,L.2000.Metaphorical structuring:Understanding time through spatial metaphors[J].Cognition,(1):1-28.
[9]Bottini,G.,R.Corcoran,R.Sterzi,E.Paulesu,P.Schenone,P.Scarpa,R.Frackowiak&C.Firth.1994.The role of the right hemisphere in the interpretation of figurative aspects of language:A positron emission tomography activation study[J].Brain,(2):1241-1253.
[10]Bowdle,B.&D.Gentner.2005.The career of metaphor[J].Psychological Review,(1):193-216.
[11]Burgess,C.&C.Chiarello.1996.Neurocognitive mechanism underlying metaphor comprehension and other figurative language[J].Metaphor and Symbolic Activity,(2):67-84.
[12]Casasanto,D.2008.Similarity and proximity:When does close in space mean close in mind?[J].Memory&Cognition,(6):1047-1056.
[13]Chen,H.X.Peng&Y.Zhao.2013.An ERP study on metaphor comprehension in the bilingual brain[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics,(4):505-517.
[14]Clark,H.&P.Lucy.1975.Understanding what is meant from what is said:A study in conversationally conveyed requests[J].Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,(1):356-372.
[15]Coulson,S.&C.Van Peteen.2002.Conceptual integration and metaphor:An event-related potential study[J].Memory&Cognition,(6):958-968.
[16]Daltrozzo,J.,B.Tillmann,H.Platel&D.Sch9n.2010.Temporal aspects of the feeling of familiarity for music and the emergence of conceptual processing[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,(8):1754-1769.
[17]Forgács,B.,M.Bardolph,B.Amsel,K.De Long&M.Kutas.2015.Metaphors are physical and abstract:ERPs to metaphorically modified nouns resemble ERPs to abstract language[J].Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,(9):1-11.
[18]Friederici,A.1995.The time course of syntactic activation during language processing:A model based on neuropsychological and neuropsysiological data[J].Brain and Language,(3):259-281.
[19]Gentner,D.2001.Spatial metaphors in temporal reasoning[A].In M.Gattis(ed.).Spatial Schemas in Abstract Thought[C].Cambridge:The M IT Press.
[20]Gibbs,Jr.,R.1981.Your wish is my command:Convention and context in interpreting indirect requests[J].Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,(4):435-444.
[21]Giora,R.1997.Understanding figurative and literal Language:The graded salience hypothesis[J].Cognitive Linguistics,(3):183-206.
[22]Gissner,S.&T.Schubert.2007.High in the hierarchy:How vertical location and judgment of leaders’pow er are interrelated[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,(1):30-44.
[23]Goldstein,A.,Y.Arzouan&M.Faust.2012.Killing a novel metaphor and reviving a dead one:ERP correlates of metaphor conventionalization[J].Brain&Language,(2):137-142.
[24]Hagoort,P.,C.Brown&J.Groothusen.1993.The syntactic positive shift as an ERP measure of syntactic processing[J].Language and Cognitive Processes,(4):439-483.
[25]Hamilton,A.2000.Metaphor in theory and practice:The influence of metaphors on expectations[J].ACMJournal of Computer Documentation,(4):237-253.
[26]Harris,R.1976.Comprehension of metaphors:A test of the two-stage processing model[J].Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society,(4):312-314.
[27]Jackson,G.,R.Swainson,R.Cunnington&S.Jackson.2001.Bilingualism[J].Language and Cognition,(4):169-178.
[28]Janus,R.&G.Thomas.1985.Processing of metaphoric language:An investigation of the three-stage model of metaphor comprehension[J].Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,(5):473-487.
[29]Kutas,M.&S.Hillyard.1980.Reading senseless sentences:Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity[J].Science,(4427):203-205.
[30]Kutas,M.,C.Van Petten&M.Besson.1988.Event-related asymmetries during the reading of sentences[J].Electroenceph Clin.Neurophysiol,(3):218-233.
[31]Lai,V.&T.Curran.2013.ERP evidence for conceptual mapping and comparison processes during the comprehension of conventional and novel metaphors[J].Brain and language,(3):484-496.
[32]Lakoff,G.&M.Johnson.1980.Metaphors We Live By[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
[33]Lu,A.&J.Zhang.2012.Event-related potential evidence for the early activation of literal meaning during comprehension of conventional lexical metaphors[J].Neuropsychologia,(8):1730-1738.
[34]Luck,S.&S.Hillyard.1995.The role of attention in feature detection and conjunction discrimination:An electrophysiological analysis[J].International Journal of Neuroscience,(1-4):281-297.
[35]Mangun,G.1995.Neural mechanisms of visual selective attention[J].Psychophysiology,(1):4-18.
[36]Marshal,N.&M.Faust.2008.Right hemisphere sensitivity to novel metaphoric relations:Application of the signal detection theory[J].Brain and Language,(2):103-112.
[37]Murphy,G.1996.On metaphoric representation[J].Cognition,(2):173-204.
[38]Obert,A.,F.Gierski&S.Caillies.2018.He catapulted his words from the dais:An ERP investigation of novel verbal metaphors[J].Journal of Neurolinguistics,(47):59-70.
[39]Ortony,A.,D.Schallert,R.Reynords&S.Antos.1978.Interpreting metaphors and idioms:Some effects of context on comprehension[J].Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavio r,(4):465-477.
[40]Proverbio,A.&E.Riva.2009.ERP and N400 ERP components reflect semantic violations in visual processing of human actions[J].Neuroscience Letters,(3):142-146.
[41]Pynte,J.,M.Besson,F.Robichon&J.Poli,1996.The time-course of metaphor comprehension:An event-related potential study[J].Brain and Language,(3):293-316.
[42]Sotillo,M.,L.Carretie,J.Hinojosa,M.Tapia,F.Mercado,S.Lopez-Martin,&J.Albert.2005.Neural activity associated w ith metaphor comprehension:Spatial analysis[J].Neuroscience Letters,(1):5-9.
[43]Tang,X.,S.,Qi,X.,Jia,B.,Wang&W.,Ren.2017.Comprehension of scientific metaphors:Complementary processes revealed by ERP[J].Journal of Neurolinguistics,(42):12-22.
[44]Tartter,V.,H.Gomes&B.Dubrovsky.2002.Novel metaphors appear anomalous at least momentarily:Evidence from N400[J].Brain and Language,(3):488-509.
[45]Teuscher,U.,M.Mc Quire,J.Collins&S.Coulson.2008.Congruity effects in time and space:Behavioral and ERP measures[J].Cognitive Science,(3):563-578.
[46]Wang,W.,M.Lu&H.Peng,2018.Brain mechanism contrastive study of Chinese and English metaphor based on ERP[J].Neuro Quantology,(5):664-668.
[47]West,W.&P.Holcomb.2002.Event-related potentials during discourse-level semantic integration of complex picture[J].Cognitive Brain Research,(3):363-375.
[48]Yang,F.,K.Bradley,M.Huq,D.Wu&D.Krawczyk.2013.Contextual effects on conceptual blending in metaphors:An event-related potential study[J].Journal of Neurolinguistics,(26):312-326.
[49]Zanolie,K.,S.van Dantzig,I.Boot,J.Wijnen,T.Schubert,S.Giessner&D.Pecher.2012.Mighty metaphors:Behavioral and ERP evidence that pow er shifts attention on vertical dimension[J].Brain and Cognition,(1):50-58.
[50]范琪.2014.汉语隐喻具身加工神经机制的ERP研究[D].南京:南京师范大学.
[51]王小潞.2009.汉语隐喻认知与ERP神经成像[M].北京:高等教育出版社.
[52]张辉.2014.二语学习者句法加工的ERP研究[J].解放军外国语学院学报,(1):88-99.
[53]周海波.2011.中文隐喻加工神经机制的ERP研究[D].长沙:湖南师范大学.